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Jakobsen U, Kobæk-Larsen M, Kjøller KD, Antonsen S, Baatrup G, Trelle MB. Quantification of the anti-neoplastic polyacetylene falcarinol from carrots in human serum by LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1210:123440. [PMID: 36088746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Falcarinol is a polyacetylene which is found in carrots and known to have anti-neoplastic properties in rodents. Research in the bioactivity of falcarinol in humans require methods for quantification of falcarinol in human serum. Here we report the development of an LC-MS/MS method and its use to measure serum falcarinol concentrations in humans following intake of a carrot product. Falcarinol was measured by LC-MS/MS using the m/z 268 to m/z 182 mass transition. Six calibrator levels (0.2-20 ng/mL) and 3 control levels (0.4, 2 and 8 ng/mL) were prepared by addition of falcarinol to human serum pools. Linearity of the developed method was good with a mean R2 of 0.9942. Within-day, between-day and total coefficients of variation were 6.9-13.1%, 4.1-5.0% and 8.1-14.0%, respectively. The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.1 and 0.2 ng/mL, respectively, matrix effects 84.2%, recovery 101.4-105.4% and carry-over -0.24-0.07%. Serum falcarinol concentrations were measured in 18 healthy volunteers prior to and at 9 time-points following intake of a carrot product. Falcarinol concentrations peaked at the 1-hour time-point after intake in 15 out of 18 volunteers and declined according to a single exponential decay function with an aggregate t½ of 1.5 h. In conclusion, an LC-MS/MS method for quantification of falcarinol in human serum with acceptable performance was developed and used to measure falcarinol concentrations following intake of a carrot product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Jakobsen
- Department of Biochemistry, Odense University Hospital, Svendborg Hospital, Svendborg, Denmark
| | - Morten Kobæk-Larsen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Karoline D Kjøller
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Steen Antonsen
- Department of Biochemistry, Odense University Hospital, Svendborg Hospital, Svendborg, Denmark
| | - Gunnar Baatrup
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Morten B Trelle
- Department of Biochemistry, Odense University Hospital, Svendborg Hospital, Svendborg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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Guo Q, Pan L, Qin Y, Xie F, Wang X, Zhao X, Chen L, Wang B, Cai J, Liu H. Combined use of analyte protectants and precolumn backflushing for a robust, high-throughput quantitative determination of aroma compounds in cigarette mainstream smoke by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.107121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Jayaprakasha G, Chidambara Murthy K, Pellati F, Patil BS. BetaSweet carrot extracts have antioxidant activity and in vitro antiproliferative effects against breast cancer cells. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Aguiló-Aguayo I, Gangopadhyay N, Lyng J, Brunton N, Rai D. Impact of pulsed light on colour, carotenoid, polyacetylene and sugar content of carrot slices. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Zhang Y, Liu X, Wang Y, Zhao F, Sun Z, Liao X. Quality comparison of carrot juices processed by high-pressure processing and high-temperature short-time processing. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bach V, Kidmose U, Kristensen HL, Edelenbos M. Eating Quality of Carrots (Daucus carota L.) Grown in One Conventional and Three Organic Cropping Systems over Three Years. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9803-9811. [PMID: 26513153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The eating quality of carrots (Daucus carota L.) was investigated to evaluate the impact of cropping systems (one conventional and three organic systems) and growing years (2007, 2008, and 2009) on root size, chemical composition, and sensory quality. The content of dry matter, sugars, polyacetylenes, and terpenes as well as the sensory quality and root size were related to the climate during the three growing years. A higher global radiation and a higher temperature sum in 2009 as compared to 2007 and 2008 resulted in larger roots, higher contents of dry matter, sucrose, total sugars, and total polyacetylenes, and lower contents of terpenes, fructose, and glucose. No differences were found between conventional and organic carrots with regard to the investigated parameters. This result shows that organically grown carrots have the same eating quality as conventionally grown carrots, while being produced in a more sustainable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibe Bach
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University , Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Aarslev, Denmark
| | - Ulla Kidmose
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University , Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Aarslev, Denmark
| | - Hanne L Kristensen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University , Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Aarslev, Denmark
| | - Merete Edelenbos
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University , Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Aarslev, Denmark
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Valverde J, Reilly K, Villacreces S, Gaffney M, Grant J, Brunton N. Variation in bioactive content in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) grown under conventional and organic production systems. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:1163-1171. [PMID: 24976520 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables contain a number of bioactive compounds, in particular glucosinolates and polyphenols, which are proposed to confer health benefits to the consumer. Demand for organic crops is at least partly based on a perception that organic crops may contain higher levels of bioactive compounds; however, insufficient research has been carried out to either support or refute such claims. RESULTS In this study we examined the effect of conventional, organic, and mixed cultivation practices on the content of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and total and individual glucosinolates in two varieties of broccoli grown over 2 years in a split-plot factorial systems comparison trial. Levels of total phenolics and total flavonoids showed a significant year-on-year variation but were not significantly different between organic and conventional production systems. In contrast, levels of the indolyl glucosinolates glucobrassicin and neoglucobrassicin were significantly higher (P < 0.05) under fully organic compared to fully conventional management. CONCLUSION Organic cultivation practices resulted in significantly higher levels of glucobrassicin and neoglucobrassicin in broccoli florets; however, other investigated compounds were unaffected by production practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Valverde
- Teagasc, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland; Monaghan Mushrooms, Tyholland, Co., Monaghan, Ireland
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Exploring the effects of pulsed electric field processing parameters on polyacetylene extraction from carrot slices. Molecules 2015; 20:3942-54. [PMID: 25738537 PMCID: PMC6272167 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20033942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of various pulsed electric field (PEF) parameters on the extraction of polyacetylenes from carrot slices were investigated. Optimised conditions with regard to electric field strength (1–4 kV/cm), number of pulses (100–1500), pulse frequency (10–200 Hz) and pulse width (10–30 μs) were identified using response surface methodology (RSM) to maximise the extraction of falcarinol (FaOH), falcarindiol (FaDOH) and falcarindiol-3-acetate (FaDOAc) from carrot slices. Data obtained from RSM and experiments fitted significantly (p < 0.0001) the proposed second-order response functions with high regression coefficients (R2) ranging from 0.82 to 0.75. Maximal FaOH (188%), FaDOH (164.9%) and FaDOAc (166.8%) levels relative to untreated samples were obtained from carrot slices after applying PEF treatments at 4 kV/cm with 100 number of pulses of 10 μs at 10 Hz. The predicted values from the developed quadratic polynomial equation were in close agreement with the actual experimental values with low average mean deviations (E%) ranging from 0.68% to 3.58%.
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Aguiló-Aguayo I, Brunton N, Rai D, Balagueró E, Hossain M, Valverde J. Polyacetylene levels in carrot juice, effect of pH and thermal processing. Food Chem 2014; 152:370-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Aguiló-Aguayo I, Hossain M, Brunton N, Lyng J, Valverde J, Rai D. Pulsed electric fields pre-treatment of carrot purees to enhance their polyacetylene and sugar contents. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Kuklev DV, Domb AJ, Dembitsky VM. Bioactive acetylenic metabolites. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:1145-1159. [PMID: 23871125 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This article focuses on anticancer, and other biological activities of acetylenic metabolites obtained from plants and fungi. Acetylenic compounds belong to a class of molecules containing triple bond(s). Naturally occurring acetylenics are of particular interest since many of them display important biological activities and possess antitumor, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antifungal, and immunosuppressive properties. There are of great interest for medicine, pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, and pharmaceutical industries. This review presents structures and describes cytotoxic activities of more than 100 acetylenic metabolites, including fatty alcohols, ketones, and acids, acetylenic cyclohexanoids, spiroketal enol ethers, and carotenoids isolated from fungi and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Kuklev
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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12
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Seljåsen R, Kristensen HL, Lauridsen C, Wyss GS, Kretzschmar U, Birlouez-Aragone I, Kahl J. Quality of carrots as affected by pre- and postharvest factors and processing. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:2611-2626. [PMID: 23744724 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide an update on factors contributing to quality of carrots, with special focus on the role of pre- and postharvest factors and processing. The genetic factor shows the highest impact on quality variables in carrots, causing a 7-11-fold difference between varieties in content of terpenes, β-carotene, magnesium, iron and phenolics as well as a 1-4-fold difference in falcarindiol, bitter taste and sweet taste. Climate-related factors may cause a difference of up to 20-fold for terpenes, 82% for total sugars and 30-40% for β-carotene, sweet taste and bitter taste. Organic farming in comparison with conventional farming has shown 70% higher levels for magnesium and 10% for iron. Low nitrogen fertilisation level may cause up to 100% increase in terpene content, minor increase in dry matter (+4 to +6%) and magnesium (+8%) and reduction in β-carotene content (-8 to -11%). Retail storage at room temperature causes the highest reduction in β-carotene (-70%) and ascorbic acid (-70%). Heat processing by boiling reduces shear force (-300 to -1000%) and crispiness (-67%) as well as content of phenolics (-150%), terpenes (-85%) and total carotenes (-20%) and increases the risk of furan accumulation. Sensory and chemical quality parameters of carrots are determined mainly by genetic and climate-related factors and to a minor extent by cultivation method. Retail temperature and storage atmosphere as well as heating procedure in processing have the highest impact in quality reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi Seljåsen
- Bioforsk Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, Reddalsveien 215, NO-4886, Grimstad, Norway
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Corell M, Sheehy E, Evans P, Brunton N, Valverde J. Absolute Configuration of Falcarinol (9 Z-heptadeca-1,9-diene-4,6-diyn-3-ol) from Pastinaca Sativa. Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300800824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Falcarinol (9 Z-heptadeca-1,9-diene-4,6-diyn-3-ol; (1) is a polyacetylene commonly found in several plant families. The absolute configuration of naturally occurring 1 is not clear and contradictory results have been reported in the literature. Determination of the absolute configuration of 1 from Pastinaca sativa L. was carried out. Isolation of 95% pure 1 was performed via successive fractionation and preparative-HPLC. A racemic mixture comprised of 3 R-1 and 3 S-1 was synthesized in order to confirm the absolute configuration of the isolated natural product using chiral HPLC. Based on a combination of chiral HPLC and specific rotation, 1 present in P. sativa was found to have a 3 R absolute configuration (i.e. (3 R, 9 Z)-heptadeca-1,9-diene-4,6-diyn-3-ol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Corell
- Department of Agroforestry Sciences, School of Technical Agricultural Engineering, University of Seville, Ctra de Utrera, C.P. 41013, Spain
| | - Emile Sheehy
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, UCD School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, D4, Ireland
| | - Paul Evans
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, UCD School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, D4, Ireland
| | - Nigel Brunton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Juan Valverde
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15, Dublin, Ireland
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Polyacetylenes from Notopterygium incisum--new selective partial agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61755. [PMID: 23630612 PMCID: PMC3632601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a key regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism and therefore an important pharmacological target to combat metabolic diseases. Since the currently used full PPARγ agonists display serious side effects, identification of novel ligands, particularly partial agonists, is highly relevant. Searching for new active compounds, we investigated extracts of the underground parts of Notopterygium incisum, a medicinal plant used in traditional Chinese medicine, and observed significant PPARγ activation using a PPARγ-driven luciferase reporter model. Activity-guided fractionation of the dichloromethane extract led to the isolation of six polyacetylenes, which displayed properties of selective partial PPARγ agonists in the luciferase reporter model. Since PPARγ activation by this class of compounds has so far not been reported, we have chosen the prototypical polyacetylene falcarindiol for further investigation. The effect of falcarindiol (10 µM) in the luciferase reporter model was blocked upon co-treatment with the PPARγ antagonist T0070907 (1 µM). Falcarindiol bound to the purified human PPARγ receptor with a Ki of 3.07 µM. In silico docking studies suggested a binding mode within the ligand binding site, where hydrogen bonds to Cys285 and Glu295 are predicted to be formed in addition to extensive hydrophobic interactions. Furthermore, falcarindiol further induced 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation and enhanced the insulin-induced glucose uptake in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes confirming effectiveness in cell models with endogenous PPARγ expression. In conclusion, we identified falcarindiol-type polyacetylenes as a novel class of natural partial PPARγ agonists, having potential to be further explored as pharmaceutical leads or dietary supplements.
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Extraction of antioxidant components from Bidens pilosa flowers and their uptake by human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Molecules 2013; 18:1582-601. [PMID: 23353127 PMCID: PMC6269719 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18021582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bidens pilosa L. var. radiata (BPR, Asteraceae) is a commonly used folk medicine for treating various disorders such as diabetes, inflammation and hypertension. Recent studies to determine its chemical composition have revealed three di-O-caffeoylquinic acids (DiCQAs) and three polyacetylene glucosides (PGAs) to be among the major bioactive markers. To obtain the major compounds of these two chemical classes, the ethyl acetate fraction (EM) obtained using liquid-liquid partition from the methanol extract resulted in a fraction with the highest total phenolic and total flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities in radical scavenging and ferric reducing power assays. To assess the bioavailability of EM, we examined the in vitro uptake using the Caco-2 human colonic cell line. The apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) for each of the compounds within PGAs measured in both apical (AP) to basolateral (BL) and BL to AP was found to preferentially appear BL to AP direction, indicated that a basolateral to apical efflux system was detected in the study. DiCQAs had a lower efflux ratio than those from PGAs (2.32–3.67 vs. 6.03–78.36). Thus, it strongly implies that most of the DiCQAs are better absorbed than the PGAs.
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Lu Y, Jiang JG. Application of Enzymatic Method in the Extraction and Transformation of Natural Botanical Active Ingredients. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 169:923-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-0026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Mark AB, Kápolna E, Laursen KH, Halekoh U, Rasmussen SK, Husted S, Larsen EH, Bügel S. Consumption of organic diets does not affect intake and absorption of zinc and copper in men – evidence from two cross-over trials. Food Funct 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2fo30247k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Saikia B, Joymati Devi T, Barua NC. First total synthesis of Debilisone C. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:905-13. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26329g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Jensen MM, Jørgensen H, Halekoh U, Watzl B, Thorup-Kristensen K, Lauridsen C. Health biomarkers in a rat model after intake of organically grown carrots. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:2936-2943. [PMID: 22538636 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organic food is perceived as being of better quality and healthier than conventional foods although the scientific research on organic foodstuffs is highly contradictory. The aim of the present study was to investigate if intake of carrots from four different cultivation systems grown in two consecutive years would influence various biomarkers of health in a rat model. All rats were fed a diet with 40% carrot content. The carrots were grown under conventional (C), 'minimalistic' organic (O1), organic (O2), or 'very' organic cultivation systems (O3). A control group (CO) being fed standard rat chow was included. RESULTS The plasma α-tocopherol concentration was higher in the O2 carrot-based diet group than in the C carrot based-diet group in one year, while all other health biomarkers or nutrient content differences were observed between the CO diet and the carrot-based diets. CONCLUSION This well-controlled field study demonstrated no clear influence of cultivation methods or harvest year on the nutritional quality of carrots or effect of cultivation methods on health-related biomarkers in a sensitive rat model. However, the experimental set-up and selected biomarkers could be used as a framework for further studies of health in relation to organic foodstuff.
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Roselli M, Finamore A, Brasili E, Capuani G, Kristensen HL, Micheloni C, Mengheri E. Impact of organic and conventional carrots on intestinal and peripheral immunity. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:2913-2922. [PMID: 22488588 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on health effects of organic (ORG) products are still limited and often contradictory. We have investigated the impact of ORG and conventional (CV) carrots from two consecutive harvest years on mouse peripheral and intestinal immunity. RESULTS Danish carrots (Bolero variety) were grown in three ORG (O1, O2 and O3) and one CV cropping system (D-CV). Italian carrots (Maestro and Excelso varieties) were grown in one ORG and one CV field for each variety. Immune phenotypes of blood, spleen and intestinal lymphocytes, and cytokine serum levels were analyzed in mice fed the different carrots for 30 days. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed in mice fed the Danish carrots. The consumption of the 'more organic' O2 and O3 carrots induced some changes in lymphocyte populations, including an increase in regulatory T cells. In Italian carrots more differences between ORG and CV were observed in the first as compared to the second year. No relevant differences were observed in cytokine secretion. PCA showed a clear separation among mice fed the O1, O2, O3 and D-CV carrots. CONCLUSIONS Although a great variability was observed between the two years, an immune stimulation was found after the ORG carrot consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Roselli
- INRAN, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la Nutrizione, Rome, Italy.
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Simultaneous metabolite fingerprinting of hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds in Echinacea pallida by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry detection. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1242:43-58. [PMID: 22560343 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a detailed phytochemical characterization of Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. root extracts and dietary supplements was carried out for the first time by developing advanced chromatographic techniques, based on HPLC with diode array (DAD) and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) detection (with ion trap and triple quadrupole mass analyzers), for the simultaneous analysis of hydrophilic and lipophilic secondary metabolites. The HPLC analyses were carried out on an Ascentis C(18) column (250 mm × 4.6 mm I.D., 5 μm), with a mobile phase composed by H(2)O and ACN both containing 0.1% formic acid, under gradient elution. The UV spectra, in combination with MS and MS/MS data, allowed the identification of fourteen compounds, including caffeic acid derivatives, polyacetylenes and polyenes, in the analyzed samples. MS and MS/MS data were discussed in detail and the typical fragmentation patterns of each class of secondary metabolites were identified. For the first time, a hydroperoxide intermediate was characterized as an oxidation product of one of E. pallida monocarbonylic acetylenes, providing a confirmation of the mechanism that leads to the generation of hydroxylated derivatives. The HPLC method was fully validated in agreement with ICH guidelines and then applied to real samples. The quantitative analysis indicated that there was a great variability in the amount of the active compounds in the dietary supplements containing E. pallida root extracts: the content of total caffeic acid derivatives ranged from 2.31 to 11.45 mg/g and the amount of total polyacetylenes and polyenes from 6.38 to 30.54 mg/g. In the analyzed samples, the most abundant caffeic acid derivative was found to be echinacoside. Regarding polyacetylenes and polyenes, the most representative compounds were found to be tetradec-(8Z)-ene-11,13-diyn-2-one, pentedeca-(8Z,11Z)-dien-2-one and pentadec-(8Z)-en-2-one. The developed method can be considered suitable for metabolite fingerprinting and quality control of E. pallida plant material and natural products.
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Koidis A, Rawson A, Tuohy M, Brunton N. Influence of unit operations on the levels of polyacetylenes in minimally processed carrots and parsnips: An industrial trial. Food Chem 2011; 132:1406-1412. [PMID: 29243629 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Carrots and parsnips are often consumed as minimally processed ready-to-eat convenient foods and contain in minor quantities, bioactive aliphatic C17-polyacetylenes (falcarinol, falcarindiol, falcarindiol-3-acetate). Their retention during minimal processing in an industrial trial was evaluated. Carrot and parsnips were prepared in four different forms (disc cutting, baton cutting, cubing and shredding) and samples were taken in every point of their processing line. The unit operations were: peeling, cutting and washing with chlorinated water and also retention during 7days storage was evaluated. The results showed that the initial unit operations (mainly peeling) influence the polyacetylene retention. This was attributed to the high polyacetylene content of their peels. In most cases, when washing was performed after cutting, less retention was observed possibly due to leakage during tissue damage occurred in the cutting step. The relatively high retention during storage indicates high plant matrix stability. Comparing the behaviour of polyacetylenes in the two vegetables during storage, the results showed that they were slightly more retained in parsnips than in carrots. Unit operations and especially abrasive peeling might need further optimisation to make them gentler and minimise bioactive losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Koidis
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland; Institute of Agri-Food and Land Use, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Ashish Rawson
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland; School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Maria Tuohy
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Nigel Brunton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
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Louarn S, Nawrocki A, Edelenbos M, Jensen DF, Jensen ON, Collinge DB, Jensen B. The influence of the fungal pathogen Mycocentrospora acerina on the proteome and polyacetylenes and 6-methoxymellein in organic and conventionally cultivated carrots (Daucus carota) during post harvest storage. J Proteomics 2011; 75:962-77. [PMID: 22075166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many carrots are discarded during post harvest cold storage due to development of fungal infections, caused by, e.g., Mycocentrospora acerina (liquorice rot). We compared the susceptibility of carrots grown under conventional and organic agricultural practices. In one year, organically cultivated carrots showed 3× to 7× more symptoms than conventionally cultivated, when studying naturally occurring disease at 4 and 6 months, respectively. On the other hand, we have developed a bioassay for infection studies of M. acerina on carrots and observed that organic roots were more susceptible after one month of storage than conventional ones, but no differences were apparent after four or six months storage. Levels of polyacetylenes (falcarinol, falcarindiol and falcarindiol-3-acetate) did not change, whereas the isocoumarin phytoalexin (6-methoxymellein) accumulated in infected tissue as well as in healthy tissue opposite the infection. The proteomes of carrot and M. acerina were characterized, the intensity of 33 plant protein spots was significantly changed in infected roots including up regulation of defence and stress response proteins but also a decrease of proteins involved in energy metabolism. This combined metabolic and proteomic study indicates that roots respond to fungal infection through altered metabolism: simultaneous induction of 6-methoxymellein and synthesis of defence related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Louarn
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Rai DK, Brunton NP, Koidis A, Rawson A, McLoughlin P, Griffiths WJ. Characterisation of polyacetylenes isolated from carrot (Daucus carota) extracts by negative ion tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:2231-2239. [PMID: 21735506 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The potential use of negative electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) in the characterisation of the three polyacetylenes common in carrots (Daucus carota) has been assessed. The MS scans have demonstrated that the polyacetylenes undergo a modest degree of in-source decomposition in the negative ionisation mode while the positive ionisation mode has shown predominantly sodiated ions and no [M+H](+) ions. Tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) studies have shown that the polyacetylenes follow two distinct fragmentation pathways: one that involves cleavage of the C3-C4 bond and the other with cleavage of the C7-C8 bond. The cleavage of the C7-C8 bond generated product ions m/z 105.0 for falcarinol, m/z 105/107.0 for falcarindiol, m/z 147.0/149.1 for falcarindiol-3-acetate. In addition to these product ions, the transitions m/z 243.2 → 187.1 (falcarinol), m/z 259.2 → 203.1 (falcarindiol), m/z 301.2 → 255.2/203.1 (falcarindiol-3-acetate), mostly from the C3-C4 bond cleavage, can form the basis of multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)-quantitative methods which are poorly represented in the literature. The 'MS(3) ' experimental data confirmed a less pronounced homolytic cleavage site between the C11-C12 bond in the falcarinol-type polacetylenes. The optimised liquid chromatography (LC)/MS conditions have achieved a baseline chromatographic separation of the three polyacetylenes investigated within 40 min total run-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip K Rai
- Department of Food Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.
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Søltoft M, Bysted A, Madsen KH, Mark AB, Bügel SG, Nielsen J, Knuthsen P. Effects of organic and conventional growth systems on the content of carotenoids in carrot roots, and on intake and plasma status of carotenoids in humans. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2011; 91:767-775. [PMID: 21213256 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The demand for organic food products has increased during the last decades due to their probable health effects, among others. A higher content of secondary metabolites such as carotenoids in organic food products has been claimed, though not documented, to contribute to increased health effects of organic foods. The aim was to study the impact of organic and conventional agricultural systems on the content of carotenoids in carrots and human diets. In addition, a human cross-over study was performed, measuring the plasma status of carotenoids in humans consuming diets made from crops from these agricultural systems. RESULTS The content of carotenoids in carrot roots and human diets was not significantly affected by the agricultural production system or year, despite differences in fertilisation strategy and levels. The plasma status of carotenoids increased significantly after consumption of the organic and conventional diets, but no systematic differences between the agricultural production systems were observed. CONCLUSION The expected higher content of presumed health-promoting carotenoids in organic food products was not documented in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene Søltoft
- Division of Food Chemistry, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark
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