1
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Oanh VT, Phong NV, Min BS, Yang SY, Kim JA. Insights into the inhibitory activities of neolignans and diarylnonanoid derivatives from nutmeg ( Myristica fragrans Houtt.) seeds on soluble epoxide hydrolase using in vitro and in silico approaches. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2251099. [PMID: 37638797 PMCID: PMC10464555 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2251099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Two new neolignans, myrifralignans F-G (14 and 18), four new diarylnonanoid derivatives, myrifragranones A-D (21-24), and 18 known compounds were isolated and structurally elucidated from nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) seeds. The absolute configurations of these secondary metabolites were determined using the electronic circular dichroism technique. The inhibitory potential of these isolated compounds on soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) was investigated for the first time. Among them, malabaricones B and C (19 and 20) and four new compounds 21-24 displayed inhibitory activities against sEH, with IC50 values ranging from 14.24 to 46.35 µM. Additionally, the binding mechanism, key binding interactions, stability, and dynamic behaviour of the active compounds with the sEH enzyme were analysed using in silico molecular docking and dynamics simulations. Our findings suggest that nutmeg could become a promising natural source for discovering and developing new sEH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Thi Oanh
- Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center, VOICE (MRC), College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Biotechnology Department, Vietnam – Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Thach Hoa, Thach That, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Viet Phong
- Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center, VOICE (MRC), College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Sun Min
- College of Pharmacy, Drug Research and Development Center, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Young Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sangji University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ah Kim
- Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center, VOICE (MRC), College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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2
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Melguizo-Rodríguez L, García-Recio E, Ruiz C, De Luna-Bertos E, Illescas-Montes R, Costela-Ruiz VJ. Biological properties and therapeutic applications of garlic and its components. Food Funct 2022; 13:2415-2426. [PMID: 35174827 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03180e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Garlic is one of the most widely employed condiments in cooking. It has also been used since ancient times in traditional plant-based medicine, largely based on its organosulfur compounds. The objective of this study was to provide updated information on the biological and therapeutic garlic properties. Garlic has been found to possess important biological properties with high therapeutic potential, which is influenced by the mode of its utilization, preparation, and extraction. It has been attributed with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory capacities. Garlic, in particular its organosulfur compounds, can maintain immune system homeostasis through positive effects on immune cells, especially by regulating cytokine proliferation and expression. This may underlie their usefulness in the treatment of infectious and tumor processes. These compounds can also offer vascular benefits by regulating lipid metabolism or by exerting antihypertensive and antiaggregant effects. However, further clinical trials are warranted to confirm the therapeutic potential of garlic and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Melguizo-Rodríguez
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Ilustración 60, 18016, Granada, Spain.,Institute of Biosanitary Research, Ibs.Granada, C/Doctor Azpitarte 4, 4a Planta, 18012, Granada, Spain
| | - Enrique García-Recio
- Institute of Biosanitary Research, Ibs.Granada, C/Doctor Azpitarte 4, 4a Planta, 18012, Granada, Spain.,Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences of Melilla, University of Granada, C/Santander, 1, 52005, Melilla, Spain
| | - Concepción Ruiz
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Ilustración 60, 18016, Granada, Spain.,Institute of Biosanitary Research, Ibs.Granada, C/Doctor Azpitarte 4, 4a Planta, 18012, Granada, Spain.,Institute of Neuroscience Federico Olóriz, University of Granada, Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIBM), Parque de Tecnológico de La Salud (PTS), Granada, Spain
| | - Elvira De Luna-Bertos
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Ilustración 60, 18016, Granada, Spain.,Institute of Biosanitary Research, Ibs.Granada, C/Doctor Azpitarte 4, 4a Planta, 18012, Granada, Spain
| | - Rebeca Illescas-Montes
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Ilustración 60, 18016, Granada, Spain.,Institute of Biosanitary Research, Ibs.Granada, C/Doctor Azpitarte 4, 4a Planta, 18012, Granada, Spain
| | - Víctor J Costela-Ruiz
- Institute of Biosanitary Research, Ibs.Granada, C/Doctor Azpitarte 4, 4a Planta, 18012, Granada, Spain.,Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences of Ceuta, University of Granada, C/Cortadura del Valle, Sn, 51001 Ceuta, Spain
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3
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Albadawi DAI, Ravishankar D, Vallance TM, Patel K, Osborn HMI, Vaiyapuri S. Impacts of Commonly Used Edible Plants on the Modulation of Platelet Function. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:605. [PMID: 35054793 PMCID: PMC8775512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a primary cause of deaths worldwide. Thrombotic diseases, specifically stroke and coronary heart diseases, account for around 85% of CVDs-induced deaths. Platelets (small circulating blood cells) are responsible for the prevention of excessive bleeding upon vascular injury, through blood clotting (haemostasis). However, unnecessary activation of platelets under pathological conditions, such as upon the rupture of atherosclerotic plaques, results in thrombus formation (thrombosis), which can cause life threatening conditions such as stroke or heart attack. Therefore, antiplatelet medications are usually prescribed for people who are at a high risk of thrombotic diseases. The currently used antiplatelet drugs are associated with major side effects such as excessive bleeding, and some patients are resistant to these drugs. Therefore, numerous studies have been conducted to develop new antiplatelet agents and notably, to establish the relationship between edible plants, specifically fruits, vegetables and spices, and cardiovascular health. Indeed, healthy and balanced diets have proven to be effective for the prevention of CVDs in diverse settings. A high intake of fruits and vegetables in regular diet is associated with lower risks for stroke and coronary heart diseases because of their plethora of phytochemical constituents. In this review, we discuss the impacts of commonly used selected edible plants (specifically vegetables, fruits and spices) and/or their isolated compounds on the modulation of platelet function, haemostasis and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina A. I. Albadawi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (D.A.I.A.); (D.R.); (T.M.V.)
| | - Divyashree Ravishankar
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (D.A.I.A.); (D.R.); (T.M.V.)
| | - Thomas M. Vallance
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (D.A.I.A.); (D.R.); (T.M.V.)
| | - Ketan Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK;
| | - Helen M. I. Osborn
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (D.A.I.A.); (D.R.); (T.M.V.)
| | - Sakthivel Vaiyapuri
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK; (D.A.I.A.); (D.R.); (T.M.V.)
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4
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Lamponi S. Bioactive Natural Compounds with Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Activity and Their Potential Role in the Treatment of Thrombotic Disorders. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11101095. [PMID: 34685464 PMCID: PMC8540276 DOI: 10.3390/life11101095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural anticoagulant drugs can be obtained from plants, rich in secondary bioactive metabolites which, in addition to being effective antioxidants, also possess anticoagulant and antiplatelet properties and, for this reason, can be excellent candidates for the treatment of thrombotic diseases. This review reports an overview of the hemostatic process and thrombotic disorders together with data on plants, more and less common from around the world, containing bioactive compounds characterized by antiplatelet and anticoagulant activity. The reported literature was obtained from Medline, PubMed, Elsevier, Web of Science, Google Scholar considering only articles in the English language, published in peer-reviewed journals. The number of citations of the articles and the impact factor of the journals were other parameters used to select the scientific papers to be included in the review. The analysis of the literature data selected demonstrates that many plants’ bioactive compounds show antiplatelet and anticoagulant activity that make them potential candidates to be used as new natural compounds able to interfere with both primary and secondary hemostasis. Moreover, they could be used together with anticoagulants currently administered in clinical practice to increase their efficacy and to reduce complications in the treatment of thrombotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Lamponi
- Department of Biotechnologies, Chemistry and Pharmacy and SienabioACTIVE, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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5
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Aoyagi M, Imai S, Kamoi T. Novel bisthiolane polysulfides from lachrymatory factor synthase-suppressed onion and their in vitro cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitory activity. Food Chem 2020; 344:128636. [PMID: 33223294 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two novel bisthiolane polysulfides (compounds 1 and 2), trivially named thiolanotrisulfide and thiolanotetrasulfide, were isolated from a reaction model of tearless onion (in which lachrymatory factor synthase is suppressed), and the presence of another novel bisthiolane polysulfide (3), trivially named thiolanopentasulfide, was confirmed. On the basis of spectroscopic and mass spectrometric analyses, it was found that these bisthiolane polysulfides were bis(5-hydroxy-3,4-dimethylthiolan-2-yl)-tri/tetra/pentasulfide with the general formulas of C12H22O2S5 (tri-), C12H22O2S6 (tetra-) and C12H22O2S7 (penta-), and they were confirmed to exist in authentic tearless onion juice. Thiolanotrisulfide (1) and thiolanotetrasulfide (2) inhibited cyclooxygenase-1 activity with IC50 values of 720 ± 78 and 464 ± 48 μM respectively, compared with 3282 ± 188 μM for aspirin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morihiro Aoyagi
- Research & Development Headquarters, House Foods Group Inc., Yotsukaido, Japan.
| | - Shinsuke Imai
- Research & Development Headquarters, House Foods Group Inc., Yotsukaido, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kamoi
- Research & Development Headquarters, House Foods Group Inc., Yotsukaido, Japan
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6
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Fukaya M, Nakamura S, Hayashida H, Noguchi D, Nakashima S, Yoneda T, Matsuda H. Structures of Cyclic Organosulfur Compounds From Garlic ( Allium sativum L.) Leaves. Front Chem 2020; 8:282. [PMID: 32426322 PMCID: PMC7205455 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Five new cyclic organosulfur compounds, foliogarlic disulfanes A1 (1), A2 (2), and A3 (3) and foliogarlic trisulfane A1 (4) and A2 (5), were isolated from the leaves of Allium sativum (garlic). The chemical structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical evidence including Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Mass Spectrometry (MS). Compounds 1-5 were obtained as complex compounds with disulfane or trisulfane and tetrahydro-2H-difuro[3,2-b:2',3'-c]furan-5(5aH)-one. In addition, the hypothetical biosynthetic pathways of these compounds were suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Fukaya
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seikou Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hayashida
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Noguchi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Souichi Nakashima
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taichi Yoneda
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hisashi Matsuda
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
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7
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Fukaya M, Nakamura S, Hegazy MEF, Sugimoto Y, Hayashi N, Nakashima S, Yoshikawa M, Efferth T, Matsuda H. Cytotoxicity of sesquiterpene alkaloids from Nuphar plants toward sensitive and drug-resistant cell lines. Food Funct 2019; 9:6279-6286. [PMID: 30406781 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01804a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multi-drug resistance (MDR) is a critical problem in cancer chemotherapy. MDR causes the overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and mutations in tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes. To tackle this issue, in this study, we focused on Nuphar plants, which have been traditionally used as food. Sesquiterpene alkaloids (1-3) were isolated from N. japonicum and dimeric sesquiterpene thioalkaloids (4-10) were isolated from N. pumilum. P-glycoprotein-overexpressing CEM/ADR5000 cells were cross-resistant to 6,6'-dihydroxythiobinupharidine (10). Using in silico molecular docking, we calculated the binding energies and simulated the interactions of these compounds with the corresponding amino acid residues at the binding site of P-gp. In addition, we investigated the cytotoxicity of these compounds towards cell lines overexpressing other ABC transporters (BCRP, ABCB5), cell lines with a knocked out tumor suppressor gene TP53 or cell lines overexpressing a deletion-activated EGFR oncogene. These cell lines were sensitive or only minimally cross-resistant to these compounds compared with their corresponding wild-type cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Fukaya
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan.
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8
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Olas B. Anti-Aggregatory Potential of Selected Vegetables-Promising Dietary Components for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:280-290. [PMID: 30759176 PMCID: PMC6416036 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased blood platelet activation, especially platelet aggregation, plays an important function in cardiovascular disease; however, various dietary components may inhibit platelet activation. Recent clinical and epidemiologic studies indicate that both fruits and vegetables, and their products, contain various phytoprotective substances possessing biological properties such as antiplatelet and antioxidant effects that may work synergistically to ameliorate the effect of cardiovascular disease. In addition, the consumption of vegetables and their products may also play an important role in prevention. However, the mechanisms involved have not been clearly defined. Various studies clearly indicate that certain vegetables (e.g., onions, garlic, and tomatoes) have beneficial effects on blood platelet hyperactivity, an important cardiovascular risk factor, and hence may offer new prophylactic and therapeutic possibilities for the treatment of blood platelet hyperactivation and cardiovascular disease. This mini-review evaluates the current literature on the relationship between the consumption of onion (Allium cepa L.), garlic (Allium sativum L.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), and beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.), and blood platelet activation, which may have important implications for the prophylaxis and treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Olas
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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9
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Gilroy DW, Bishop-Bailey D. Lipid mediators in immune regulation and resolution. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:1009-1023. [PMID: 30674066 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We are all too familiar with the events that follow a bee sting-heat, redness, swelling, and pain. These are Celsus' four cardinal signs of inflammation that are driven by very well-defined signals and hormones. In fact, targeting the factors that drive this onset phase is the basis upon which most current anti-inflammatory therapies were developed. We are also very well aware that within a few hours, these cardinal signs normally disappear. In other words, inflammation resolves. When it does not, inflammation persists, resulting in damaging chronic conditions. While inflammatory onset is actively driven, so also is its resolution-years of research have identified novel internal counter-regulatory signals that work together to switch off inflammation. Among these signals, lipids are potent signalling molecules that regulate an array of immune responses including vascular hyper reactivity and pain, as well as leukocyte trafficking and clearance, so-called resolution. Here, we collate bioactive lipid research to date and summarize the major pathways involved in their biosynthesis and their role in inflammation, as well as resolution. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Eicosanoids 35 years from the 1982 Nobel: where are we now? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.8/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek W Gilroy
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Bishop-Bailey
- Comparative Biological Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
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10
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Tao Y, Zhang J, Jiang S, Xu Y, Show PL, Han Y, Ye X, Ye M. Contacting ultrasound enhanced hot-air convective drying of garlic slices: Mass transfer modeling and quality evaluation. J FOOD ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2018.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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11
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Synthesis and in vitro biological evaluation of thiosulfinate derivatives for the treatment of human multidrug-resistant breast cancer. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:1353-1368. [PMID: 28858299 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Organosulfur compounds derived from Allium vegetables have long been recognized for various therapeutic effects, including anticancer activity. Allicin, one of the main biologically active components of garlic, shows promise as an anticancer agent; however, instability makes it unsuitable for clinical application. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of stabilized allicin derivatives on human breast cancer cells in vitro. In this study, a total of 22 stabilized thiosulfinate derivatives were synthesized and screened for their in vitro antiproliferative activities against drug-sensitive (MCF-7) and multidrug-resistant (MCF-7/Dx) human adenocarcinoma breast cancer cells. Assays for cell death, apoptosis, cell cycle progression and mitochondrial bioenergetic function were performed. Seven compounds (4b, 7b, 8b, 13b, 14b, 15b and 18b) showed greater antiproliferative activity against MCF-7/Dx cells than allicin. These compounds were also selective towards multidrug-resistant (MDR) cells, a consequence attributed to collateral sensitivity. Among them, 13b exhibited the greatest anticancer activity in both MCF-7/Dx and MCF-7 cells, with IC50 values of 18.54±0.24 and 46.50±1.98 μmol/L, respectively. 13b altered cellular morphology and arrested the cell cycle at the G2/M phase. Additionally, 13b dose-dependently induced apoptosis, and inhibited cellular mitochondrial respiration in cells at rest and under stress. MDR presents a significant obstacle to the successful treatment of cancer clinically. These results demonstrate that thiosulfinate derivatives have potential as novel anticancer agents and may offer new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of chemoresistant cancers.
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12
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Abstract
Lipids are potent signaling molecules that regulate a multitude of cellular responses, including cell growth and death and inflammation/infection, via receptor-mediated pathways. Derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), each lipid displays unique properties, thus making their role in inflammation distinct from that of other lipids derived from the same PUFA. This diversity arises from their synthesis, which occurs via discrete enzymatic pathways and because they elicit responses via different receptors. This review will collate the bioactive lipid research to date and summarize the major pathways involved in their biosynthesis and role in inflammation. Specifically, lipids derived from AA (prostanoids, leukotrienes, 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, lipoxins, and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids), EPA (E-series resolvins), and DHA (D-series resolvins, protectins, and maresins) will be discussed herein.
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13
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Beretta HV, Bannoud F, Insani M, Berli F, Hirschegger P, Galmarini CR, Cavagnaro PF. Relationships Between Bioactive Compound Content and
the Antiplatelet and Antioxidant Activities of Six Allium Vegetable Species. Food Technol Biotechnol 2017; 55:266-275. [PMID: 28867958 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.55.02.17.4722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Allium sp. vegetables are widely consumed for their characteristic flavour. Additionally, their consumption may provide protection against cardiovascular disease due to their antiplatelet and antioxidant activities. Although antiplatelet and antioxidant activities in Allium sp. are generally recognised, comparative studies of antiplatelet and antioxidant potency among the main Allium vegetable species are lacking. Also, the relationship between organosulfur and phenolic compounds and these biological activities has not been well established. In this study, the in vitro antiplatelet and antioxidant activities of the most widely consumed Allium species are characterised and compared. The species total organosulfur and phenolic content, and the HPLC profiles of 11 phenolic compounds were characterised and used to investigate the relationship between these compounds and antiplatelet and antioxidant activities. Furthermore, antiplatelet activities in chives and shallot have been characterised for the first time. Our results revealed that the strongest antiplatelet agents were garlic and shallot, whereas chives had the highest antioxidant activity. Leek and bunching onion had the weakest both biological activities. Significantly positive correlations were found between the in vitro antiplatelet activity and total organosulfur (R=0.74) and phenolic (TP) content (R=0.73), as well as between the antioxidant activity and TP (R=0.91) and total organosulfur content (R=0.67). Six individual phenolic compounds were associated with the antioxidant activity, with catechin, epigallocatechin and epicatechin gallate having the strongest correlation values (R>0.80). Overall, our results suggest that both organosulfur and phenolic compounds contribute similarly to Allium antiplatelet activity, whereas phenolics, as a whole, are largely responsible for antioxidant activity, with broad variation observed among the contributions of individual phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebe Vanesa Beretta
- National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917,
C1033AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Bannoud
- National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917,
C1033AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Insani
- National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), Nicolas Repetto y de los Reseros s/n,
Hurlingham, 1686 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Berli
- National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917,
C1033AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National University of Cuyo, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Almirante Brown 500, Luján de Cuyo,
5505 Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Pablo Hirschegger
- National University of Cuyo, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Almirante Brown 500, Luján de Cuyo,
5505 Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Claudio Rómulo Galmarini
- National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917,
C1033AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National University of Cuyo, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Almirante Brown 500, Luján de Cuyo,
5505 Mendoza, Argentina.,National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) - E.E.A. La Consulta, La Consulta CC8,
San Carlos, 5567 Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Pablo Federico Cavagnaro
- National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917,
C1033AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National University of Cuyo, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Almirante Brown 500, Luján de Cuyo,
5505 Mendoza, Argentina.,National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) - E.E.A. La Consulta, La Consulta CC8,
San Carlos, 5567 Mendoza, Argentina
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14
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Kulikova VV, Anufrieva NV, Revtovich SV, Chernov AS, Telegin GB, Morozova EA, Demidkina TV. Mutant form C115H ofClostridium sporogenesmethionine γ-lyase efficiently cleaves S-Alk(en)yl-l-cysteine sulfoxides to antibacterial thiosulfinates. IUBMB Life 2016; 68:830-5. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vitalia V. Kulikova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
| | - Natalya V. Anufrieva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
| | - Svetlana V. Revtovich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
| | - Alexander S. Chernov
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences; Pushchino Moscow Russia
| | - Georgii B. Telegin
- Branch of Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences; Pushchino Moscow Russia
| | - Elena A. Morozova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
| | - Tatyana V. Demidkina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
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15
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Cavagnaro P, Sance M, Galmarini C. Effect of Heating on Onion (Allium cepa L.) Antiplatelet Activity and Pungency Sensory Perception. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1082013207088108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Onion, in its raw form, is recognized as an antiplatelet agent that may contribute to the prevention of cardiovascular disease. In raw onions, the content of pyruvate, is significantly correlated with antiplatelet activity (AA) and the sensory perception of pungency. However, onion is generally cooked before consumption. Herein, we examine the effect of heating — using different boiling intensities — on the in vitro antiaggregatory activity (IVAA), the pyruvate concentration and the flavor (pungency) of crushed-onion samples. In general, heating is detrimental for onion AA. Boiling for 3 min has no significant effect on platelet aggregation, as compared to raw onion. Heating for 46 min completely suppresses IVAA, whereas samples boiled for > 20 min have pro-aggregatory effects. Significant differences in AA are found between the blood donors. Pyruvate content is not reduced after 30 min boiling. Pungency ratings decrease with the intensity of the heat treatment. Strong significant positive correlations are found between IVAA and pungency, but not between pyruvate and the former two variables. Our results suggest that: (i) in order to obtain the maximum health benefits onions should be eaten raw or moderately cooked, (ii) extensive heating may result in pro-aggregatory effects, (iii) pyruvate is not a good indicator of AA in cooked onions, (iv) the decrease in IVAA and pungency during onion cooking may be due to degradation of sulfur compounds (e.g. thiosulfinates) which are, likely, less tolerant than pyruvate to the high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.F. Cavagnaro
- INTA - EEA. La Consulta CC8, San Carlos, Mendoza (5567), Argentina
| | - M.M. Sance
- CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo Alte Brown 500 Chacras de Coria (5505) Mendoza, Argentina
| | - C.R. Galmarini
- INTA - EEA. La Consulta CC8, San Carlos, Mendoza (5567), Argentina, , Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo Alte Brown 500 Chacras de Coria (5505) Mendoza, Argentina
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16
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Engineered Citrobacter freundii methionine γ-lyase effectively produces antimicrobial thiosulfinates. Biochimie 2016; 128-129:92-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Tocmo R, Liang D, Lin Y, Huang D. Chemical and biochemical mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective roles of dietary organopolysulfides. Front Nutr 2015; 2:1. [PMID: 25988131 PMCID: PMC4428374 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2015.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Foods that are rich in organosulfides are highly regarded for their broad range of functions in disease prevention and health promotion since ancient time yet modern scientific study, particularly clinical studies could not agree with traditional wisdom. One of the complexities is due to the labile nature of organosulfides, which are often transformed to different structures depending on the processing conditions. The recent evidence on polysulfides as H2S donors may open up a new avenue for establishing structure and health promotion activity relationship. To put this development into perspective, we carried out a review on the recent progress on the chemistry and biochemistry of organopolysulfides with emphasis on their cardioprotective property. First, we briefly surveyed the foods that are rich in polysulfides and their structural diversity. This is followed by in-depth discussion on the chemical transformations of polysulfides under various processing conditions. We further reviewed the potential action mechanisms of polysulfides in cardioprotection through: (a) hydrogen sulfide releasing activity; (b) radical scavenging activity; and (c) activity in enzyme inhibition and intervention of gene regulation pathways. Based on the literature trend, we can conclude that the emerging concept of organopolysulfides as naturally occurring H2S donors is intriguing and warrants further research to establish the structure and activity relationship of the organopolysulfides as H2S donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Restituto Tocmo
- Food Science and Technology Programme, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Dong Liang
- Food Science and Technology Programme, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Yi Lin
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute , Jiangsu , China
| | - Dejian Huang
- Food Science and Technology Programme, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore , Singapore , Singapore ; National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute , Jiangsu , China
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18
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Borlinghaus J, Albrecht F, Gruhlke MCH, Nwachukwu ID, Slusarenko AJ. Allicin: chemistry and biological properties. Molecules 2014; 19:12591-618. [PMID: 25153873 PMCID: PMC6271412 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190812591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Allicin (diallylthiosulfinate) is a defence molecule from garlic (Allium sativum L.) with a broad range of biological activities. Allicin is produced upon tissue damage from the non-proteinogenic amino acid alliin (S-allylcysteine sulfoxide) in a reaction that is catalyzed by the enzyme alliinase. Current understanding of the allicin biosynthetic pathway will be presented in this review. Being a thiosulfinate, allicin is a reactive sulfur species (RSS) and undergoes a redox-reaction with thiol groups in glutathione and proteins that is thought to be essential for its biological activity. Allicin is physiologically active in microbial, plant and mammalian cells. In a dose-dependent manner allicin can inhibit the proliferation of both bacteria and fungi or kill cells outright, including antibiotic-resistant strains like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Furthermore, in mammalian cell lines, including cancer cells, allicin induces cell-death and inhibits cell proliferation. In plants allicin inhibits seed germination and attenuates root-development. The majority of allicin's effects are believed to be mediated via redox-dependent mechanisms. In sub-lethal concentrations, allicin has a variety of health-promoting properties, for example cholesterol- and blood pressure-lowering effects that are advantageous for the cardio-vascular system. Clearly, allicin has wide-ranging and interesting applications in medicine and (green) agriculture, hence the detailed discussion of its enormous potential in this review. Taken together, allicin is a fascinating biologically active compound whose properties are a direct consequence of the molecule's chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Borlinghaus
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Albrecht
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin C H Gruhlke
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ifeanyi D Nwachukwu
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T2N2, Canada
| | - Alan J Slusarenko
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
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Zhao D, Li X, Zhang H, Rena-Kasim, Chen J. HPLC Fingerprint Characteristics of Active Materials of Garlic and OtherAlliumSpecies. ANAL LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.832273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Thomson SJ, Rippon P, Butts C, Olsen S, Shaw M, Joyce NI, Eady CC. Inhibition of platelet activation by lachrymatory factor synthase (LFS)-silenced (tearless) onion juice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:10574-10581. [PMID: 24147811 DOI: 10.1021/jf4030213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Onion and garlic are renowned for their roles as functional foods. The health benefits of garlic are attributed to di-2-propenyl thiosulfinate (allicin), a sulfur compound found in disrupted garlic but not found in disrupted onion. Recently, onions have been grown with repressed lachrymatory factor synthase (LFS) activity, which causes these onions to produce increased amounts of di-1-propenyl thiosulfinate, an isomer of allicin. This investigation into the key health attributes of LFS-silenced (tearless) onions demonstrates that they have some attributes more similar to garlic and that this is likely due to the production of novel thiosulfinate or metabolites. The key finding was that collagen-induced in vitro platelet aggregation was significantly reduced by tearless onion extract over normal onion extract. Thiosulfinate or derived compounds were shown not to be responsible for the observed changes in the inflammatory response of AGS (stomach adenocarcinoma) cells to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) when pretreated with model onion juices. A preliminary rat feeding trial indicated that the tearless onions may also play a key role in reducing weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Thomson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand
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21
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Effect of quercetin-rich onion peel extracts on arterial thrombosis in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 57:99-105. [PMID: 23524316 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine whether oral supplementation of quercetin-rich onion peel extract (OPE) influences blood coagulation and arterial thrombosis in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. 24 male rats, 5 weeks old, were divided into three groups with different diets (C: control, 2mg OPE: chow diet with 2mg OPE supplementation, 10mg OPE: chow diet with 10mg OPE supplementation) for 6 weeks. Blood coagulation parameters including prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and platelet aggregation were examined. The OPE did not affect blood cholesterol levels but significantly decreased blood triglyceride and glucose levels. PT, aPTT and platelet aggregation were not significantly different among all tested groups. However, in vivo arterial thrombosis was significantly delayed in groups that were fed 2mg and 10mg OPE diets compared to the control group. In addition, the OPE greatly diminished thrombin-induced expression of tissue factor in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), a coagulation initiator. In addition, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways activated by thrombin treatment were prevented by the OPE pre-treatment. These results indicate that OPE may have anti-thrombotic effects through restricting the induced expression of tissue factor via down-regulating mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation upon coagulation stimulus, leading to the prolongation of time for arterial thrombosis.
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22
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Hansen EA, Folts JD, Goldman IL. Steam-cooking rapidly destroys and reverses onion-induced antiplatelet activity. Nutr J 2012; 11:76. [PMID: 22992282 PMCID: PMC3490999 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-11-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foods in the diet that can aid in the prevention of diseases are of major interest. Onions are key ingredients in many cuisines around the world and moreover, onion demand has trended higher over the past three decades. An important pharmacological aspect of onion is the ability to inhibit platelet aggregation. Raw onions inhibit platelet aggregation; however, when onions are boiled or heated, antiplatelet activity may be abolished. METHODS Onion quarters were steamed for 0, 1, 3, 6, 10, and 15 min. The in vitro antiplatelet activity of a yellow hybrid storage onion was examined at these times on the blood of 12 human subjects using in vitro whole blood aggregometry. RESULTS Contrary to findings reported for boiling, antiplatelet activity was destroyed between 3 and 6 min of steaming, and at 10 min of steaming, cooked onions stimulated platelet activity. Extracts from cooked onion had the potential to reverse the inhibitory effect on blood platelets by 25%. Responses were consistent across all donors. Total polyphenolic concentration and soluble solids were not affected by steaming time. CONCLUSIONS The potential value of cooked onion preparations may result in destruction or reversal of antiplatelet activity, without affecting the polyphenolic concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie A Hansen
- Department of Health Professions, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - John D Folts
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Section, H6/379 CSC, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53702, USA
| | - Irwin L Goldman
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Cavagnaro PF, Galmarini CR. Effect of processing and cooking conditions on onion (Allium cepa L.) induced antiplatelet activity and thiosulfinate content. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:8731-8737. [PMID: 22881190 DOI: 10.1021/jf301793b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Allium vegetables serve as sources of antiplatelet agents that may contribute to the prevention of cardiovascular disease. However, onion and garlic, the major Allium species, are usually cooked before consumption. Here, we examined the effect of cooking on onion in vitro antiplatelet activity (IVAA). Two different cooking systems (convection oven and microwaves) and several time-temperature variables were tested on whole bulbs, quarters of bulbs, and completely crushed bulbs, monitoring the degradation of sulfur antiplatelet compounds (e.g., thiosulfinates) by analysis of pyruvate levels. Although heating was, in general, detrimental for onion IVAA, the extent of this effect varied greatly, from unaffected antiplatelet activity (AA) (i.e., similar to raw onion) to a complete lost of activity, depending upon the manner in which onions were prepared prior to heating, the cooking method, and the intensity of the heat treatment. "Whole", "quarters", and "crushed" onions lost their IVAA after 30, 20, and 10 min of oven heating, respectively. The longer retainment of AA in intact bulbs was attributed to a later alliinase inactivation. Proaggregatory effects observed in samples subjected to the most intense oven and microwave heat treatments suggest that extensively cooked onions may stimulate rather than inhibit platelet aggregation. The efficacy of Allium species as antiplatelet agents, as affected by preparation and cooking conditions, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo F Cavagnaro
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), EEA La Consulta CC8, San Carlos, Mendoza 5567, Argentina.
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24
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Wang R. Physiological implications of hydrogen sulfide: a whiff exploration that blossomed. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:791-896. [PMID: 22535897 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1341] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The important life-supporting role of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has evolved from bacteria to plants, invertebrates, vertebrates, and finally to mammals. Over the centuries, however, H(2)S had only been known for its toxicity and environmental hazard. Physiological importance of H(2)S has been appreciated for about a decade. It started by the discovery of endogenous H(2)S production in mammalian cells and gained momentum by typifying this gasotransmitter with a variety of physiological functions. The H(2)S-catalyzing enzymes are differentially expressed in cardiovascular, neuronal, immune, renal, respiratory, gastrointestinal, reproductive, liver, and endocrine systems and affect the functions of these systems through the production of H(2)S. The physiological functions of H(2)S are mediated by different molecular targets, such as different ion channels and signaling proteins. Alternations of H(2)S metabolism lead to an array of pathological disturbances in the form of hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure, diabetes, cirrhosis, inflammation, sepsis, neurodegenerative disease, erectile dysfunction, and asthma, to name a few. Many new technologies have been developed to detect endogenous H(2)S production, and novel H(2)S-delivery compounds have been invented to aid therapeutic intervention of diseases related to abnormal H(2)S metabolism. While acknowledging the challenges ahead, research on H(2)S physiology and medicine is entering an exponential exploration era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
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25
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Augusti KT, Jose R, Sajitha GR, Augustine P. A rethinking on the benefits and drawbacks of common antioxidants and a proposal to look for the antioxidants in allium products as ideal agents: a review. Indian J Clin Biochem 2012; 27:6-20. [PMID: 23277707 PMCID: PMC3286589 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-011-0146-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review article on the beneficial uses of Allium antioxidants tries to give some answers to the recent doubts raised by Singh et al. (Ind J Clin Biochem 25(3):225-243, 2010) against the claim of some researchers that Antioxidants (AOs) are miraculous molecules. Many people still believe that vitamins like A, C and E are the only true AOs that play important role in the corrections of metabolic derangements in life style diseases and hence all their faults are attributed to the failures of AOs as a class. This is quite unfair as there are many other natural AOs that do equal or even better AO action than the vitamins. Such is the case with the Allium S-alkyl sulfoxide aminoacids and their breakdown products viz, the various poly sulfides and their oxides e.g. allicin and ajoene type compounds which trap electrons mainly. It is true that antioxidant vitamins and β-carotene a precursor of Vitamin A bring about problems as prooxidant or as agents that block some metabolic pathways and gene expression. Again the argument that AOs cannot improve the level of antioxidant enzymes like SOD, catalase and glutathione Px is also not universal. Actually allium AOs can even spare the use of antioxidant vitamins in the body and enhance the action of antioxidant enzymes and supply of ATP and other nutrients to the tissues as the former are good vasodialators and promoters of membrane permeability. The use of AOs should be selective and moderate. Allium AOs satisfy the role of ideal AOs based on many of their invivo and invitro actions reported by the author and others. Their metabolits can regenerate them and recycle them for a sufficient time in the body. They have non antioxidant effects also such as antiplatelet, fibrinolytic, antiinflammatory, immunomodulatory, antiageing actions etc. Plant derived AOs may be more beneficial and better tolerated in their partially purified forms rather than in their absolutely purified forms as the accompanying principles have some protective and regulatory effects in general. This and other aspects of allium AOs are discussed in the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. T. Augusti
- Department of Biochemistry, Kerala University, R-1 Jainagar, Medical College PO, Trivandrum, Kerala 695011 India
| | - Regi Jose
- Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Somervell Memorial CSI Medical College Karakonam, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - G. R. Sajitha
- Department of Biochemistry, Sree Mookambika Institute of Medical Sciences, Kulasekharam, K.K.Dist, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Paul Augustine
- Department Surgical Oncology Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, 695011 India
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26
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Aoyagi M, Kamoi T, Kato M, Sasako H, Tsuge N, Imai S. Structure and bioactivity of thiosulfinates resulting from suppression of lachrymatory factor synthase in onion. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:10893-10900. [PMID: 21905712 DOI: 10.1021/jf202446q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In normal onion (Allium cepa), trans-S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide is transformed via 1-propenesulfenic acid into propanethial S-oxide, a lachrymatory factor, through successive reactions catalyzed by alliinase and lachrymatory factor synthase (LFS). A recent report showed that suppression of the LFS activity caused a dramatic increase in thiosulfinates previously reported as "zwiebelane isomers". After purification by recycle high-performance liquid chromatography and subsequent analyses, we established the planar structure of the putative "zwiebelane isomers" as S-3,4-dimethyl-5-hydroxythiolane-2-yl 1-propenethiosulfinate, in which two of the three molecules of 1-propenesulfenic acid involved in the formation gave the thiolane backbone, and the third molecule gave the thiosulfinate structure. Of at least three stereoisomers observed, one in the (2'R,3'R,4'R,5'R)-configuration was collected as an isolated fraction, and the other isomers were collected as a combined fraction because spontaneous tautomerization prevented further purification. Both fractions showed inhibitory activities against cyclooxygenase-1 and α-glucosidase in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morihiro Aoyagi
- Somatech Center, House Foods Corporation, 1-4 Takanodai, Yotsukaido, Chiba, 284-0033, Japan.
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Izmest′ev ES, Sudarikov DV, Rubtsova SA, Kuchin AV. Synthesis of several optically active menthane disulfides and thiosulfinates. Chem Nat Compd 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-011-9827-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Stables MJ, Gilroy DW. Old and new generation lipid mediators in acute inflammation and resolution. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 50:35-51. [PMID: 20655950 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Originally regarded as just membrane constituents and energy storing molecules, lipids are now recognised as potent signalling molecules that regulate a multitude of cellular responses via receptor-mediated pathways, including cell growth and death, and inflammation/infection. Derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), each lipid displays unique properties, thus making their role in inflammation distinct from that of other lipids derived from the same PUFA. The diversity of their actions arises because such metabolites are synthesised via discrete enzymatic pathways and because they elicit their response via different receptors. This review will collate the bioactive lipid research to date and summarise the findings in terms of the major pathways involved in their biosynthesis and their role in inflammation and its resolution. It will include lipids derived from AA (prostanoids, leukotrienes, 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, lipoxins and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids), EPA (E-series resolvins), and DHA (D-series resolvins, protectins and maresins).
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Stables
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Medicine, 5 University Street, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, United Kingdom
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29
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Antioxidant and Anticancer Properties and Mechanisms of Inorganic Selenium, Oxo-Sulfur, and Oxo-Selenium Compounds. Cell Biochem Biophys 2010; 58:1-23. [PMID: 20632128 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-010-9088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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30
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Vazquez-Prieto MA, González RE, Renna NF, Galmarini CR, Miatello RM. Aqueous garlic extracts prevent oxidative stress and vascular remodeling in an experimental model of metabolic syndrome. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:6630-6635. [PMID: 20450156 DOI: 10.1021/jf1006819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The organosulfur profile and the effect on oxidative stress and vascular remodeling in fructose-fed rats (FFR) were evaluated in Fuego INTA and Morado INTA garlic cultivars. Wistar rats were fed either normal rat chow (control) or the same diet plus 10% fructose in drinking water. During the last 6 weeks of a 12 week period of the corresponding diet, a subgroup of control and FFR received an aqueous extract of Fuego INTA and Morado INTA. Fuego INTA showed higher levels of total thiosulfinates, allicin, and pungency than Morado INTA. FFR showed an increase of systolic blood pressure, aortic NAD(P)H oxidase activity, plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and vascular remodeling that was significantly reduced after both garlic administrations. The beneficial effect was slightly higher when Fuego INTA was administered. Both aqueous garlic extracts prevent oxidative stress and vascular remodeling in rats with metabolic syndrome, suggesting the existence of slight differences among cultivars.
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Ilic D, Nikolic V, Nikolic L, Stankovic M, Stanojevic L. Thermal degradation, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the synthesized allicin and allicin incorporated in gel. HEMIJSKA INDUSTRIJA 2010. [DOI: 10.2298/hemind091111003i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The main carriers of the pharmacological activity of garlic (Allium sativum L.) are organic sulfur compounds, the most important among them being allicin, a sulfenic acid thioester, or allylthiosulfonate. In this paper, the identification of synthesized and purified allicin was determined by using various spectroscopic methods (UV/VIS, FTIR, NMR). A HPLC method was developed for the detection and determination of the allicin content. The thermal degradation of allicin by using FTIR method was monitored. The method for the production of allicin gel based on Carbopol 940 (poly(acrylic acid)) was elaborated. The antimicrobial activity of pure allicin and allicin incorporated into gel by using a disk diffusion method was determined. In order to determine the antioxidant activity of allicin DPPH test was done and it was proved that with low concentrations (1 mgcm-3) a high DPPH radicals scavenging capacity (90%) was achieved.
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32
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Ruiz R, García MP, Lara A, Rubio LA. Garlic derivatives (PTS and PTS-O) differently affect the ecology of swine faecal microbiota in vitro. Vet Microbiol 2009; 144:110-7. [PMID: 20080364 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A number of in vitro experiments were designed to evaluate the effects of two different industrial products, namely PROALLIUM-S-DMC and PROALLIUM-SO-DMC (DMC Research Center, Granada, Spain), obtained from garlic (Allium sativum) on the faecal microbiota of pigs. The effects of three different concentrations (50, 200 and 400 ppm) of the active compounds (PTS and PTS-O, respectively) from both industrial products on the gastrointestinal microbiota of pigs were tested. Growth medium without any additive (0 ppm) was used as control. Predominant bacterial groups (total aerobes, total anaerobes, lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, coliforms, enterobacteria, bacteroides and clostridia) were studied. Results showed that both PTS and PTS-O have significant (P<0.01) antimicrobial activity against every group studied, although enterobacteria and coliforms were the most affected populations (P<0.01). Time kill curves for Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium, two common pathogens of pigs, showed that both compounds had a bactericidal effect against these strains. For the bacterial groups here studied, the antimicrobial effect of PTS-O was significantly (P<0.001) stronger than that of PTS. Trials in vivo are in course to study the potential use of these products as alternatives to antibiotics in pig feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Ruiz
- Dpto de Fisiología y Bioquímica de la Nutrición Animal IFNA, EEZ, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
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Borjihan H, Ogita A, Fujita KI, Hirasawa E, Tanaka T. The vacuole-targeting fungicidal activity of amphotericin B against the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans and its enhancement by allicin. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2009; 62:691-7. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2009.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Stellenboom N, Hunter R, Caira MR, Bourne SA, Barbieri M. Inclusion of the allicin mimic S-p-tolyl t-butylthiosulphinate in β-cyclodextrin. Supramol Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10610270802613570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nashia Stellenboom
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Cape Town , Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Roger Hunter
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Cape Town , Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Mino R. Caira
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Cape Town , Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Susan A. Bourne
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Cape Town , Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Marco Barbieri
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Cape Town , Rondebosch, South Africa
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Manaster Y, Shenkman B, Rosenberg N, Savion N. Allicin and disulfiram enhance platelet integrin αIIbβ3-fibrinogen binding. Thromb Res 2009; 124:477-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2009.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mirzaei R, Liaghati H, Damghani AM. Evaluating yield quality and quantity of garlic as affected by different farming systems and garlic clones. Pak J Biol Sci 2009; 10:2219-24. [PMID: 19070185 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2007.2219.2224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the effects of different farming systems and garlic (Allium sativum L.) clones on yield quality and quantity of garlic, an experiment was conducted with split plot arrangement with three completely randomized blockes in the 2005 growing season at the experimental research station of Shahid Beheshti University at Zirab, north of Iran. Two factors were involved in the experiment: farming systems in three levels (intensive, conventional and organic farming), as main plots and garlic clones in three levels (Atoo, Hamedani and Khorassani) as sub-plots. The studied factors in this experiment consisted of leaf number, LAI, stem height and diameter, bulb yield, weight of bulbs, number of cloves, weight of cloves and level of allicin. Results showed that the farming systems had significant effect (p<0.05) on LAI, number of plant and bulb yield, but the effect on the other factors was not significant. The highest and lowest bulb yields were obtained in intensive (9.5 ton ha(-1)) and organic (7.4 ton ha(-1)) systems, respectively. All of the top factors were significantly (p< or =0.01) affected by garlic clones. Maximum and minimum yields were obtained from Hamedani, Atoo (9.2 ton ha(-1)) and Virani (7.1 ton ha(-1)) clones, respectively. Level of allicin was not significantly affected by farming systems but, differences among garlic clones were significant. Maximum and minimum allicin yields were obtained from Hamedan (5.96 mg g(-1)) and Virani (4.52 mg g(-1)) clones, respectively. As a result, however, organic farming systems can not influence the yield in short term, but can increase it by applying crop rotation, use of organic fertilizer and cover crops in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mirzaei
- Department of Agroecology, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Mohammed Abdul MI, Jiang X, Williams KM, Day RO, Roufogalis BD, Liauw WS, Xu H, McLachlan AJ. Pharmacodynamic interaction of warfarin with cranberry but not with garlic in healthy subjects. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 154:1691-700. [PMID: 18516070 PMCID: PMC2518459 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Patients commonly take complementary medicines in conjunction with warfarin yet evidence supporting the safety or the risk of a herb-drug interaction is lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible impact of two commonly used herbal medicines, garlic and cranberry, on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy male subjects. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH An open-label, three-treatment, randomized crossover clinical trial was undertaken and involved 12 healthy male subjects of known CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotype. A single dose of 25 mg warfarin was administered alone or after 2 weeks of pretreatment with either garlic or cranberry. Warfarin enantiomer concentrations, INR, platelet aggregation and clotting factor activity were measured to assess pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between warfarin and herbal medicines. KEY RESULTS Cranberry significantly increased the area under the INR-time curve by 30% when administered with warfarin compared with treatment with warfarin alone. Cranberry did not alter S- or R-warfarin pharmacokinetics or plasma protein binding. Co-administration of garlic did not significantly alter warfarin pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics. Both herbal medicines showed some evidence of VKORC1 (not CYP2C9) genotype-dependent interactions with warfarin, which is worthy of further investigation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Cranberry alters the pharmacodynamics of warfarin with the potential to increase its effects significantly. Co-administration of warfarin and cranberry requires careful monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Mohammed Abdul
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - X Jiang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - K M Williams
- Clinical Trials Centre, St Vincent's Hospital Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R O Day
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, St Vincent's Hospital Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- University of New South Wales Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - B D Roufogalis
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - W S Liauw
- Clinical Trials Centre, St Vincent's Hospital Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - H Xu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A J McLachlan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Education and Research on Ageing, Concord Hospital New South Wales, Australia
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Scharbert G, Kalb ML, Duris M, Marschalek C, Kozek-Langenecker SA. Garlic at Dietary Doses Does Not Impair Platelet Function. Anesth Analg 2007; 105:1214-8, table of contents. [DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000287253.92211.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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11,12-Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid activates the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway in human platelets. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 308:51-6. [PMID: 17932624 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-007-9611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study was to test the hypothesis that 11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (11,12-EET), a metabolic product of arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450 epoxygenase, regulates nitric oxide (NO) generation of the L-arginine/NO synthase (NOS) pathway in human platelets. Human platelets were incubated in the presence or absence of different concentrations of 11,12-EET for 2 h at 37 degrees C, followed by measurements of activities of the L-arginine/NOS pathway. Incubation with 11,12-EET increased the platelet NOS activity, nitrite production, cGMP content, and the platelet uptake of L-[(3)H]arginine in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, 11,12-EET attenuated intracellular free Ca(2+) accumulation stimulated by collagen, which was at least partly mediated by EET-activated L-arginine/NOS pathway. It is suggested that 11,12-EET regulates platelet function through up-regulating the activity of the L-arginine/NOS/NO pathway.
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Prager-Khoutorsky M, Goncharov I, Rabinkov A, Mirelman D, Geiger B, Bershadsky AD. Allicin inhibits cell polarization, migration and division via its direct effect on microtubules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 64:321-37. [PMID: 17323373 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Allicin (diallyl thiosulfinate) is a major biologically active component of garlic that is known to inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis. The effects of allicin are attributed to its ability to react with thiol groups. However, the mechanism underlying the cytostatic activity of allicin, as well as the identity of the relevant subcellular targets, are not known. In the present study, we found that the effects of allicin on cell polarization, migration, and mitosis are similar to the effects of microtubule-depolymerizing drugs such as nocodazole. Moreover, treatment of cultured fibroblasts with micromolar doses of allicin results in microtubule depolymerization in cells within minutes of its application, without disrupting the actin cytoskeleton or inducing direct cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, allicin blocks the polymerization of pure tubulin in vitro in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting that it acts directly on tubulin dimers. Sulfhydryl (SH)-reducing reagents such as 2-mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol abolish the effect of allicin on microtubule polymerization. Thus, allicin is a potent microtubule-disrupting reagent interfering with tubulin polymerization by reaction with tubulin SH groups.
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Cavagnaro PF, Camargo A, Galmarini CR, Simon PW. Effect of cooking on garlic (Allium sativum L.) antiplatelet activity and thiosulfinates content. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:1280-8. [PMID: 17256959 DOI: 10.1021/jf062587s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The raw form of garlic and some of its preparations are widely recognized as antiplatelet agents that may contribute to the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Herein, we examined the in-vitro antiaggregatory activity (IVAA) of human blood platelets induced by extracts of garlic samples that were previously heated (in the form of crushed versus uncrushed cloves) using different cooking methods and intensities. The concentrations of allicin and pyruvate, two predictors of antiplatelet strength, were also monitored. Oven-heating at 200 degrees C or immersing in boiling water for 3 min or less did not affect the ability of garlic to inhibit platelet aggregation (as compared to raw garlic), whereas heating for 6 min completely suppressed IVAA in uncrushed, but not in previously crushed, samples. The latter samples had reduced, yet significant, antiplatelet activity. Prolonged incubation (more than 10 min) at these temperatures completely suppressed IVAA. Microwaved garlic had no effect on platelet aggregation. However, increasing the concentration of garlic juice in the aggregation reaction had a positive IVAA dose response in crushed, but not in uncrushed, microwaved samples. The addition of raw garlic juice to microwaved uncrushed garlic restored a full complement of antiplatelet activity that was completely lost without the garlic addition. Garlic-induced IVAA was always associated with allicin and pyruvate levels. Our results suggest that (1) allicin and thiosulfinates are responsible for the IVAA response, (2) crushing garlic before moderate cooking can reduce the loss of activity, and (3) the partial loss of antithrombotic effect in crushed-cooked garlic may be compensated by increasing the amount consumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo F Cavagnaro
- INTA - EEA La Consulta and CONICET, INTA, EEA La Consulta CC8, San Carlos, Mendoza (5567), Argentina
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Gabler NK, Osrowska E, Imsic M, Eagling DR, Jois M, Tatham BG, Dunshea FR. Dietary onion intake as part of a typical high fat diet improves indices of cardiovascular health using the mixed sex pig model. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2006; 61:179-85. [PMID: 17123162 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-006-0030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential health benefits of onions consumed at two levels of intake, using the pig model. The dietary fat content was set at a level typical of a "western" diet (25% w/w). Fifteen female and fifteen male pigs (Large White x Landrace) were allocated to one of three dietary treatments in a randomised block design. Treatments consisted of control diet (no onion) and onion supplementation at either 8.6 or 21.4 g of onion/MJ DE fed for six weeks. Onion consumption reduced plasma triglyceride levels by 15% (P=0.030) regardless of sex and onion dose. Total plasma cholesterol and cholesterol fractions were unaffected by onion supplementation (P>0.050). The bioactivity of onion was evident in haematocrit measures, where red blood cell and haemoglobin were significantly reduced in a dose dependant manner (P<0.001 and P=0.011, respectively), while other cell counts, with exception of segmented neutrophils (-18%, P=0.012), were largely unaffected. Serum oxidative status was improved (P=0.007) in pigs consuming onions. These data demonstrate that consumption of onions can have positive health effects in both male and female pigs consuming a high fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas K Gabler
- Department of Primary Industries, 600 Sneydes Rd, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia
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43
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Chavez ML, Jordan MA, Chavez PI. Evidence-based drug–herbal interactions. Life Sci 2006; 78:2146-57. [PMID: 16427091 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2005] [Revised: 07/19/2005] [Accepted: 12/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Due to the growing use of herbals and other dietary supplements healthcare providers and consumers need to know whether problems might arise from using these preparations in combination with conventional drugs. However, the evidence of interactions between natural products and drugs is based on known or suspected pharmacologic activity, data derived from in vitro or animal studies, or isolated case reports that frequently lack pertinent information. The usefulness of such information is questionable. More recently an increasing number of documented case reports, in vivo studies, and clinical trials have evaluated herbal-drug interactions. Results have sometimes been contradictory and more research is needed. Since there is a lack of rigorous studies that can establish the clinical significance of herb-drug interactions, an evidence-based evaluation of the current literature concerning commonly used herbal-drug interactions, as well as other dietary supplements, was conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L Chavez
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy Glendale, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona 85308, USA. mchave@mudwestern
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44
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The Potential Hazards of Used and Abused Perioperative Drugs, Herbs, and Dietary Supplements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1097/00126869-200634010-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bruck R, Aeed H, Brazovsky E, Noor T, Hershkoviz R. Allicin, the active component of garlic, prevents immune-mediated, concanavalin A-induced hepatic injury in mice. Liver Int 2005; 25:613-21. [PMID: 15910499 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2005.01050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Allicin, the immunologically active component of garlic, has been found to affect oxidative stress and immune response in several experimental systems. In the present study, we examined the ability of allicin to prevent immune-mediated, concanavalin A (Con A)-induced liver damage in mice. METHODS Mice were pretreated with allicin for 7 days before their inoculation with Con A (15 mg/kg). The serum levels of liver enzymes and liver histology were examined 24 h after Con A administration. The effect of Con A and allicin on serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation in the liver were examined 2 h after Con A administration, in a separate group of rats, and the effect of allicin on Con A-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was determined by western blot analysis 24 h after Con A injection. RESULTS The histopathologic damage in the mouse livers, and the Con A-induced increase of aminotransferases and TNF-alpha were markedly inhibited in the mice pretreated with allicin before Con A injection (P < 0.01). NF-kappaB binding activity to the nucleus, which increased 2 h after Con A administration, was attenuated by allicin. The expression of iNOS protein which was induced following Con A administration was significantly attenuated by allicin. In vitro studies showed that allicin inhibited TNF-alpha-mediated T cell adhesion to extracellular matrix components and to endothelial cells. Allicin also inhibited TNF-alpha-mediated intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression on human vascular endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that immune-mediated liver damage in mice can be prevented by allicin, probably because of its immunomodulatory effects on T cells and adhesion molecules and inhibition of NF-kappaB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Bruck
- Department of Gastroenterology, The E. Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.
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46
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Chang HS, Yamato O, Yamasaki M, Maede Y. Modulatory influence of sodium 2-propenyl thiosulfate from garlic on cyclooxygenase activity in canine platelets: possible mechanism for the anti-aggregatory effect. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2005; 72:351-5. [PMID: 15850716 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2005.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2004] [Revised: 01/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We previously found that sodium 2-propenyl thiosulfate (2PTS) has an anti-aggregatory effect in vitro on both canine and human platelets at relatively low concentrations, but the extent of aggregation tends to return to the control level at high concentrations. To clarify the mechanism of this modulatory influence of 2PTS on the aggregation of platelets, we investigated the effects of 2PTS on cyclooxygenase (COX) activity and the reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration in canine platelets. Platelet COX activity was inhibited by 2PTS in a dose-dependent manner up to 0.1 mM, but tended to return to the control level at 1 mM. In contrast, the platelet GSH concentration decreased in a dose-dependent manner after treatment with 2PTS and a significant decrease was observed at 0.1 mM (P<0.05) and 1 mM (P<0.001). Furthermore, the activity of purified COX-1 was directly inhibited by addition of GSH in a dose-dependent manner. From these results, we conclude that the 2PTS-induced inhibition of platelet aggregation occurs as a result of inhibition of COX activity. Additionally, 2PTS may have a modulatory effect on platelet aggregation by affecting the platelet GSH concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Chang
- Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
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47
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Pearson W, Boermans HJ, Bettger WJ, McBride BW, Lindinger MI. Association of maximum voluntary dietary intake of freeze-dried garlic with Heinz body anemia in horses. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66:457-65. [PMID: 15822591 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize hematologic and clinical consequences of chronic dietary consumption of freeze-dried garlic at maximum voluntary intake in horses. ANIMALS 4 healthy sex- and age-matched horses. PROCEDURE An initial garlic dose (0.05 g/kg, twice daily) was fed to 2 horses in a molasses carrier as part of their normal ration and was gradually increased to maximum voluntary intake (0.25 g/kg, twice daily) over 41 days. Dietary supplementation then continued for a total of 71 days. Two control horses were fed molasses with no garlic with their ration. Blood samples were collected weekly and analyzed for hematologic and biochemical changes, including the presence of Heinz bodies. Recovery of affected blood values was followed for 5 weeks after termination of dietary supplementation with garlic. RESULTS At a daily dose of > 0.2 g/kg, horses fed garlic developed hematologic and biochemical indications of Heinz body anemia, as characterized by increases in Heinz body score (HBS), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin, platelet count, and serum unconjugated and total bilirubin concentrations and decreases in RBC count, blood hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and serum haptoglobin concentration. Recovery from anemia was largely complete within 5 weeks after termination of dietary supplementation with garlic. Heinz body score and MCV remained high at the end of the 5-week recovery period. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Horses will voluntarily consume sufficient quantities of garlic to cause Heinz body anemia. The potential for garlic toxicosis exists when horses are chronically fed garlic. Further study is required to determine the safe dietary dose of garlic in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Pearson
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1 Canada
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MacDonald JA, Marchand ME, Langler RF. Improving upon the in vitro biological activity of antithrombotic disulfides. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2004; 15:447-50. [PMID: 15311152 DOI: 10.1097/00001721-200408000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Several sulfur-containing compounds, isolated from garlic, have been implicated as highly active antithrombotic agents. We have prepared 10 new aromatic disulfides and an aromatic thiosulfonate in order to determine the in vitro response of human platelets to dosages of these compounds. The poor biological activity of PhSSCH3 was enhanced by the introduction of, inter alia, a nitro group onto the aromatic ring. The nitro group increased potency by activating the disulfide linkage. Anti-platelet aggregation activity was also enhanced by increasing the lipophilicity of one test compound. The ability of an aromatic disulfide to inhibit platelet aggregation can be enhanced by appending an electron-withdrawing group to the aromatic ring. The results presented establish that the aromatic thiosulfonate is a very effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A MacDonald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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49
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Sela U, Ganor S, Hecht I, Brill A, Miron T, Rabinkov A, Wilchek M, Mirelman D, Lider O, Hershkoviz R. Allicin inhibits SDF-1alpha-induced T cell interactions with fibronectin and endothelial cells by down-regulating cytoskeleton rearrangement, Pyk-2 phosphorylation and VLA-4 expression. Immunology 2004; 111:391-9. [PMID: 15056375 PMCID: PMC1782446 DOI: 10.1111/j.0019-2805.2004.01841.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Allicin, a major ingredient of fresh garlic extract that is produced during the crushing of garlic cloves, exerts various beneficial biological effects, including a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, antihyperlipidaemic and antihypertensive effects. However, how allicin affects the immune system is less well known, and its effect on human T cells has never been studied. Here, we examined the in-vitro effects of allicin on the functioning of T cells related to their entry to inflamed extravascular sites. We found that allicin (20-100 microm) inhibits the SDF-1alpha (CXCL12)-induced T cell migration through fibronectin (FN), and that this inhibition is mediated by the down-regulation of (i) the reorganization of cortical actin and the subsequent T cell polarization, and (ii) T cell adhesion to FN. Moreover, allicin also inhibited T cell adhesion to endothelial cells and transendothelial migration. The mechanisms underlying these inhibitory effects of allicin are associated with its ability to down-regulate the phosphorylation of Pyk2, an intracellular member of the focal adhesion kinases, and to reduce the expression of the VCAM-1- and FN-specific alpha4beta1-integrin (VLA-4). The ability of allicin to down-regulate these chemokine-induced and VLA-4-mediated T cell functions explains its beneficial biological effects in processes where T cells play an important role and suggests that allicin may be used therapeutically with chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Sela
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76 100, Israel.
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50
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Chang HS, Yamato O, Sakai Y, Yamasaki M, Maede Y. Acceleration of superoxide generation in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and inhibition of platelet aggregation by alk(en)yl thiosulfates derived from onion and garlic in dogs and humans. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2004; 70:77-83. [PMID: 14643182 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2003.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We recently identified sodium n-propyl thiosulfate (NPTS) and sodium 2-propenyl thiosulfate (2PTS) from boiled onion and garlic, respectively, as causative agents of hemolytic anemia in dogs. We present here data concerning the effects of these alk(en)yl thiosulfates on superoxide (O(2)(-)) generation in peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and on adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation in dogs and humans in vitro. Both NPTS and 2PTS increased O(2)(-) generation significantly (P<0.05 at 1mM NPTS, P<0.005 at 0.1 and 1mM 2PTS) and reduced its reaction time significantly (P<0.05 between 0.01 and 1mM NPTS and at 1mM 2PTS) in canine PMNs stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, compared with the control without alk(en)yl thiosulfates. However, a tendency to return to the control level was observed at 10mM of the alk(en)yl thiosulfates in both O(2)(-) generation and its reaction time. Although NPTS and 2PTS did not exert any significant effect on the O(2)(-) generation in human PMNs, 2PTS reduced its reaction time significantly (P<0.05) at 1 and 10mM compared with the control, showing that 2PTS accelerated O(2)(-) generation in human PMNs. The difference in effects on O(2)(-) generation may be due to that in susceptibility to alk(en)yl thiosulfates between canine and human PMNs. On the other hand, NPTS and 2PTS were shown to significantly inhibit ADP-induced platelet aggregation at 0.01mM (P<0.01) in canine platelets and at 0.001-0.1mM (P<0.05) in human platelets. In contrast, the maximal aggregation percentage returned to the control level at 1mM of alk(en)yl thiosulfates in both canine and human platelets. From these results, we conclude that NPTS and 2PTS have the potential to promote immune functions and prevent cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Chang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, 060-0818 Sapporo, Japan
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