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Salgado JCS, Alnoch RC, Polizeli MDLTDM, Ward RJ. Microenzymes: Is There Anybody Out There? Protein J 2024; 43:393-404. [PMID: 38507106 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-024-10193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Biological macromolecules are found in different shapes and sizes. Among these, enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions and are essential in all organisms, but is there a limit size for them to function properly? Large enzymes such as catalases have hundreds of kDa and are formed by multiple subunits, whereas most enzymes are smaller, with molecular weights of 20-60 kDa. Enzymes smaller than 10 kDa could be called microenzymes and the present literature review brings together evidence of their occurrence in nature. Additionally, bioactive peptides could be a natural source for novel microenzymes hidden in larger peptides and molecular downsizing could be useful to engineer artificial enzymes with low molecular weight improving their stability and heterologous expression. An integrative approach is crucial to discover and determine the amino acid sequences of novel microenzymes, together with their genomic identification and their biochemical biological and evolutionary functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Carlos Santos Salgado
- Department of Chemistry, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Department of Biology, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Robson Carlos Alnoch
- Department of Biology, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria de Lourdes Teixeira de Moraes Polizeli
- Department of Biology, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard John Ward
- Department of Chemistry, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-900, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zhang X, Guo F, Yu Z, Cao M, Wang H, Yang R, Yu Y, Salmén L. Why Do Bamboo Parenchyma Cells Show Higher Nanofibrillation Efficiency than Fibers: An Investigation on Their Hierarchical Cell Wall Structure. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:4053-4062. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuexia Zhang
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Plant Fiber Functional Materials, Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China
| | - Fei Guo
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Plant Fiber Functional Materials, Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China
| | - Zuofeng Yu
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Plant Fiber Functional Materials, Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China
| | - Mengdan Cao
- Institute of New Bamboo and Rattan Based Biomaterials, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, P. R. China
| | - Hankun Wang
- Institute of New Bamboo and Rattan Based Biomaterials, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, P. R. China
| | - Rilong Yang
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Plant Fiber Functional Materials, Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China
| | - Yan Yu
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China
- Institute of New Bamboo and Rattan Based Biomaterials, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, P. R. China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Plant Fiber Functional Materials, Fuzhou 350002, P.R. China
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Study on the splitting by hot-air drying of Camellia oleifera fruit. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ijfe-2020-0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In order to explore the feasibility of hot air splitting of Camellia oleifera fruit, the effect of hot air temperature on peel splitting, the moisture state and moisture migration in peel, the peel microstructure and the seed color were studied. The results showed that higher hot air temperature could accelerate the splitting rate, the optimum temperature for splitting C. oleifera fruit was 90–110 °C considering the seed quality. Page model was the most suitable for describing the drying kinetic characteristics of C. oleifera fruit. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) revealed the changing of the dehydration rate, the migration rate of bound water, immobilized water and free water in peel during hot air drying. The expansion of micro-channels in peel was conducive to moisture migration in the early splitting stage, but microstructure damaged in the late splitting stage accompanied by loose disorder of micro pores, serious shrinkage and deformation of peel.
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Figueiredo R, Araújo P, Llerena JPP, Mazzafera P. Suberin and hemicellulose in sugarcane cell wall architecture and crop digestibility: A biotechnological perspective. Food Energy Secur 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Figueiredo
- Department of Plant Biology Institute of Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Pedro Araújo
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents Institute of Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Juan Pablo P. Llerena
- Department of Plant Biology Institute of Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Paulo Mazzafera
- Department of Plant Biology Institute of Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
- Department of Crop Science College of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz University of São Paulo Piracicaba Brazil
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Driemeier CE, Ling LY, Yancy-Caballero D, Mantelatto PE, Dias CSB, Archilha NL. Location of water in fresh sugarcane bagasse observed by synchrotron X-ray microtomography. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208219. [PMID: 30521559 PMCID: PMC6283542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugarcane bagasse is a vast lignocellulosic byproduct generated in the industry with ~50% humidity (1 kg dry matter associated with 1 kg water). Although the presence of water brings deleterious consequences for combustion, storage and sugar extraction, the location of water in fresh bagasse remains unknown. In this work, we use synchrotron X-ray microtomography for non-invasive 3D imaging of fresh bagasse particles, which allows the visualization of intraparticle water. The sclerified fiber cells in the sheaths surrounding xylem vessels are often found full of water. We suggest this can be juice preserved from the native stalks as many sclerified fibers seem to keep their structural integrity despite the mechanical action during sugarcane crushing. The microtomograms of fresh bagasse also shows mineral particles adhered to biomass surfaces, with adhesion presumably favored by the presence of water. In summary, this work unveils the location of water in fresh bagasse, solving an old mystery of sugarcane technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E. Driemeier
- Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory (CTBE), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Liu Y. Ling
- Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory (CTBE), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Daison Yancy-Caballero
- Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory (CTBE), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics (IME), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo E. Mantelatto
- Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory (CTBE), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos S. B. Dias
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Nathaly L. Archilha
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Bernardes T, Daniel J, Adesogan A, McAllister T, Drouin P, Nussio L, Huhtanen P, Tremblay G, Bélanger G, Cai Y. Silage review: Unique challenges of silages made in hot and cold regions. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4001-4019. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Greenwood AA, Farrell TW, Zhang Z, O’Hara IM. A novel population balance model for the dilute acid hydrolysis of hemicellulose. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:26. [PMID: 25964800 PMCID: PMC4426773 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0211-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acid hydrolysis is a popular pretreatment for removing hemicellulose from lignocelluloses in order to produce a digestible substrate for enzymatic saccharification. In this work, a novel model for the dilute acid hydrolysis of hemicellulose within sugarcane bagasse is presented and calibrated against experimental oligomer profiles. The efficacy of mathematical models as hydrolysis yield predictors and as vehicles for investigating the mechanisms of acid hydrolysis is also examined. RESULTS Experimental xylose, oligomer (degree of polymerisation 2 to 6) and furfural yield profiles were obtained for bagasse under dilute acid hydrolysis conditions at temperatures ranging from 110°C to 170°C. Population balance kinetics, diffusion and porosity evolution were incorporated into a mathematical model of the acid hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse. This model was able to produce a good fit to experimental xylose yield data with only three unknown kinetic parameters k a ,k b and k d . However, fitting this same model to an expanded data set of oligomeric and furfural yield profiles did not successfully reproduce the experimental results. It was found that a "hard-to-hydrolyse" parameter, α, was required in the model to ensure reproducibility of the experimental oligomer profiles at 110°C, 125°C and 140°C. The parameters obtained through the fitting exercises at lower temperatures were able to be used to predict the oligomer profiles at 155°C and 170°C with promising results. CONCLUSIONS The interpretation of kinetic parameters obtained by fitting a model to only a single set of data may be ambiguous. Although these parameters may correctly reproduce the data, they may not be indicative of the actual rate parameters, unless some care has been taken to ensure that the model describes the true mechanisms of acid hydrolysis. It is possible to challenge the robustness of the model by expanding the experimental data set and hence limiting the parameter space for the fitting parameters. The novel combination of "hard-to-hydrolyse" and population balance dynamics in the model presented here appears to stand up to such rigorous fitting constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava A Greenwood
- />Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, 4001 QLD Australia
| | - Troy W Farrell
- />Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, 4001 QLD Australia
| | - Zhanying Zhang
- />Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, 4001 QLD Australia
| | - Ian M O’Hara
- />Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, 4001 QLD Australia
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