1
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Insight into the boosted ZEN degradation over defective Bi2WO6 ultrathin layers: ROS-mediated mechanism and application in corn oil. Food Chem 2022; 405:134895. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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2
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Ji J, Yu J, Ye Y, Sheng L, Fang J, Yang Y, Sun X. Biodegradation methods and product analysis of zearalenone and its future development trend: A review. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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3
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Liu J, Li T, Li R, Wang J, Li P, Niu M, Zhang L, Li C, Wang T, Xiao X, Wang JB, Wang Y. Hepatic Organoid-Based High-Content Imaging Boosts Evaluation of Stereoisomerism-Dependent Hepatotoxicity of Stilbenes in Herbal Medicines. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:862830. [PMID: 35656304 PMCID: PMC9152290 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.862830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of chemical components of herbal medicines often causes great barriers to toxicity research. In our previous study, we have found the critical divergent hepatotoxic potential of a pair of stilbene isomers in a famous traditional Chinese herb, Polygonum multiflorum (Heshouwu in Chinese). However, the high-throughput in vitro evaluation for such stereoisomerism-dependent hepatotoxicity is a critical challenge. In this study, we used a hepatic organoids–based in vitro hepatotoxic evaluation system in conjunction with using high content imaging to differentiate in vivo organ hepatotoxicity of the 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxy-trans-stilbene-2-O-β-glucoside (trans-SG) and its cis-isomer (cis-SG). By using such an organoid platform, we successfully differentiated the two stereoisomers’ hepatotoxic potentials, which were in accordance with their differences in rodents and humans. The lesion mechanism of the toxic isomer (cis-SG) was further found as the mitochondrial injury by high-content imaging, and its hepatotoxicity could be dose-dependently inhibited by the mitochondrial protective agent. These results demonstrated the utility of the organoids-based high-content imaging approach in evaluating and predicting organ toxicity of natural products in a low-cost and high-throughput way. It also suggested the rationale to use long-term cultured organoids as an alternative toxicology platform to identify early and cautiously the hepatotoxic new drug candidates in the preclinical phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Integrative Medical Center, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruihong Li
- Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Pengyan Li
- Integrative Medical Center, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Niu
- Integrative Medical Center, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Integrative Medical Center, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- Integrative Medical Center, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Nephrology Combined with Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaohe Xiao
- Integrative Medical Center, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Bo Wang
- Integrative Medical Center, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfang Wang
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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4
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Stability of a calibrant as certified reference material for determination of trans-zearalenone by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:3631-3641. [PMID: 35305116 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04002-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a trans-zearalenone (trans-ZEN) calibrant in acetonitrile as certified reference material (CRM) was prepared and intensively investigated the stability by high performance liquid chromatography coupled diode array detection and triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). The photoisomerization and degradation of main component and related impurities in trans-ZEN calibrant CRM was studied in detail under different light conditions such as UV light (254 nm), sunlight, and visible light. Trans-ZEN in acetonitrile was confirmed a significant shift toward cis-ZEN up to a 52% cis-isomerization rate after exposing to UV light (254 nm) in transparent ampule for 1 day. The unsaturated double bond photosensitive groups of trans-ZEN and cis-ZEN will further undergo photoreaction to generate more isomers and related products with the increase of UV irradiation time. The calibrant in amber ampules was relatively stable after exposing to sunlight for 28 days, with only 0.35% cis-isomer observed. The results indicated that trans-ZEN solution calibrant should be packed in amber ampules to avoid UV rays. Thermal stability test exhibited this calibrant was stable over 6 weeks even at 60 °C. Trans-ZEN was found to be more stable in acetonitrile than in methanol since an unknown impurity was observed in methanol after 6 weeks placed at 25 °C. The stability study of trans-ZEN calibrant provided a basis for the usage, storage, and transportation of the CRM. A concentration and expanded uncertainty of the trans-ZEN calibrant CRM of 11.01 ± 0.18 µg/mL was developed.
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5
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Wang Y, Zhang C, Wang J, Knopp D. Recent Progress in Rapid Determination of Mycotoxins Based on Emerging Biorecognition Molecules: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020073. [PMID: 35202100 PMCID: PMC8874725 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungal species, which pose significant risk to humans and livestock. The mycotoxins which are produced from Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium are considered most important and therefore regulated in food- and feedstuffs. Analyses are predominantly performed by official laboratory methods in centralized labs by expert technicians. There is an urgent demand for new low-cost, easy-to-use, and portable analytical devices for rapid on-site determination. Most significant advances were realized in the field bioanalytical techniques based on molecular recognition. This review aims to discuss recent progress in the generation of native biomolecules and new bioinspired materials towards mycotoxins for the development of reliable bioreceptor-based analytical methods. After brief presentation of basic knowledge regarding characteristics of most important mycotoxins, the generation, benefits, and limitations of present and emerging biorecognition molecules, such as polyclonal (pAb), monoclonal (mAb), recombinant antibodies (rAb), aptamers, short peptides, and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), are discussed. Hereinafter, the use of binders in different areas of application, including sample preparation, microplate- and tube-based assays, lateral flow devices, and biosensors, is highlighted. Special focus, on a global scale, is placed on commercial availability of single receptor molecules, test-kits, and biosensor platforms using multiplexed bead-based suspension assays and planar biochip arrays. Future outlook is given with special emphasis on new challenges, such as increasing use of rAb based on synthetic and naïve antibody libraries to renounce animal immunization, multiple-analyte test-kits and high-throughput multiplexing, and determination of masked mycotoxins, including stereoisomeric degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Cui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Jianlong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (Y.W.); (C.Z.)
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (D.K.)
| | - Dietmar Knopp
- Chair for Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technische Universitat München, Elisabeth-Winterhalter-Weg 6, D-81377 München, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (D.K.)
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6
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Development and certification of a reference material for zearalenone in maize germ oil. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:5483-5491. [PMID: 34287657 PMCID: PMC8405470 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03532-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN), an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by several species of Fusarium fungi, is a common contaminant of cereal-based food worldwide. Due to frequent occurrences associated with high levels of ZEN, maize oil is a particular source of exposure. Although a European maximum level for ZEN in maize oil exists according to Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1126/2007 along with a newly developed international standard method for analysis, certified reference materials (CRM) are still not available. To overcome this lack, the first CRM for the determination of ZEN in contaminated maize germ oil (ERM®-BC715) was developed in the frame of a European Reference Materials (ERM®) project according to the requirements of ISO Guide 35. The whole process of CRM development including preparation, homogeneity and stability studies, and value assignment is presented. The assignment of the certified mass fraction was based upon an in-house study using high-performance liquid chromatography isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. Simultaneously, to support the in-house certification study, an interlaboratory comparison study was conducted with 13 expert laboratories using different analytical methods. The certified mass fraction and expanded uncertainty (k = 2) of ERM®-BC715 (362 ± 22) μg kg-1 ZEN are traceable to the SI. This reference material is intended for analytical quality control and contributes to the improvement of consumer protection and food safety.
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7
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Li P, Deng J, Xiao N, Cai X, Wu Q, Lu Z, Yang Y, Du B. Identification of polyunsaturated triacylglycerols and CC location isomers in sacha inchi oil by photochemical reaction mass spectrometry combined with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Food Chem 2019; 307:125568. [PMID: 31630021 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sacha inchi oil is derived from the seeds of Plukenetia volubilis L. and has great nutritional value due to its high contents of active polyunsaturated triacylglycerols (PUTAGs). In this study, we developed a methodology combined Paternò-Büchi reaction nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry (PB-nanoESI-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to identify CC locations and isomers of PUTAGs in sacha inchi oil. Benzophenone was used as the PB reagent, and the optimized solvent composition (methanol:chloroform = 9:1) allowed for PUTAGs and their PB products to be detected with higher intensities. In addition, we made efforts to interpret the MS2 spectra for identification lipid species. A series of C57-PUTAGs and C59-PUTAGs were detected and identified via high-resolution PB-nanoESI-MS, and the predominant PUTAGs were TAG 18:1(Δ9)_18:3(Δ9,12,15)_18:3(Δ9,12,15) and TAG 18:2(Δ9,12)_18:2(Δ9,12)_18:3 (Δ9,12,15), which demonstrated that the PB-nanoESI-MS approach in this study provides help in promoting the development of structural determination of triacylglycerols in food chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Li
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiewei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Nan Xiao
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xin Cai
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), 100 Xianlie Middle Road, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Qiaojin Wu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhi Lu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yunyun Yang
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), 100 Xianlie Middle Road, Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Bing Du
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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8
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Del Fabbro L, Jesse CR, de Gomes MG, Borges Filho C, Donato F, Souza LC, Goes AR, Furian AF, Boeira SP. The flavonoid chrysin protects against zearalenone induced reproductive toxicity in male mice. Toxicon 2019; 165:13-21. [PMID: 31004610 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEA) has strong estrogenic effects and elicits reproductive toxicity. Chrysin is a natural flavonoid found in many plant and has a broad range of pharmacological activities, including anticancer, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. The present study aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of chrysin against ZEA toxicity. Mice received chrysin (5 or 20 mg/kg; i.g.) for ten days, and then received a single injection of ZEA (40 mg/kg). Two days thereafter, blood and testes were collected. ZEA decreased number and motility of sperm, plasma testosterone levels, enzymatic (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase) and non-enzimatic defenses (reduced glutathione). Moreover, ZEA increased 4-hydroxynonenal and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine levels, myeloperoxidase activity and levels of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukins-1β and 6, tumor necrosis factor alpha). ZEA also decreased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 and increased activity of caspases 3 and 9. Chrysin treatment increased the number and motility of sperm, testosterone levels, restored antioxidant defenses and reduced the inflammation and apoptosis process. In summary, chrysin attenuated the toxic effects caused by ZEA in blood and testes of mice, suggesting a potential preventive treatment against the deleterious effects of ZEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucian Del Fabbro
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas (Laftambio Pampa), Universidade Federal Do Pampa, Campus Itaqui, 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Ricardo Jesse
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas (Laftambio Pampa), Universidade Federal Do Pampa, Campus Itaqui, 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Gomes de Gomes
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas (Laftambio Pampa), Universidade Federal Do Pampa, Campus Itaqui, 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Borges Filho
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas (Laftambio Pampa), Universidade Federal Do Pampa, Campus Itaqui, 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Franciele Donato
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas (Laftambio Pampa), Universidade Federal Do Pampa, Campus Itaqui, 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Leandro Cattelan Souza
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas (Laftambio Pampa), Universidade Federal Do Pampa, Campus Itaqui, 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - André Rossito Goes
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas (Laftambio Pampa), Universidade Federal Do Pampa, Campus Itaqui, 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Furian
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Micotoxinas e Toxicologia (Lafarmt), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Silvana Peterini Boeira
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas (Laftambio Pampa), Universidade Federal Do Pampa, Campus Itaqui, 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
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9
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Keller J, Hantschke L, Haase H, Koch M. Synthesis and Structural Identification of a Biaryl Ether-Linked Zearalenone Dimer. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 23:molecules23102624. [PMID: 30322096 PMCID: PMC6222810 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new dimer of the food-relevant mycotoxin zearalenone was isolated after electrochemical and chemical oxidation. The structure was determined as a 16-O-15'-biaryl ether-linked dimer based on spectroscopic analyses (¹H- and 13C-NMR, COSY, HMBC, and HSQCAD) and high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis (Q-TOF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Keller
- Department Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Luisa Hantschke
- Department Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Hajo Haase
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Matthias Koch
- Department Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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10
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Shanakhat H, Sorrentino A, Raiola A, Romano A, Masi P, Cavella S. Current methods for mycotoxins analysis and innovative strategies for their reduction in cereals: an overview. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:4003-4013. [PMID: 29412472 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by moulds in food that are considered a substantial issue in the context of food safety, due to their acute and chronic toxic effects on animals and humans. Therefore, new accurate methods for their identification and quantification are constantly developed in order to increase the performance of extraction, improve the accuracy of identification and reduce the limit of detection. At the same time, several industrial practices have shown the ability to reduce the level of mycotoxin contamination in food. In particular, a decrease in the amount of mycotoxins could result from standard processes naturally used for food processing or by procedures strategically introduced during processing, with the specific aim of reducing the amount of mycotoxins. In this review, the current methods adopted for accurate analyses of mycotoxins in cereals (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, fumonisins) are discussed. In addition, both conventional and innovative strategies adopted to obtain safer finished products from common cereals intended for human consumption will be explored and analysed. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Shanakhat
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Sorrentino
- Centre for Food Innovation and Development in the Food Industry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Assunta Raiola
- Centre for Food Innovation and Development in the Food Industry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Romano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Centre for Food Innovation and Development in the Food Industry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Masi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Centre for Food Innovation and Development in the Food Industry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvana Cavella
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Centre for Food Innovation and Development in the Food Industry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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11
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Righetti L, Rolli E, Galaverna G, Suman M, Bruni R, Dall’Asta C. Plant organ cultures as masked mycotoxin biofactories: Deciphering the fate of zearalenone in micropropagated durum wheat roots and leaves. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187247. [PMID: 29145415 PMCID: PMC5690627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
"Masked mycotoxins" senso strictu are conjugates of mycotoxins resulting from metabolic pathways activated by the interplay between pathogenic fungi and infected plants. Zearalenone, an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp, was the first masked mycotoxin ever described in the literature, but its biotransformation has been studied to a lesser extent if compared to other compounds such as deoxynivalenol. We presented herein the first application of organ and tissue culture techniques to study the metabolic fate of zearalenone in durum wheat, using an untargeted HR-LCMS approach. A complete, quick absorption of zearalenone by uninfected plant organs was noticed, and its biotransformation into a large spectrum of phase I and phase II metabolites has been depicted. Therefore, wheat organ tissue cultures can be effectively used as a biocatalytic tool for the production of masked mycotoxins, as well as a replicable model for the investigation of the interplay between mycotoxins and wheat physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Righetti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Enrico Rolli
- Deparment of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Michele Suman
- Barilla G.R. F.lli SpA, Advanced Laboratory Research, Parma, Italy
| | - Renato Bruni
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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12
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Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Dall'Asta C, Dänicke S, Eriksen GS, Altieri A, Roldán-Torres R, Oswald IP. Risks for animal health related to the presence of zearalenone and its modified forms in feed. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04851. [PMID: 32625539 PMCID: PMC7009830 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN), a mycotoxin primarily produced by Fusarium fungi, occurs predominantly in cereal grains. The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risk to animal health related to ZEN and its modified forms in feed. Modified forms of ZEN occurring in feed include phase I metabolites α‐zearalenol (α‐ZEL), β‐zearalenol (β‐ZEL), α‐zearalanol (α‐ZAL), β‐zearalanol (β‐ZAL), zearalanone (ZAN) and phase II conjugates. ZEN has oestrogenic activity and the oestrogenic activity of the modified forms of ZEN differs considerably. For ZEN, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) established no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) for pig (piglets and gilts), poultry (chicken and fattening turkeys), sheep and fish (extrapolated from carp) and lowest observed effect level (LOAEL) for dogs. No reference points could be established for cattle, ducks, goats, horses, rabbits, mink and cats. For modified forms, no reference points could be established for any animal species and relative potency factors previously established from rodents by the CONTAM Panel in 2016 were used. The dietary exposure was estimated on 17,706 analytical results with high proportions of left‐censored data (ZEN about 60%, ZAN about 70%, others close to 100%). Samples for ZEN were collected between 2001 and 2015 in 25 different European countries, whereas samples for the modified forms were collected mostly between 2013 and 2015 from three Member States. Based on exposure estimates, the risk of adverse health effects of feed containing ZEN was considered extremely low for poultry and low for sheep, dog, pig and fish. The same conclusions also apply to the sum of ZEN and its modified forms.
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13
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Keller J, Haase H, Koch M. Electrochemical simulation of biotransformation reactions of citrinin and dihydroergocristine compared to UV irradiation and Fenton-like reaction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:4037-4045. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0350-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Emídio ES, Calisto V, de Marchi MRR, Esteves VI. Photochemical transformation of zearalenone in aqueous solutions under simulated solar irradiation: Kinetics and influence of water constituents. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 169:146-154. [PMID: 27870936 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The presence of estrogenic mycotoxins, such as zearalenone (ZEN), in surface waters is an emerging environmental issue. Little is known about its phototransformation behavior, which may influence its environmental fate. In this context, the phototransformation of ZEN was investigated in pure water, river water and estuarine water using simulated sunlight irradiation. Kinetic studies revealed that two concomitant processes contribute to the fate of ZEN under solar irradiation: photoisomerization and photodegradation. This phototransformation followed a pseudo-first order kinetics. ZEN degrades quickly in natural waters and slowly in deionized water, with half-lives (t1/2) of 28 ± 4 min (estuarine water), 136 ± 21 min (river water) and 1777 ± 412 min (deionized water). The effects of different water constituents on the phototransformation of ZEN in aqueous solution have been assessed (NaCl, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, NO3- and oxalate ions, synthetic seawater, Fe(III)-oxalate and Mg(II)-oxalate complexes, humic acids, fulvic acids and XAD-4 fraction). In the presence of synthetic seawater salt (t1/2 = 18 ± 5 min) and Fe(III)-oxalate complexes (t1/2 = 61 ± 9 min), the transformation rate increased considerably in relation to other water constituents tested. The solution pH also had a considerable effect in the kinetics with maximum transformation rates occurring around pH 8.5. These results allow us to conclude that phototransformation by solar radiation can be an important degradation pathway of ZEN in natural waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissandro S Emídio
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, SP, 14801-970, Brazil
| | - Vânia Calisto
- Department of Chemistry and CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Mary Rosa R de Marchi
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, SP, 14801-970, Brazil
| | - Valdemar I Esteves
- Department of Chemistry and CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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15
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Karlovsky P, Suman M, Berthiller F, De Meester J, Eisenbrand G, Perrin I, Oswald IP, Speijers G, Chiodini A, Recker T, Dussort P. Impact of food processing and detoxification treatments on mycotoxin contamination. Mycotoxin Res 2016; 32:179-205. [PMID: 27554261 PMCID: PMC5063913 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-016-0257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites commonly occurring in food, which pose a health risk to the consumer. Maximum levels for major mycotoxins allowed in food have been established worldwide. Good agricultural practices, plant disease management, and adequate storage conditions limit mycotoxin levels in the food chain yet do not eliminate mycotoxins completely. Food processing can further reduce mycotoxin levels by physical removal and decontamination by chemical or enzymatic transformation of mycotoxins into less toxic products. Physical removal of mycotoxins is very efficient: manual sorting of grains, nuts, and fruits by farmers as well as automatic sorting by the industry significantly lowers the mean mycotoxin content. Further processing such as milling, steeping, and extrusion can also reduce mycotoxin content. Mycotoxins can be detoxified chemically by reacting with food components and technical aids; these reactions are facilitated by high temperature and alkaline or acidic conditions. Detoxification of mycotoxins can also be achieved enzymatically. Some enzymes able to transform mycotoxins naturally occur in food commodities or are produced during fermentation but more efficient detoxification can be achieved by deliberate introduction of purified enzymes. We recommend integrating evaluation of processing technologies for their impact on mycotoxins into risk management. Processing steps proven to mitigate mycotoxin contamination should be used whenever necessary. Development of detoxification technologies for high-risk commodities should be a priority for research. While physical techniques currently offer the most efficient post-harvest reduction of mycotoxin content in food, biotechnology possesses the largest potential for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Karlovsky
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michele Suman
- Barilla G. R. F.lli SpA, Advanced Laboratory Research, via Mantova 166, 43122, Parma, Italy
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism, Department IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Johan De Meester
- Cargill R&D Center Europe, Havenstraat 84, B-1800, Vilvoorde, Belgium
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Germany (retired), University of Kaiserslautern, P.O.Box 3049, 67653, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Irène Perrin
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, PO Box 44, 1000, Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- INRA, UMR 1331 ToxAlim, Research Center in Food Toxicology, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP93173, 31027, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INP, UMR1331, Toxalim, Toulouse, France
| | - Gerrit Speijers
- General Health Effects Toxicology Safety Food (GETS), Winterkoning 7, 34353 RN, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Chiodini
- International Life Sciences Institute-ILSI Europe, Avenue E. Mounier 83, Box 6, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tobias Recker
- International Life Sciences Institute-ILSI Europe, Avenue E. Mounier 83, Box 6, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Dussort
- International Life Sciences Institute-ILSI Europe, Avenue E. Mounier 83, Box 6, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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16
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Dellafiora L, Galaverna G, Dall'Asta C, Cozzini P. Hazard identification of cis/trans-zearalenone through the looking-glass. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 86:65-71. [PMID: 26391124 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Among the food-related health issues, the presence of contaminants has a prominent role, due to the wide range of exogenous compounds that can occur in food commodities and to their large differences in structure and biological activity. A comprehensive assessment of the related risk is thus actually demanding in terms of time and facilities involved. In this context, the use of computational strategies can be an effective choice for supporting the hazard identification procedure at the early stage. In this work, we focused on the food contaminant zearalenone by comparing the trans and cis isomers, respectively the well-known mycoestrogen and its still largely understudied isomer. We estimated the possible effects exerted by human metabolism on the xenoestrogenicity of cis-ZEN by using a validated in silico strategy based on docking simulations and rescoring procedures. Similarly, the exploitation of the most promising enzymatic detoxifying routes designed for trans-ZEN - which relies on the enzyme lactono hydrolase from Clonostachys rosea - has been assessed for the cis-isomer as well. Our results showed that both isomers can act as functional analogues with respect to xenoestrogenic activity, and several cis-ZEN metabolites with high biological potential have been identified. On the contrary, in spite of the high degree of structural analogy, the cis isomer showed a pattern of interaction with the degrading enzyme in stark contrast with that observed for trans-ZEN. For these reasons, the outcomes presented herein strongly support the inclusion of cis-ZEN in further studies of occurrence, metabolism and bioactivity assessment, and suggest the need for a dedicated handling for the cis isomer in risk assessment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Dall'Asta
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
| | - Pietro Cozzini
- Department of Food Science, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
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17
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Drzymala SS, Binder J, Brodehl A, Penkert M, Rosowski M, Garbe LA, Koch M. Estrogenicity of novel phase I and phase II metabolites of zearalenone and cis-zearalenone. Toxicon 2015; 105:10-2. [PMID: 26335359 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone and its cis-isomer, cis-zearalenone, are nonsteroidal mycotoxins that elicit an estrogenic response upon binding to the estrogen receptor. This study compares the estrogenicity of eleven congeners including novel metabolites as 15-OH-zearalenone, zearalenone-14-sulfate, α-cis-zearalenol and β-cis-zearalenol using the E-Screen assay. Overall, a change in the configuration from trans to cis retains significant estrogenic activity. In contrast, alterations of the aromatic moiety including hydroxylation and sulfation showed a markedly decreased estrogenicity when compared to zearalenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Drzymala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jennifer Binder
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Brodehl
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Penkert
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark Rosowski
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif-Alexander Garbe
- Institute of Bioanalytics, Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Koch
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12489, Berlin, Germany.
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18
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Recent developments in stable isotope dilution assays in mycotoxin analysis with special regard to Alternaria toxins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7563-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8904-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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19
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Invited review: Diagnosis of zearalenone (ZEN) exposure of farm animals and transfer of its residues into edible tissues (carry over). Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 84:225-49. [PMID: 26277628 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the review was to evaluate the opportunities for diagnosing the zearalenone (ZEN) exposure and intoxication of farm animals by analyzing biological specimens for ZEN residue levels. Metabolism is discussed to be important when evaluating species-specific consequences for the overall toxicity of ZEN. Besides these toxicological facts, analytics of ZEN residues in various animal-derived matrices requires sensitive, matrix-adapted multi-methods with low limits of quantification, which is more challenging than the ZEN analysis in feed. Based on dose-response experiments with farm animals, the principle usability of various specimens as bio-indicators for ZEN exposure is discussed with regard to individual variation and practicability for the veterinary practitioner. ZEN residue analysis in biological samples does not only enable evaluation of ZEN exposure but also allows the risk for the consumer arising from contaminated foodstuffs of animal origin to be assessed. It was compiled from literature that the tolerable daily intake of 0.25 μg ZEN/kg body weight and day is exploited to approximately 8%, when a daily basket of animal foodstuffs and associated carry over factors are assumed at reported ZEN contamination levels of complete feed.
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20
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Drzymala SS, Weiz S, Heinze J, Marten S, Prinz C, Zimathies A, Garbe LA, Koch M. Automated solid-phase extraction coupled online with HPLC-FLD for the quantification of zearalenone in edible oil. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:3489-97. [PMID: 25709066 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8541-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Established maximum levels for the mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) in edible oil require monitoring by reliable analytical methods. Therefore, an automated SPE-HPLC online system based on dynamic covalent hydrazine chemistry has been developed. The SPE step comprises a reversible hydrazone formation by ZEN and a hydrazine moiety covalently attached to a solid phase. Seven hydrazine materials with different properties regarding the resin backbone, pore size, particle size, specific surface area, and loading have been evaluated. As a result, a hydrazine-functionalized silica gel was chosen. The final automated online method was validated and applied to the analysis of three maize germ oil samples including a provisionally certified reference material. Important performance criteria for the recovery (70-120 %) and precision (RSDr <25 %) as set by the Commission Regulation EC 401/2006 were fulfilled: The mean recovery was 78 % and RSDr did not exceed 8 %. The results of the SPE-HPLC online method were further compared to results obtained by liquid-liquid extraction with stable isotope dilution analysis LC-MS/MS and found to be in good agreement. The developed SPE-HPLC online system with fluorescence detection allows a reliable, accurate, and sensitive quantification (limit of quantification, 30 μg/kg) of ZEN in edible oils while significantly reducing the workload. To our knowledge, this is the first report on an automated SPE-HPLC method based on a covalent SPE approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Drzymala
- Department 1 Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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21
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Drzymala SS, Herrmann AJ, Maul R, Pfeifer D, Garbe LA, Koch M. In Vitro Phase I Metabolism of cis-Zearalenone. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1972-8. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500312g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S. Drzymala
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry; Reference Materials, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje J. Herrmann
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry; Reference Materials, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ronald Maul
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry; Reference Materials, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Quality, Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979 Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Dietmar Pfeifer
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry; Reference Materials, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif-Alexander Garbe
- Department
of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioanalytics, Technische Universität Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Koch
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry; Reference Materials, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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22
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Drzymala S, Riedel J, Köppen R, Garbe LA, Koch M. Preparation of 13C-labelled cis-zearalenone and its application as internal standard in stable isotope dilution analysis. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pure U-[13C18]-labelled cis-zearalenone (cis-ZEA) has been prepared and characterised as internal standard (ISTD) for a reliable quantification of cis-ZEA in contaminated food and feed products. The cis-isomer of the naturally trans-configurated Fusarium mycotoxin zearalenone is often neglected. However, isomerisation easily occurs by exposure of ZEA to (UV-)light. Thus, the applicability of the new cis-ZEA ISTD was demonstrated in a long-term isomerisation study comparing naturally trans-ZEA-contaminated edible oil with spiked edible oil. To estimate the benefits of the newly prepared cis-ZEA ISTD, various approaches to quantify cis-ZEA by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) were compared. As a result, a significant bias was revealed if no appropriate cis-ZEA standards are used. Furthermore, the new ISTD was applied to the analysis of 15 edible oils by stable isotope dilution analysis in combination with HPLC-electrospray ionisation-MS/MS. One of the maize germ oils showed the presence of cis-ZEA above LOD (≯0.3 μg/kg), whereas two out of 15 maize germ oils were found to be contaminated with trans-ZEA (range 17.0-31.0 μg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Drzymala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Riedel
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - R. Köppen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - L.-A. Garbe
- Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin Institute of Technology (TU Berlin), Seestrasse 13, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Koch
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Reference Materials, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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23
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Köppen R, Rasenko T, Merkel S, Mönch B, Koch M. Novel solid-phase extraction for epimer-specific quantitation of ergot alkaloids in rye flour and wheat germ oil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:10699-10707. [PMID: 24138609 DOI: 10.1021/jf403628q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ergot alkaloids and their epimer-specific determination have gained increasing importance for food safety. A solid-phase extraction and cleanup method based on sodium-neutralized strong cation exchange (Na(+)-SCX) was developed to quantitate 12 priority ergot alkaloids in rye flour and wheat germ oil by HPLC fluorescence analysis. Sample preparation is achieved by omitting acidic and alkaline conditions enabling minimized epimerization, which is necessary to determine ergot alkaloids according to their natural distribution in foods. Ergot alkaloids are eluted from SCX-column by forming ion pairs using a sodium hexanesulfonate containing solution which prevents epimerization for at least 96 h. Method validation yielded recoveries of 80-120% (rye flour) and 71-96% (wheat germ oil) with a maximum limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 2.0 μg kg(-1) per ergot alkaloid for both matrices. The applicability of the developed method was demonstrated by analyzing 16 samples from German retail markets: 9 rye flours (max 178 ± 5 μg kg(-1)) and, reported for the first time, 7 wheat germ oils (max 56.8 ± 2.7 μg kg(-1)) expressed as the sum of 12 ergot alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Köppen
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) , Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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24
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Brezina U, Kersten S, Valenta H, Sperfeld P, Riedel J, Dänicke S. UV-induced cis-trans isomerization of zearalenone in contaminated maize. Mycotoxin Res 2013; 29:221-7. [PMID: 24018604 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-013-0178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the literature, it has been shown that the naturally occurring trans-zearalenone (ZEN) is transformed by ultraviolet irradiation to cis-ZEN. However, the practical relevance of this transformation in animal feeding remains unclear. The aim of the present preliminary investigation was to examine the effect of UV-irradiation on the concentration of trans-ZEN in a natural feed matrix at different dry matter contents to simulate the dry and wet feeding techniques usually applied in pig feeding. Four variants, air dry or wet ZEN-contaminated ground maize either irradiated or not were tested and analysed with conventional HPLC-FLD for trans-ZEN changes, which were further examined for cis-ZEN formation by HPLC-MS/MS. In conclusion, it could be shown that, under the investigated wet feed conditions, naturally occurring trans-ZEN was partially converted by ultraviolet irradiation to its cis counterpart. In contrast, the cis/trans isomerization seemed not to be relevant in dry maize. The consequence of this finding for practical liquid feeding systems for pigs requires further investigation. Additionally, an improvement of the analytical method for cis-ZEN determination is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Brezina
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
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