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Maskey B, Karki DB. Efficient three phase partitioning of actinidin from kiwifruit ( Actinidia deliciosa) and its characterization. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 54:95-102. [PMID: 37167555 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2209877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Three phase partitioning (TPP) method was effectively utilized for the extraction and purification of milk clotting protease (actinidin) from the kiwifruit pulp. The different purification parameters of TPP such as ammonium sulfate saturation, ratio of the crude kiwifruit extract to tert-butanol, and the pH value of extract were optimized. The 40% (w/v) salt saturation having 1.0:0.75 (v/v) ratio of crude kiwifruit extract to tert-butanol at 6.0 pH value exhibited 3.14 purification fold along with 142.27% recovery, and the protease was concentrated exclusively at intermediate phase (IP). This fraction showed milk-clotting activity (MCA), but there was no such activity in lower aqueous phase (AP). The enzyme molecular weight was found to be 24 kDa from Tricine SDS-PAGE analysis. Recovered protease demonstrated greater stability at pH 7.0 and temperature 50 °C. The Vmax and Km values were 121.9 U/ml and 3.2 mg/ml respectively. Its cysteine nature was demonstrated by inhibition studies. This study highlighted that the TPP is an economic and effective method for extraction and purification of actinidin from kiwifruit, and it could be used as a vegetable coagulant for cheesemaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bunty Maskey
- Central Department of Food Technology, Tribhuvan University, Dharan, Nepal
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2
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Martin H, Simpson RM, Seal A, Chen R, Hedderley D. Actinidin diversity: discovery of common and selective substrates for actinidin isoforms and Actinidia cultivars. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:3552-3561. [PMID: 36039658 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01007k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The actinidin proteinase family has a striking sequence diversity; isoelectric points range from 3.9 to 9.3. The biological drive for this variation is thought to be actinidin's role as a defense-related protein. In this study we map mutations in the primary sequence onto the 3D structure of the protein and show that the region with the highest diversity is close to the substrate binding groove. Non-conservative substitutions in the active site determine substrate preference and therefore create problems for quantification of actinidin activity. Here we use a peptide substrate library to compare two actinidin isoforms, one from the kiwiberry cultivar 'Hortgem Tahi' (Actinidia arguta), and the other from the familiar kiwifruit cultivar 'Hayward' (Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa). Among 360 octamer substrates we find one substrate (RVAAGSPI) with the useful property of being readily cleaved by all the functionally active actinidins in a set of A. arguta and A. chinensis var. deliciosa isoforms. In addition, we find that two substrates (LPPKSQPP & ILRDKDNT) have the ability to differentiate different isoforms from a single fruit. We compare actinidins from 'Hayward' and A. arguta for their ability to digest the allergenic gluten peptide (PFPQPQLPY) but find the peptide to be indigestible by all sources of actinidin. The ability to inactivate salivary amylase is shown to be a common trait in Actinidia cultivars due to proteolysis by actinidin and is particularly strong in 'Hortgem Tahi'. A mixture of 10% 'Hortgem Tahi' extract with 90% saliva inactivates 100% of amylase activity within 5 minutes. Conceivably, 'Hortgem Tahi' might lower the glycaemic response in a meal rich in cooked starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Martin
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Batchelar Road, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand.
| | - Robert M Simpson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Batchelar Road, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand.
| | - Alan Seal
- Kiwifruit Breeding Centre (previously The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited), Te Puke, New Zealand
| | - Ronan Chen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Batchelar Road, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand.
| | - Duncan Hedderley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Batchelar Road, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand.
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Bioavailability of Macro- and Microelements in Rats Fed Hypercholesterolemic Diets Containing Actinidia arguta Fruits. Foods 2022; 11:foods11111633. [PMID: 35681383 PMCID: PMC9180654 DOI: 10.3390/foods11111633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to estimate the influence of different cultivars of Actinidia arguta (kiwiberry) on the bioavailability of mineral elements and to examine the mineral profile of rats fed atherogenic diets enriched with kiwiberries. The following cultivars of Actinidia arguta were used: Bingo, M1, Anna, Weiki, Jumbo, and Geneva. Kiwiberry has recently become popular in the market. It is a precious source of biologically active components, vitamins, and minerals. The livers, spleens, and kidneys were examined for mineral contents using the flame atomic absorption spectroscopy method. The bioavailability of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu was evaluated. The addition of kiwiberries in atherogenic diets increased the contents of Fe in the rat liver. The bioavailability of Mn, Zn, and Cu, calculated on the basis of the contents in the livers, was significantly decreased in rats fed diets with 5% additional kiwiberries. We supposed that the effect of kiwiberry on the bioavailability of the studied minerals may be related to the diet components of bioactive substances present in fruits (polyphenols, vitamins, dietary fiber, and tannins).
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Kinugasa S, Hidaka S, Tanaka S, Izumi E, Zaima N, Moriyama T. Kiwifruit defense protein, kiwellin (Act d 5) percutaneously sensitizes mouse models through the epidermal application of crude kiwifruit extract. Food Nutr Res 2021; 65:7610. [PMID: 34776830 PMCID: PMC8559447 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v65.7610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kiwifruit is a popular fruit consumed worldwide and is also used as a cosmetic ingredient. However, it is known to cause allergic reactions in humans. Recent studies have suggested an association between food allergy and food allergens entering the body via the skin. However, percutaneously sensitizing kiwifruit allergens have not been identified in human studies or in animal models. Objective This study aimed to identify kiwifruit proteins that percutaneously sensitized mice through the epidermal application of crude extracts from green and gold kiwifruit on the dorsal skin, and serum IgE and IgG1 levels were used as sensitization markers. Design BALB/c mice were back-shaved and their skin was exposed to crude extracts from green and gold kiwifruit that contained sodium dodecyl sulfate. Specific IgE and IgG1 antibodies generated and secreted in response to antigens were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or immunoblotting. Results Skin exposure to kiwifruit extract induced an increase in the levels of kiwifruit-specific IgE and IgG1, which are helper T cell 2-related allergenic antibodies in mice. These antibodies reacted with 18, 23, and 24 kDa proteins found in both green and gold kiwifruits. Thus, three percutaneously sensitizing allergens were identified and purified. Their amino acid sequences partially matched with that of kiwellin (Act d 5). Discussion and conclusion Kiwellin has been identified as a plant defense-related protein. Interestingly, many plant allergens are biodefense-related proteins belonging to the pathogenesis-related protein family. Kiwellin, which was discovered to be a transdermal sensitizing antigen, might also be categorized as a biodefense-related protein. This study is the first to identify kiwellin (Act d 5) as a percutaneously sensitizing kiwifruit allergen in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serina Kinugasa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
| | - Shota Hidaka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
| | - Serina Tanaka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
| | - Eri Izumi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Zaima
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Japan.,Agricultural Technology and Innovation Research Institute, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Moriyama
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Japan.,Agricultural Technology and Innovation Research Institute, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
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Chen Y, Zhang M, Wang L, Yu X, Li X, Jin D, Zeng J, Ren H, Wang F, Song S, Yan X, Zhao J, Pei Y. GhKWL1 Upregulates GhERF105 but Its Function Is Impaired by Binding with VdISC1, a Pathogenic Effector of Verticillium dahliae. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7328. [PMID: 34298948 PMCID: PMC8306359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Verticillium wilt, caused by Verticillium dahliae, is a devastating disease for many important crops, including cotton. Kiwellins (KWLs), a group of cysteine-rich proteins synthesized in many plants, have been shown to be involved in response to various phytopathogens. To evaluate genes for their function in resistance to Verticillium wilt, we investigated KWL homologs in cotton. Thirty-five KWL genes (GhKWLs) were identified from the genome of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Among them, GhKWL1 was shown to be localized in nucleus and cytosol, and its gene expression is induced by the infection of V. dahliae. We revealed that GhKWL1 was a positive regulator of GhERF105. Silencing of GhKWL1 resulted in a decrease, whereas overexpression led to an increase in resistance of transgenic plants to Verticillium wilt. Interestingly, through binding to GhKWL1, the pathogenic effector protein VdISC1 produced by V. dahliae could impair the defense response mediated by GhKWL1. Therefore, our study suggests there is a GhKWL1-mediated defense response in cotton, which can be hijacked by V. dahliae through the interaction of VdISC1 with GhKWL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Mi Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xiaohan Yu
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xianbi Li
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Dan Jin
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jianyan Zeng
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Hui Ren
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Fanlong Wang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Shuiqing Song
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xingying Yan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yan Pei
- Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400716, China
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Feasibility of Utilizing Stable-Isotope Dimethyl Labeling in Liquid Chromatography⁻Tandem Mass Spectrometry-Based Determination for Food Allergens-Case of Kiwifruit. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101920. [PMID: 31109069 PMCID: PMC6571768 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable-isotope dimethyl labeling is a highly reactive and cost-effective derivatization procedure that could be utilized in proteomics analysis. In this study, a liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode (LC-MS-MRM) platform for the quantification of kiwi allergens was first developed using this strategy. Three signature peptides for target allergens Act d 1, Act d 5, and Act d 11 were determined and were derivatized with normal and deuterated formaldehyde as external calibrants and internal standards, respectively. The results showed that sample preparation with the phenol method provided comprehensive protein populations. Recoveries at four different levels ranging from 72.5-109.3% were achieved for the H-labeled signature peptides of Act d 1 (SPA1-H) and Act d 5 (SPA5-H) with precision ranging from 1.86-9.92%. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was set at 8 pg mL-1 for SPA1-H and at 8 ng mL-1 for SPA5-H. The developed procedure was utilized to analyze seven kinds of hand-made kiwi foods containing 0.0175-0.0515 mg g-1 of Act d 1 and 0.0252-0.0556 mg g-1 of Act d 5. This study extended the applicability of stable-isotope dimethyl labeling to the economical and precise determination of food allergens and peptides.
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Bange G, Altegoer F. Plants strike back: Kiwellin proteins as a modular toolbox for plant defense mechanisms. Commun Integr Biol 2019; 12:31-33. [PMID: 30891114 PMCID: PMC6419657 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2019.1586049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have to cope with numerous stresses in nature to avoid damage or cell death. We recently reported a class of plant defense proteins termed kiwellins that were initially found in kiwifruit and shown to be causative to human food allergies. While kiwifruits among other domestic fruits always contain high amounts of kiwellin protein, available transcriptome data indicate an up-regulation of kiwellin genes upon pathogen contact in various other plants. In the case of an interaction between maize plant and the smut fungus Ustilago maydis, we could identify one kiwellin (termed: ZmKWL1) highly up-regulated in response to pathogen attack. During infection of the maize plant, U. maydis secretes numerous effector proteins that modulate the host. Among 20 predicted kiwellins, ZmKWL1 specifically inhibits the metabolic activity of the secreted fungal chorismate mutase 1 (Cmu1). We expand the current knowledge on kiwellins and describe a novel class of versatile plant defense proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Bange
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO) and Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Florian Altegoer
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO) and Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Wang J, Vanga SK, McCusker C, Raghavan V. A Comprehensive Review on Kiwifruit Allergy: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Management, and Potential Modification of Allergens Through Processing. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:500-513. [PMID: 33336949 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Kiwifruit is rich in bioactive components including dietary fibers, carbohydrates, natural sugars, vitamins, minerals, omega-3 fatty acids, and antioxidants. These components are beneficial to boost the human immune system and prevent cancer and heart diseases. However, kiwifruit is emerging as one of the most common elicitors of food allergies worldwide. Kiwifruit allergy results from an abnormal immune response to kiwifruit proteins and occur after consuming this fruit. Symptoms range from the oral allergy syndrome (OAS) to the life-threatening anaphylaxis. Thirteen different allergens have been identified in green kiwifruit and, among these allergens, Act d 1, Act d 2, Act d 8, Act d 11, and Act d 12 are defined as the "major allergens." Act d 1 and Act d 2 are ripening-related allergens and are found in abundance in fully ripe kiwifruit. Structures of several kiwifruit allergens may be altered under high temperatures or strong acidic conditions. This review discusses the pathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnosis of kiwifruit allergy and evaluates food processing methods including thermal, ultrasound, and chemical processing which may be used to reduce the allergenicity of kiwifruit. Management and medical treatments for kiwifruit allergy are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Dept. of Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill Univ., Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sai Kranthi Vanga
- Dept. of Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill Univ., Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christine McCusker
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Inst. of the McGill Univ. Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vijaya Raghavan
- Dept. of Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill Univ., Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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Zhang B, Sun Q, Liu HJ, Li SZ, Jiang ZQ. Characterization of actinidin from Chinese kiwifruit cultivars and its applications in meat tenderization and production of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Bases moleculaires de la réactivité croisée entre Act c 12 et les allergènes globulines 11S des graines : identification in silico des épitopes B d’Act c 12. REVUE FRANCAISE D ALLERGOLOGIE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reval.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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11
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Ghosal K, Saha B, Gupta Bhattacharya S. Clinical and immuno-proteomic approach on Lantana camara pollen allergy-a major health hazard. ALLERGY, ASTHMA, AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 12:33. [PMID: 27471520 PMCID: PMC4963993 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-016-0135-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of allergic diseases is increasing gradually and is a global burden affecting the socio-economic quality of life. Identification of allergens is the first step towards paving the way for therapeutic interventions against atopic diseases. Our previous investigation figured out that total pollen load correlated significantly with the rise of respiratory allergy in a subtropical city in India. The most dominant pollen responsible for IgE sensitivity in most patients emerged to be from Lantana camara (LC) an obnoxious weed growing in and around suburban areas of West Bengal. In this study, we identified allergenic components from this shrub using an immunoproteomic approach. METHODS Determination of dominant pollen species was done using aerobiological sampling during two consecutive years and correlated with hospitalization and skin prick test. Serum was collected from LC positive patients and checked for in vitro allergenicity using ELISA and Histamine assay. Total proteome was profiled in SDS-PAGE, 2D PAGE and immunoblotted to detect IgE binding proteins which were further identified using mass spectrometry. RESULTS Lantana camara pollen emerged as a significant contributor from the correlation study with hospital admission of the respiratory allergy sufferers and its extract demonstrated an elevated IgE response in ELISA and histamine release assay tests. Five IgE reactive bands/zones were observed in 1D blot which resolved to 12 allergo-reactive spots in the 2D blot. Mass spectrometric analysis identified nine spots that grouped into four diverse proteins. Pathogenesis-related Thaumatin-like protein was found to be one of the major allergens in Lantana camara. CONCLUSIONS This is to our knowledge the first attempt to identify allergens from Lantana camara using a proteomic approach. The allergens identified thereof can be used to prepare hypoallergenic vaccine candidates and design immunotherapy trials against LC pollen and other aeroallergen carriers which are cross-reactive and harbor similar proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Ghosal
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Main Campus, 93/1, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700009 India
| | - Bodhisattwa Saha
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Main Campus, 93/1, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700009 India
| | - Swati Gupta Bhattacharya
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Main Campus, 93/1, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700009 India
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12
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Bioanalytical methods for food allergy diagnosis, allergen detection and new allergen discovery. Bioanalysis 2016; 7:1175-90. [PMID: 26039813 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For effective monitoring and prevention of the food allergy, one of the emerging health problems nowadays, existing diagnostic procedures and allergen detection techniques are constantly improved. Meanwhile, new methods are also developed, and more and more putative allergens are discovered. This review describes traditional methods and summarizes recent advances in the fast evolving field of the in vitro food allergy diagnosis, allergen detection in food products and discovery of the new allergenic molecules. A special attention is paid to the new diagnostic methods under laboratory development like various immuno- and aptamer-based assays, including immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis. The latter technique shows the importance of MS application not only for the allergen detection but also for the allergy diagnosis.
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14
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Drzewiecki J, Latocha P, Leontowicz H, Leontowicz M, Park YS, Najman K, Weisz M, Ezra A, Gorinstein S. Analytical Methods Applied to Characterization of Actinidia arguta, Actinidia deliciosa, and Actinidia eriantha Kiwi Fruit Cultivars. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Yauk YK, Chagné D, Tomes S, Matich AJ, Wang MY, Chen X, Maddumage R, Hunt MB, Rowan DD, Atkinson RG. The O-methyltransferase gene MdoOMT1 is required for biosynthesis of methylated phenylpropenes in ripe apple fruit. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 82:937-950. [PMID: 25904040 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Phenylpropenes, such as eugenol and trans-anethole, are important aromatic compounds that determine flavour and aroma in many herbs and spices. Some apple varieties produce fruit with a highly desirable spicy/aromatic flavour that has been attributed to the production of estragole, a methylated phenylpropene. To elucidate the molecular basis for estragole production and its contribution to ripe apple flavour and aroma we characterised a segregating population from a Royal Gala (RG, estragole producer) × Granny Smith (GS, non-producer) apple cross. Two quantitative trait loci (QTLs; accounting for 9.2 and 24.8% of the variation) on linkage group (LG) 1 and LG2 were identified that co-located with seven candidate genes for phenylpropene O-methyltransferases (MdoOMT1-7). Of these genes, only expression of MdoOMT1 on LG1 increased strongly with ethylene and could be correlated with increasing estragole production in ripening RG fruit. Transient over-expression in tobacco showed that MdoOMT1 utilised a range of phenylpropene substrates and catalysed the conversion of chavicol to estragole. Royal Gala carried two alleles (MdoOMT1a, MdoOMT1b) whilst GS appeared to be homozygous for MdoOMT1b. MdoOMT1a showed a higher affinity and catalytic efficiency towards chavicol than MdoOMT1b, which could account for the phenotypic variation at the LG1 QTL. Multiple transgenic RG lines with reduced MdoOMT1 expression produced lower levels of methylated phenylpropenes, including estragole and methyleugenol. Differences in fruit aroma could be perceived in these fruit, compared with controls, by sensory analysis. Together these results indicate that MdoOMT1 is required for the production of methylated phenylpropenes in apple and that phenylpropenes including estragole may contribute to ripe apple fruit aroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yar-Khing Yauk
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - David Chagné
- Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Sumathi Tomes
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Adam J Matich
- Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Mindy Y Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Xiuyin Chen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ratnasiri Maddumage
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Martin B Hunt
- Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Daryl D Rowan
- Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Ross G Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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16
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Hamiaux C, Maddumage R, Middleditch MJ, Prakash R, Brummell DA, Baker EN, Atkinson RG. Crystal structure of kiwellin, a major cell-wall protein from kiwifruit. J Struct Biol 2014; 187:276-281. [PMID: 25093947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Kiwellin is a cysteine-rich, cell wall-associated protein with no known structural homologues. It is one of the most abundant proteins in kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.), and has been shown to be recognised by IgE of some patients allergic to kiwifruit. Cleavage of kiwellin into an N-terminal 4 kDa peptide called kissper and a core domain called KiTH is mediated by actinidin in vitro, and isolation of the kissper peptide from green-fleshed kiwifruit extracts suggested it may result from in vivo processing of kiwellin. In solution, kissper is highly flexible and displays pore-forming activity in synthetic lipid-bilayers. We present here the 2.05 Å resolution crystal structure of full-length kiwellin, purified from its native source, Actinidia chinensis (gold-fleshed kiwifruit). The structure confirms the modularity of the protein and the intrinsic flexibility of kissper and reveals that KiTH harbours a double-psi β-barrel fold hooked to an N-terminal β hairpin. Comparisons with structurally-related proteins suggest that a deep gorge located at the protein surface forms a binding site for endogenous ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Hamiaux
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Ratnasiri Maddumage
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Martin J Middleditch
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Roneel Prakash
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - David A Brummell
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Edward N Baker
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ross G Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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17
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Ashok Kumar HG, Venkatesh YP. In silico analyses of structural and allergenicity features of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota) acidic thaumatin-like protein in comparison with allergenic plant TLPs. Mol Immunol 2013; 57:119-28. [PMID: 24091295 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) belong to the pathogenesis-related family (PR-5) of plant defense proteins. TLPs from only 32 plant genera have been identified as pollen or food allergens. IgE epitopes on allergens play a central role in food allergy by initiating cross-linking of specific IgE on basophils/mast cells. A comparative analysis of pollen- and food-allergenic TLPs is lacking. The main objective of this investigation was to study the structural and allergenicity features of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota) acidic TLP (TLP 1) by in silico methods. The allergenicity prediction of composite sequence of sapodilla TLP 1 (NCBI B3EWX8.1, G5DC91.1) was performed using FARRP, Allermatch and Evaller web tools. A homology model of the protein was generated using banana TLP template (1Z3Q) by HHPRED-MODELLER. B-cell linear epitope prediction was performed using BCpreds and BepiPred. Sapodilla TLP 1 matched significantly with allergenic TLPs from olive, kiwi, bell pepper and banana. IgE epitope prediction as performed using AlgPred indicated the presence of 2 epitopes (epitope 1: residues 36-48; epitope 2: residues 51-63), and a comprehensive analysis of all allergenic TLPs displayed up to 3 additional epitopes on other TLPs. It can be inferred from these analyses that plant allergenic TLPs generally carry 2-3 IgE epitopes. ClustalX alignments of allergenic TLPs indicate that IgE epitopes 1 and 2 are common in food allergenic TLPs, and IgE epitopes 2 and 3 are common in pollen allergenic TLPs; IgE epitope 2 overlaps with a portion of the thaumatin family signature. The secondary structural elements of TLPs vary markedly in regions 1 and 2 which harbor all the predicted IgE epitopes in all food and pollen TLPs in either of the region. Further, based on the number of IgE epitopes, food TLPs are grouped into rosid and non-rosid clades. The number and distribution of the predicted IgE epitopes among the allergenic TLPs may explain the specificity of food or pollen allergy as well as the varied degree of cross-reactivity among plant foods and/or pollens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan G Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry & Nutrition, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, Karnataka, India.
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