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Dupre RA, Smith B, Lloyd SW, Trushenski J. Improved Quantification of Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol in Farmed Fish Using Stable Isotope Dilution Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:6735-6743. [PMID: 38533988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
A requisite to improving the taste and odor attributes of farmed fish is the availability of accurate and practical analytical methods to quantify 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) and geosmin (GSM). Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) enables reliable measurement of nanogram per liter quantities of MIB and GSM in water. In contrast, direct headspace (HS)-SPME of biological matrices with variable proximate compositions can increase bias and uncertainty in off-flavor determinations. Analytical recovery plays a crucial role in the accurate determination of MIB and GSM in fish, and this study investigates strategies to maximize and account for this recovery factor. MIB and GSM values in off-flavor catfish and trout were measured using direct HS-SPME and distillation as sample preparation techniques. Trout samples prepared by distillation yielded 10-fold higher GSM recoveries than those from direct HS-SPME (31% versus 3%). A stable isotope dilution method (SIDM) was implemented by routinely spiking samples with known quantities of deuterium-labeled MIB and GSM, allowing for the correction of sample-to-sample recovery deviations. SIDM-determined GSM values generated recoveries of 106 and 95% for direct HS-SPME and distilled trout, respectively. Aspects of the strategies and techniques presented can be incorporated into existing analytical methods to improve the accuracy and sample throughput. Particularly, routine inclusion of SIDM in the evaluation of MIB and GSM can facilitate identification of reliable practices to control off-flavors in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Adams Dupre
- Food Processing and Sensory Quality Research Unit, Southern Regional Research Center (SRRC), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1100 Allen Toussaint Boulevard, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, United States Department of Energy, 1299 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-0117, United States
| | - Brennan Smith
- Food Processing and Sensory Quality Research Unit, Southern Regional Research Center (SRRC), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1100 Allen Toussaint Boulevard, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | - Steven W Lloyd
- Food Processing and Sensory Quality Research Unit, Southern Regional Research Center (SRRC), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 1100 Allen Toussaint Boulevard, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | - Jesse Trushenski
- Riverence Holdings, LLC, 604 West Franklin Street, Boise, Idaho 83702, United States
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2
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Letourneau DR, Volmer DA. Mass spectrometry-based methods for the advanced characterization and structural analysis of lignin: A review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:144-188. [PMID: 34293221 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is currently one of the most promising biologically derived resources, due to its abundance and application in biofuels, materials and conversion to value aromatic chemicals. The need to better characterize and understand this complex biopolymer has led to the development of many different analytical approaches, several of which involve mass spectrometry and subsequent data analysis. This review surveys the most important analytical methods for lignin involving mass spectrometry, first looking at methods involving gas chromatography, liquid chromatography and then continuing with more contemporary methods such as matrix assisted laser desorption ionization and time-of-flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry. Following that will be techniques that directly ionize lignin mixtures-without chromatographic separation-using softer atmospheric ionization techniques that leave the lignin oligomers intact. Finally, ultra-high resolution mass analyzers such as FT-ICR have enabled lignin analysis without major sample preparation and chromatography steps. Concurrent with an increase in the resolution of mass spectrometers, there have been a wealth of complementary data analyses and visualization methods that have allowed researchers to probe deeper into the "lignome" than ever before. These approaches extract trends such as compound series and even important analytical information about lignin substructures without performing lignin degradation either chemically or during MS analysis. These innovative methods are paving the way for a more comprehensive understanding of this important biopolymer, as we seek more sustainable solutions for our human species' energy and materials needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane R Letourneau
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Wei X, Yu Y, Shen Z, Liu Y, Liu X, Wang S, Zhang L, Min D. Deciphering the linkage type and structural characteristics of the p-hydroxyphenyl unit in Pinus massoniana Lamb compressed wood lignin. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 208:772-781. [PMID: 35367267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To reveal the existence of p-hydroxyphenyl (H) units in compressed wood lignin, four different milled wood lignins were extracted using Pinus massoniana Lamb compressed wood, Pinus massoniana Lamb normal wood, and sugarcane bagasse as raw materials. Then, three dehydrogenation polymers (DHPs) were synthesized using coniferyl/p-coumaryl alcohol as raw materials to reveal the interunit linkages of H units. The lignin and DHP samples were systematically characterized by 1H, 13C, 2D HSQC, and 31P NMR techniques. Compared with the opposite wood milled wood lignin (OW-MWL) and the normal wood milled wood lignin (NW-MWL), the compressed wood milled wood lignin (CW-MWL) contained a large amount of H units, and the H/G ratio and the p-hydroxyphenyl OH group contents were 0.15 and 1.09 mmol/g, respectively. Through the characterization of CW-MWL and DHPs, it was revealed that p-hydroxyphenyl units mainly coupled with other units by β-O-4, β-β, and β-5 linkages. Compared to the sugarcane bagasse milled wood lignin, it was clearly demonstrated that the H unit rather than p-coumarate ester occurred in CW-MWL. This study comprehensively explored the structural characteristics and linkages of H units in compress wood lignin, and provided useful information for revealing the participation of H units in the construction of lignin macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Wei
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Zheng Shen
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Xi Liu
- Guangxi Bossco Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Nanning 530007, PR China
| | - Shuangfei Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Bossco Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Nanning 530007, PR China
| | - Liming Zhang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Douyong Min
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China.
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Lapierre C, Voxeur A, Boutet S, Ralph J. Arabinose Conjugates Diagnostic of Ferulate-Ferulate and Ferulate-Monolignol Cross-Coupling Are Released by Mild Acidolysis of Grass Cell Walls. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:12962-12971. [PMID: 31644281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Ferulate (FA) units esterified to grass arabinoxylans are involved in cross-linking cell wall polymers. In this work, this contention is strengthened by the identification of FA homo- and heterodimers esterified to methyl arabinofuranoside (MeAra) units after their release from the xylan by mild acidolysis in dioxane/methanol/HCl. Acidolysis of poorly lignified maize bran cell walls provided diferulate (DFA) isomers, including those from 8-5, 8-O-4, and 5-5 interunit bonding, esterified to one or two MeAra units. Acidolysis of lignified grass samples released crossed dimers esterified to one MeAra unit and derived from the β-O-4 coupling of coniferyl alcohol to FA esters. The evaluation of these heterodimeric esters by LC-UV of their aglycones revealed that the parent structures occur in significant amounts in lignified cell walls (0.5-1 mg/g expressed as FA equivalents). The present results position mild acidolysis as an efficient strategy to obtain improved details regarding the FA-mediated cross-linking of grass cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Lapierre
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS , Université Paris-Saclay , Versailles 75231 , France
| | - Aline Voxeur
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS , Université Paris-Saclay , Versailles 75231 , France
| | - Stéphanie Boutet
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS , Université Paris-Saclay , Versailles 75231 , France
| | - John Ralph
- Department of Biochemistry, and The Department of Energy's Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, The Wisconsin Energy Institute , University of Wisconsin , Madison , Wisconsin 53726 , United States
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Structural Characterization of Lignin and Lignin-Carbohydrate Complex (LCC) from Ginkgo Shells ( Ginkgo biloba L.) by Comprehensive NMR Spectroscopy. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10070736. [PMID: 30960661 PMCID: PMC6404004 DOI: 10.3390/polym10070736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin and lignin-carbohydrate complexes are important polymers for lignocellulosic biorefinery and functional materials, but those in ginkgo shells are not effectively analyzed and exploited. Based on this background, milled wood lignins (MWLML and MWLFZ) and lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCML and LCCFZ) were isolated from the shells of Ginkgo biloba L. cv. Damaling (ML) and Ginkgo biloba L. cv. Dafozhi (FZ) correspondingly, and were structurally characterized by comprehensive NMR spectroscopy. The results showed that ginkgo shells exhibited higher lignin (42%) and xylan (20%) content than general softwood species. Isolated MWLs were rich in guaiacyl units with the presence of ferulates and p-coumarates, and the molecular formula was C9H7.93O2.73(OCH3)0.81 and C9H7.87O2.76(OCH3)0.88 for MWLML and MWLFZ, respectively. Phenolic hydroxyl of MWLML (1.38 mmol/g) and MWLFZ (1.23 mmol/g) in ginkgo shells was much less than that in general softwoods, suggesting a higher etherification and condensation degree of ginkgo shells lignin, and β-5′, α-O-4′, and 4-O-5′ bonds were the main condensed structures. O-acetylated β-d-xylopyranoside and β-d-mannopyranoside were the main polysaccharides associated with lignin, and the acetyl groups frequently acylate the C2 and C3 positions. LCCML had more phenyl glycoside (0.035/Ar) and less γ-ester (0.026/Ar) linkages than LCCFZ.
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Audu IG, Brosse N, Winter H, Hoffmann A, Bremer M, Fischer S, Laborie MP. Acetyl Groups in Typha capensis: Fate of Acetates during Organosolv and Ionosolv Pulping. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E619. [PMID: 30966652 PMCID: PMC6404047 DOI: 10.3390/polym10060619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During biomass fractionation, any native acetylation of lignin and heteropolysaccharide may affect the process and the resulting lignin structure. In this study, Typha capensis (TC) and its lignin isolated by milling (MWL), ionosolv (ILL) and organosolv (EOL) methods were investigated for acetyl group content using FT-Raman, ¹H NMR, 2D-NMR, back-titration, and Zemplén transesterification analytical methods. The study revealed that TC is a highly acetylated grass; extractive free TC (TCextr) and TC MWL exhibited similar values of acetyl content: 6 wt % and 8 wt % by Zemplén transesterification, respectively, and 11 wt % by back-titration. In contrast, lignin extracted from organosolv and [EMIm][OAc] pulping lost 80% of the original acetyl groups. With a high acetyl content in the natural state, TC could be an interesting raw material in biorefinery in which acetic acid could become an important by-product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idi Guga Audu
- Chair of Forest Biomaterials, University of Freiburg, Werthmannstr. 6, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
- Laboratoire d'Étude et de Recherche sur le Matériau Bois LERMAB, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Lorraine, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, 54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy CEDEX, France.
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
- Institute of Plant and Wood Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Pienner Straße 19, 01737 Tharandt, Germany.
| | - Nicolas Brosse
- Laboratoire d'Étude et de Recherche sur le Matériau Bois LERMAB, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Lorraine, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, 54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy CEDEX, France.
| | - Heiko Winter
- Chair of Forest Biomaterials, University of Freiburg, Werthmannstr. 6, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
| | - Anton Hoffmann
- Institute of Plant and Wood Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Pienner Straße 19, 01737 Tharandt, Germany.
| | - Martina Bremer
- Institute of Plant and Wood Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Pienner Straße 19, 01737 Tharandt, Germany.
| | - Steffen Fischer
- Institute of Plant and Wood Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Pienner Straße 19, 01737 Tharandt, Germany.
| | - Marie-Pierre Laborie
- Chair of Forest Biomaterials, University of Freiburg, Werthmannstr. 6, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
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Regner M, Bartuce A, Padmakshan D, Ralph J, Karlen SD. Reductive Cleavage Method for Quantitation of Monolignols and Low-Abundance Monolignol Conjugates. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:1600-1605. [PMID: 29603658 PMCID: PMC6001451 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201800617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As interest in biomass utilization has grown, the manipulation of lignin biosynthesis has received significant attention, such that recent work has demanded more robust lignin analytical methods. As the derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC) method is particularly effective for structurally characterizing natively acylated lignins, we used an array of synthetic β-ether γ-acylated model compounds to determine theoretical yields for all monolignol conjugates currently known to exist in lignin, and we synthesized a new set of deuterated analogs as internal standards for quantification using GC-MS/MS. Yields of the saturated ester conjugates ranged from 40 to 90 %, and NMR analysis revealed the presence of residual unsaturated conjugates in yields of 20 to 35 %. In contrast to traditional selected-ion-monitoring, we demonstrated the superior sensitivity and accuracy of multiple-reaction-monitoring detection methods, and further highlighted the inadequacy of traditional standards relative to isotopically labeled analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Regner
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, the Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Allison Bartuce
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, the Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Dharshana Padmakshan
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, the Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - John Ralph
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, the Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
| | - Steven D Karlen
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, the Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53726, USA
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8
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Schäfer J, Trierweiler B, Bunzel M. Maturation-related changes of carrot lignins. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:1016-1023. [PMID: 28718909 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignified cell walls are important factors for textural and physiological properties of plant-based foods. However, carrot lignins and their modifications during maturation are poorly described. The objective of this study was to describe carrot lignins in detail and to study lignin structural alterations at later stages of maturity. RESULTS Klason and acetyl bromide soluble lignin contents of insoluble fibers of carrots harvested at different times (26, 29 and 35 weeks after seeding) ranged between 46.38 and 62.68 g kg-1 and between 19.79 and 28.08 g kg-1 , respectively. As determined by both 2D-nuclear magnetic resonance and the derivatization followed by reductive cleavage method, coniferyl alcohol heavily dominated the traditional monolignol composition in carrot lignins, independently of harvest times. By using 2D-nuclear magnetic resonance experiments on isolated lignins, p-hydroxybenzoate was identified as a less common lignin constituent, attached to lignin γ-hydroxyl groups and being increasingly incorporated with maturation. β-Aryl ethers, phenylcoumaran, resinol and dibenzodioxocin structures were identified as lignin interunit linkages, largely independent of harvest times and with β-aryl ethers being expectedly dominant. CONCLUSION Carrots contain guaiacyl-rich lignins that incorporate increasing amounts of p-hydroxybenzoate with maturation. All other lignin characteristics appear to be widely independent of harvest times. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Schäfer
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bernhard Trierweiler
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Schäfer J, Bunzel M. Maturation-related modifications of cell wall structures of kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes). Eur Food Res Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-017-3008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Zheng M, Gu S, Chen J, Luo Y, Li W, Ni J, Li Y, Wang Z. Development and validation of a sensitive UPLC–MS/MS instrumentation and alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation method for the determination of lignin monomers in wheat straw. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1055-1056:178-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Schäfer J, Stanojlovic L, Trierweiler B, Bunzel M. Storage related changes of cell wall based dietary fiber components of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) stems. Food Res Int 2016; 93:43-51. [PMID: 28290279 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Storage related changes in the cell wall composition potentially affect the texture of plant-based foods and the physiological effects of cell wall based dietary fiber components. Therefore, a detailed characterization of cell wall polysaccharides and lignins from broccoli stems was performed. Freshly harvested broccoli and broccoli stored at 20°C and 1°C for different periods of time were analyzed. Effects on dietary fiber contents, polysaccharide composition, and on lignin contents/composition were much more pronounced during storage at 20°C than at 1°C. During storage, insoluble dietary fiber contents of broccoli stems increased up to 13%. Storage related polysaccharide modifications include an increase of the portions of cellulose, xylans, and homogalacturonans and a decrease of the neutral pectic side-chains arabinans and galactans. Broccoli stem lignins are generally rich in guaiacyl units. Lignins from freshly harvested broccoli stems contain slightly larger amounts of p-hydroxyphenyl units than syringyl units. Syringyl units are predominantly incorporated into the lignin polymers during storage, resulting in increased acetyl bromide soluble lignin contents. NMR-based analysis of the interunit linkage types of broccoli stem lignins revealed comparably large portions of resinol structures for a guaiacyl rich lignin. Incorporation of syringyl units into the polymers over storage predominantly occurs through β-O-4-linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Schäfer
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20A, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Luisa Stanojlovic
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20A, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Bernhard Trierweiler
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut (MRI), Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20A, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Lan W, Rencoret J, Lu F, Karlen SD, Smith BG, Harris PJ, Del Río JC, Ralph J. Tricin-lignins: occurrence and quantitation of tricin in relation to phylogeny. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 88:1046-1057. [PMID: 27553717 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Tricin [5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one], a flavone, was recently established as an authentic monomer in grass lignification that likely functions as a nucleation site. It is linked onto lignin as an aryl alkyl ether by radical coupling with monolignols or their acylated analogs. However, the level of tricin that incorporates into lignin remains unclear. Herein, three lignin characterization methods: acidolysis; thioacidolysis; and derivatization followed by reductive cleavage; were applied to quantitatively assess the amount of lignin-integrated tricin. Their efficiencies at cleaving the tricin-(4'-O-β)-ether bonds and the degradation of tricin under the corresponding reaction conditions were evaluated. A hexadeuterated tricin analog was synthesized as an internal standard for accurate quantitation purposes. Thioacidolysis proved to be the most efficient method, liberating more than 91% of the tricin with little degradation. A survey of different seed-plant species for the occurrence and content of tricin showed that it is widely distributed in the lignin from species in the family Poaceae (order Poales). Tricin occurs at low levels in some commelinid monocotyledon families outside the Poaceae, such as the Arecaceae (the palms, order Arecales) and Bromeliaceae (Poales), and the non-commelinid monocotyledon family Orchidaceae (Orchidales). One eudicotyledon was found to have tricin (Medicago sativa, Fabaceae). The content of lignin-integrated tricin is much higher than the extractable tricin level in all cases. Lignins, including waste lignin streams from biomass processing, could therefore provide a large and alternative source of this valuable flavone, reducing the costs, and encouraging studies into its application beyond its current roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Lan
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biological System Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jorge Rencoret
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida de la Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Fachuang Lu
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Steven D Karlen
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Bronwen G Smith
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Philip J Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - José Carlos Del Río
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida de la Reina Mercedes, 10, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - John Ralph
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biological System Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Schäfer J, Brett A, Trierweiler B, Bunzel M. Characterization of Cell Wall Composition of Radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. sativus) and Maturation Related Changes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:8625-8632. [PMID: 27744693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall composition affects the texture of plant-based foods. In addition, the main components of plant cell walls are dietary fiber constituents and are responsible for potential physiological effects that are largely affected by the structural composition of the cell walls. Radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. sativus) is known to develop a woody and firm texture during maturation and ripening, most likely due to changes in the cell wall composition. To describe these changes chemically, radish was cultivated and harvested at different time points, followed by detailed chemical analysis of insoluble fiber polysaccharides and lignin. During maturation, changes in polysaccharide profiles were observed, with a decrease in the portion of neutral pectic side chains and an increase in the xylan portion being predominant. Radish lignin was characterized by unexpectedly high incorporation of p-coumaryl alcohol into the polymer. Maturation dependent increases in lignin contents were accompanied by compositional changes of the lignin polymers with sinapyl alcohol being preferentially incorporated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Schäfer
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anika Brett
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bernhard Trierweiler
- Max Rubner-Institut (MRI) , Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Schäfer J, Wagner S, Trierweiler B, Bunzel M. Characterization of Cell Wall Components and Their Modifications during Postharvest Storage of Asparagus officinalis L.: Storage-Related Changes in Dietary Fiber Composition. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:478-486. [PMID: 26671648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Changes in cell wall composition during storage of plant foods potentially alter the physiological effects of dietary fiber components. To investigate postharvest cell wall modifications of asparagus and their consequences in terms of insoluble dietary fiber structures, asparagus was stored at 20 and 1 °C for different periods of time. Structural analyses demonstrated postharvest changes in the polysaccharide profile, dominated by decreased portions of galactans. Increasing lignin contents correlated with compositional changes (monolignol ratios and linkage types) of the lignin polymer as demonstrated by chemical and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-NMR) methods. Depending on the storage time and temperature, syringyl units were preferentially incorporated into the lignin polymer. Furthermore, a drastic increase in the level of ester-linked phenolic monomers (i.e., p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid) and polymer cross-links (di- and triferulic acids) was detected. The attachment of p-coumaric acid to lignin was demonstrated by 2D-NMR experiments. Potential consequences of postharvest modifications on physiological effects of asparagus dietary fiber are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Schäfer
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Steffen Wagner
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bernhard Trierweiler
- Max Rubner-Institut (MRI) , Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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