13-Plex UHPLC-MS/MS Analysis of Hexanal and Heptanal Using Multiplex Tags Chemical Isotope Labeling Technology

Room-Temperature Sensing Mechanism of GQDs/BiSbO4 Nanorod Clusters: Experimental and Density Functional Theory Study

Creating high-performance gas sensors for heptanal detection at room temperature demands the development of sensing materials that incorporate distinct spatial configurations, functional components, and active surfaces. In this study, we employed a straightforward method combining hydrothermal strategy with ultrasonic processing to produce mesoporous graphene quantum dots/bismuth antimonate (GQDs/BiSbO4) with nanorod cluster forms. The BiSbO4 was incorporated with appropriate contents of GQDs resulting in significantly improved attributes such as heightened sensitivity (59.6@30 ppm), a lower threshold for detection (356 ppb), and quicker period for response (40 s). A synergistic mechanism that leverages the inherent advantages of BiSbO4 was proposed, while its distinctive mesoporous hollow cubic structure, the presence of oxygen vacancies, and the catalytic enhancement provided by GQDs lead to a marked improvement in heptanal detection. This work introduces a straightforward and effective method for crafting sophisticated micro-nanostructures that optimize spatial design, functionality, and active mesoporous surfaces, showing great promise for heptanal sensing applications.

Conveniently monitoring aldehyde changes in heated edible oils using miniaturized kapok fiber-supported liquid-phase extraction/in-situ derivatization coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Heating edible oils generates aldehydes, potentially leading to adverse health effects, making their analysis essential for quality control. This study presents a convenient miniaturized kapok fiber-supported liquid-phase extraction/in-situ derivatization method for the simultaneous extraction and derivatization of aldehydes in oils. The method involves placing 150 mg oil into a 1 mL pipette tip packed with 25 mg kapok fiber, adding 150 μL ACN with 1.5 mg mL-1 DNPH, and post 30-minute static extraction, retrieving the extractant with a pipettor for liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. By optimizing critical parameters through a Box-Behnken design, the method exhibits good linearity (1-500 ng g-1, R2 ≥ 0.991), low detection limits (0.2-1.0 ng g-1), excellent accuracy (95.3-107.1%) and high precisions (relative standard deviation < 7.9%). This method simplifies sample preparation processes, cuts solvent use, and facilitates automation. It effectively identifies ten aldehyde variations in six heated oils, displaying distinct profiles consistent with prior research.

Simultaneous Detection of Aldehyde Metabolites by Light-Assisted Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry

In the clinic, small-molecule metabolites (SMMs) in blood are highly convincing indicators for disease diagnosis, such as cancer. However, challenges still exist for detection of SMMs due to their low concentration and complicated components in blood. In this work, we report the design of a novel "selenium signature" nanoprobe (Se nanoprobe) for efficient identification of multiple aldehyde metabolites in blood. This Se nanoprobe consists of magnetic nanoparticles that can enrich aldehyde metabolites from a complex environment, functionalized with photosensitive "selenium signature" hydrazide molecules that can react with aldehyde metabolites. Upon irradiation with UV, the aldehyde derivatives can be released from the Se nanoprobe and further sprayed by mass spectrometry through ambient ionization (AIMS). By quantifying the selenium isotope distribution (MS/MS) from the derivatization product, accurate detection of several aldehyde metabolites, including valeraldehyde (Val), heptaldehyde (Hep), 2-furaldehyde (2-Fur), 10-undecenal aldehyde (10-Und), and benzaldehyde (Ben), is realized. This strategy reveals a new solution for quick and accurate cancer diagnosis in the clinic.

Isobaric 4-Plex Tagging for Absolute Quantitation of Biological Acids in Diabetic Urine Using Capillary LC-MS/MS

Isobaric labeling in mass spectrometry enables multiplexed absolute quantitation and high throughput, while minimizing full scan spectral complexity. Here, we use 4-plex isobaric labeling with a fixed positive charge tag to improve quantitation and throughput for polar carboxylic acid metabolites. The isobaric tag uses an isotope-encoded neutral loss to create mass-dependent reporters spaced 2 Da apart and was validated for both single- and double-tagged analytes. Tags were synthesized in-house using deuterated formaldehyde and methyl iodide in a total of four steps, producing cost-effective multiplexing. No chromatographic deuterium shifts were observed for single- or double-tagged analytes, producing consistent reporter ratios across each peak. Perfluoropentanoic acid was added to the sample to drastically increase retention of double-tagged analytes on a C18 column. Excess tag was scavenged and extracted using hexadecyl chloroformate after reaction completion. This allowed for removal of excess tag that typically causes ion suppression and column overloading. A total of 54 organic acids were investigated, producing an average linearity of 0.993, retention time relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.58%, and intensity RSD of 12.1%. This method was used for absolute quantitation of acid metabolites comparing control and type 1 diabetic urine. Absolute quantitation of organic acids was achieved by using one isobaric lane for standards, thereby allowing for analysis of six urine samples in two injections. Quantified acids showed good agreement with previous work, and six significant changes were found. Overall, this method demonstrated 4-plex absolute quantitation of acids in a complex biological sample.

Neutron encoded derivatization of endothelial cell lysates for quantitation of aldehyde metabolites using nESI-LC-HRMS

Biological aldehydes are difficult to analyze by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry due to their poor proton affinity and low biological concentrations. Chemical derivatization with stable isotope tags is used here for sample multiplexing, increased throughput, improved signal intensity, and quantitation. Nine quaternary amine tags with mass differences as low as 0.0058 Da had no observable chromatographic shifts, small amounts of ion suppression, and minimal matrix effects. Low concentration perfluoropentanoic acid was used as an ion pairing reagent to improve the retention of derivatized aldehydes. Perfluoropentanoic acid addition showed an average of three-fold improvement in limits of detection, 50% reduction in peak width, and 2.5 fold increase in analyte retention. Analysis of fifteen tagged aldehydes yielded an average of 13 nM limit of detection, 9 %RSD, R² of 0.995, and linear dynamic range of 40-1000 nM. In a single 20 min separation, absolute quantitative data was obtained for 11 reactive aldehydes across 8 aortic endothelial cell samples. High glucose treatment produced significant changes to malondialdehyde, decanal, and (2E)-hexadecenal. These changes are consistent with glucose-induced oxidative stress. This method demonstrates that neutron encoded tagging of aldehydes is suitable for the analysis of complex samples.

Strategies for the identification and sensory evaluation of volatile constituents in wine

Wine aroma, which stems from complex perceptual and cognitive processes, is initially driven by a multitude of naturally occurring volatile constituents. Its interpretation depends on the characterization of relevant volatile constituents. With large numbers of volatile constituents already identified, the search for unknown volatiles in wine has become increasingly challenging. However, the opportunities to discover unknown volatile compounds contributing to the wine volatilome are still of great interest, as demonstrated by the recent identification of highly odorous trace (µg/L) to ultra-trace (ng/L) volatile compounds in wine. This review provides an overview of both existing strategies and future directions on identifying unknown volatile constituents in wine. Chemical identification, including sample extraction, fractionation, gas chromatography, olfactometry, and mass spectrometry, is comprehensively covered. In addition, this review also focuses on aspects related to sensory-guided wine selection, authentic reference standards, artifacts and interferences, and the evaluation of the sensory significance of discovered wine volatiles. Powerful key volatile odorants present at ultra-trace levels, for which these analytical approaches have been successfully applied, are discussed. Research areas where novel wine volatiles are likely to be identified are pointed out. The importance of perceptual interaction phenomena is emphasized. Finally, future avenues for the exploration of yet unknown wine volatiles by coupling analytical approaches and sensory evaluation are suggested.

[Recent advances in chemical derivatization-based chromatography-mass spectrometry methods for analysis of aldehyde biomarkers]

Human exposure to chemical pollutants in the environment can cause a variety of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, etc.). Exogenous and environmental pollutant exposure-induced endogenous aldehydes are highly reactive electrophilic compounds that can form covalently modified products with a variety of important biological molecules in the human body, thus inducing toxic effects. Exposome research has become a hotspot since it was first proposed in 2005. Exposure studies can map the complex relationships between biomarkers and disease risk. Therefore, the measurable and characteristic changes of all biomarkers together constitute a key basis for exposome research. Aldehydes are among the main components of chemical exposure. Because of the physical and chemical properties of aldehydes and the existence of multiple matrix interferences in the samples, it is particularly difficult to analyze and characterize them. The analysis and detection methods for aldehydes mainly include sensing analysis, electrochemical methods, fluorescence imaging, chromatography, mass spectrometry (MS), and chromatography-MS. Analytical techniques based on gas chromatography-MS (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-MS (LC-MS) have emerged as the main methods for chemical exposome research. Chemical derivatization, especially stable isotope labeling derivatization (also known as chemical isotope labeling) combined with LC-MS analytical techniques, can help circumvent the problems encountered in targeted and non-targeted metabolome and exposome analysis. The combination of chemical derivatization with chromatography-MS is one of the most important solutions for the accurate analysis of aldehydes in complex samples. Over the past five years, the development and application of chromatography-MS analytical methods based on chemical derivatization have become key topics in aldehyde analysis. This paper summarizes and reviews the latest progress in GC-MS and LC-MS methods based on chemical derivatization (2015-2020). The review focuses on analytical method development for aldehyde exposure biomarkers in bio-matrices (blood, urine, saliva, biological tissue, etc.). Various derivatization reagents for labeling small-molecule aldehydes, qualitative/quantitative analytical methods and their application value, advantages/disadvantages of different analytical methods for aldehyde exposure biomarkers, and future development trends are also included. The manuscript contents may aid the integrated development of exposome, metabolomics, and lipidomics, as well as research on the environment, ecology, and health. To clarify the complex actions of exogenous and endogenous aldehydes in physiological and pathological events, it is necessary to improve the analysis and characterization techniques and tools for studying the "aldehydome." With the development and application of sophisticated mass spectrometers, advances in high-performance chromatographic separation and bioinformatics, and advent of single-cell analysis and MS imaging, future aldehyde exposome analytical methods will have higher sensitivity and throughput. This in turn would be more useful for screening and identifying unknown aldehyde compounds and discovering new exposome biomarkers.