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González-Jiménez M, García-Santos MP, Bermejo Tesón B, Fuentes de Arriba ÁL, Arenas Valgañón J, Calle E, Casado J. Kinetic study on the reaction of sodium nitrite with neurotransmitters secreted in the stomach. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15713. [PMID: 37735226 PMCID: PMC10514311 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42759-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitroso-compounds are potentially mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds due to their ability to alkylate DNA bases. One of the most common sources of human exposure to nitroso-compounds is their formation in the acidic environment of the stomach by the reaction between electron-rich molecules present in the lumen and sodium nitrite ingested in the diet. To date, the formation of nitroso-compounds by the reaction of nitrite with food components has been investigated in depth, but little attention has been paid to substances secreted in the stomach, such as dopamine or serotonin, whose reaction products with nitrite have proven mutagenic properties. In this article, we present a kinetic study with UV-visible spectroscopy of the nitrosation reactions of both molecules, as well as of L-tyrosine, the amino-acid precursor of dopamine. We determined the kinetic parameters and reaction mechanisms for the reactions, studying the influence of the reactants concentration, pH, temperature, and ionic strength on the reaction rate. In all cases, the favoured reaction product was a stable nitroso-compound. Serotonin, the molecule whose product was the most mutagenic, underwent two consecutive nitrosation reactions. These findings suggest that additional biological research is needed to understand how this reaction alters the function of these neurotransmitters as well as the potentially toxic effects they may have once nitrosated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario González-Jiménez
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de los Caídos, 1-5, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - M Pilar García-Santos
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de los Caídos, 1-5, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Blanca Bermejo Tesón
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de los Caídos, 1-5, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ángel L Fuentes de Arriba
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de los Caídos, 1-5, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jorge Arenas Valgañón
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de los Caídos, 1-5, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Emilio Calle
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de los Caídos, 1-5, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Julio Casado
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de los Caídos, 1-5, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
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2
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Akansel B, Yılmaz Oral ZF, Sallan S, Kaban G, Kaya M. Effect of Black Garlic on Microbiological Properties, Lipid Oxidation, Residual Nitrite, Nitrosamine Formation and Sensory Characteristics in a Semi-Dry Fermented Sausage. Foods 2023; 12:foods12071545. [PMID: 37048366 PMCID: PMC10094117 DOI: 10.3390/foods12071545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted with the aim of determining the effects of different black garlic (BG) levels (1%, 2% and 3%) on quality characteristics of a semi-dry fermented sausage (heat-treated sucuk). In addition, the effect of cooking time (0, 1 or 3 min at 180 °C on a hot plate) on nitrosamine formation was investigated. Fresh garlic (FG, 1%) was evaluated as the control group. BG (2% and 3%) caused a reduction in the count of lactic acid bacteria while leading to an increase in pH. FG1% gave the highest number of Micrococcus/Staphylococcus, as well as aw value. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) value increased with increasing BG levels. FG (1%) showed the highest residual nitrite amount (p < 0.05). The scores for color, taste and general acceptability were reduced by the use of BG (p < 0.05). No significant difference was observed between the garlic treatments in terms of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and N-Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) when no additional cooking was applied. Cooking time was determined to have no significant effect on NDMA in 3% BG. The use of BG caused an increase in N-Nitrosopiperidine (NPIP) (p < 0.05). As for PCA, a closer correlation between NPIP and the groups containing BG was observed, while there was a strong correlation between NDMA and the FG group cooked for 3 min. The use of BG caused an increase in NPIP, but affected NDMA and NDEA depending on the cooking time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begüm Akansel
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, TR-25240 Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Zeynep Feyza Yılmaz Oral
- Department of Food Technology, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Atatürk University, TR-25240 Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Selen Sallan
- Departmet of Food Processing, Bandırma Vocational School, Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University, TR-10200 Balıkesir, Türkiye
| | - Güzin Kaban
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, TR-25240 Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Mükerrem Kaya
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, TR-25240 Erzurum, Türkiye
- MK Consulting, Ata Teknokent, TR-25240 Erzurum, Türkiye
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3
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Zheng J, Kirkpatrick CL, Lee D, Han X, Martinez AI, Gallagher K, Evans RK, Mudur SV, Liang X, Drake J, Buhler LA, Mowery MD. A Full Evaporation Static Headspace Gas Chromatography Method with Nitrogen Phosphorous Detection for Ultrasensitive Analysis of Semi-volatile Nitrosamines in Pharmaceutical Products. AAPS J 2022; 24:23. [PMID: 34993666 PMCID: PMC8817102 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00669-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent detection of potent carcinogenic nitrosamine impurities in several human medicines has triggered product recalls and interrupted the supply of critical medications for hundreds of millions of patients, illuminating the need for increased testing of nitrosamines in pharmaceutical products. However, the development of analytical methods for nitrosamine detection is challenging due to high sensitivity requirements, complex matrices, and the large number and variety of samples requiring testing. Herein, we report an analytical method for the analysis of a common nitrosamine, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), in pharmaceutical products using full evaporation static headspace gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorous detection (FE-SHSGC-NPD). This method is sensitive, specific, accurate, and precise and has the potential to serve as a universal method for testing all semi-volatile nitrosamines across different drug products. Through elimination of the detrimental headspace-liquid partition, a quantitation limit of 0.25 ppb is achieved for NDMA, a significant improvement upon traditional LC-MS methods. The extraction of nitrosamines directly from solid sample not only simplifies the sample preparation procedure but also enables the method to be used for different products as is or with minor modifications, as demonstrated by the analysis of NDMA in 10+ pharmaceutical products. The in situ nitrosation that is commonly observed in GC methods for nitrosamine analysis was completely inhibited by the addition of a small volume solvent containing pyrogallol, phosphoric acid, and isopropanol. Employing simple procedures and low-cost instrumentation, this method can be implemented in any analytical laboratory for routine nitrosamine analysis, ensuring patient safety and uninterrupted supply of critical medications. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjian Zheng
- Analytical Chemistry in Development and Supply, Merck Manufacturing Division, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA.
| | - Christine L Kirkpatrick
- Analytical Chemistry in Development and Supply, Merck Manufacturing Division, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Daniel Lee
- Analytical Chemistry in Development and Supply, Merck Manufacturing Division, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Xinxin Han
- Analytical Chemistry in Development and Supply, Merck Manufacturing Division, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Ana I Martinez
- Analytical Chemistry in Development and Supply, Merck Manufacturing Division, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Kimberly Gallagher
- Analytical Chemistry in Development and Supply, Merck Manufacturing Division, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Rebecca K Evans
- Analytical Chemistry in Development and Supply, Merck Manufacturing Division, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Sanjay V Mudur
- Analytical Chemistry in Development and Supply, Merck Manufacturing Division, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Xihui Liang
- Analytical Chemistry in Development and Supply, Merck Manufacturing Division, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Jennifer Drake
- Analytical Chemistry in Development and Supply, Merck Manufacturing Division, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Leah A Buhler
- Analytical Chemistry in Development and Supply, Merck Manufacturing Division, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Mark D Mowery
- Analytical Chemistry in Development and Supply, Merck Manufacturing Division, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
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4
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Sallan S, Kaban G, Kaya M. Nitrosamines in sucuk: Effects of black pepper, sodium ascorbate and cooking level. Food Chem 2019; 288:341-346. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.02.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Vrzal T, Olšovská J. Pyrolytic profiling nitrosamine specific chemiluminescence detection combined with multivariate chemometric discrimination for non-targeted detection and classification of nitroso compounds in complex samples. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1059:136-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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6
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Polyphenols and Alkaloids in Byproducts of Longan Fruits ( Dimocarpus Longan Lour.) and Their Bioactivities. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061186. [PMID: 30917573 PMCID: PMC6471414 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The longan industry produces a large amount of byproducts such as pericarp and seed, resulting in environmental pollution and resource wastage. The present study was performed to systematically evaluate functional components, i.e., polyphenols (phenolics and flavonoids) and alkaloids, in longan byproducts and their bioactivities, including antioxidant activities, nitrite scavenging activities in simulated gastric fluid and anti-hyperglycemic activities in vitro. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents in pericarp were slightly higher than those in seeds, but seeds possessed higher alkaloid content than pericarp. Four polyphenolic substances, i.e., gallic acid, ethyl gallate, corilagin and ellagic acid, were identified and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. Among these polyphenolic components, corilagin was the major one in both pericarp and seed. Alkaloid extract in seed showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity and oxygen radical absorbance capacity. Nitrite scavenging activities were improved with extract concentration and reaction time increasing. Flavonoids in seed and alkaloids in pericarp had potential to be developed as anti-hyperglycemic agents. The research result was a good reference for exploring longan byproducts into various valuable health-care products.
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7
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Mutagenic products are promoted in the nitrosation of tyramine. Food Chem 2017; 216:60-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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García DE, Glasser WG, Pizzi A, Paczkowski SP, Laborie MP. Modification of condensed tannins: from polyphenol chemistry to materials engineering. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj02131f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Condensed tannins (CTs) are high molar mass polyphenolic bio-polymers based on flavonol units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny E. García
- Área Productos Químicos
- Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico (UDT)
- Universidad de Concepción
- Bio-Bio
- Chile
| | - Wolfgang G. Glasser
- Department of Sustainable Biomaterials
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | - Antonio Pizzi
- Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Matériau Bois (LERMAB)
- University of Lorraine
- Epinal
- France
- Department of Physics
| | - Sebastian P. Paczkowski
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum–FMF
- Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg
- Freiburg
- Germany
- Chair of Forest Biomaterials
| | - Marie-Pierre Laborie
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum–FMF
- Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg
- Freiburg
- Germany
- Chair of Forest Biomaterials
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9
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Arenas-Valgañón J, Gómez-Bombarelli R, González-Pérez M, González-Jiménez M, Calle E, Casado J. Interference by Nitrous Acid Decomposition in the Kinetic Study of Nitrosation Reactions. INT J CHEM KINET 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Arenas-Valgañón
- Departamento de Química Física; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad de Salamanca; E-37008 Salamanca Spain
| | - Rafael Gómez-Bombarelli
- Departamento de Química Física; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad de Salamanca; E-37008 Salamanca Spain
| | - Marina González-Pérez
- Departamento de Química Física; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad de Salamanca; E-37008 Salamanca Spain
| | - Mario González-Jiménez
- Departamento de Química Física; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad de Salamanca; E-37008 Salamanca Spain
| | - Emilio Calle
- Departamento de Química Física; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad de Salamanca; E-37008 Salamanca Spain
| | - Julio Casado
- Departamento de Química Física; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad de Salamanca; E-37008 Salamanca Spain
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10
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Rubio MA, Lissi E, Olivera N, Reyes JL, López-Alarcon C. Reactions of p-Substituted Phenols with Nitrous Acid in Aqueous Solution. INT J CHEM KINET 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María A. Rubio
- CEDENNA; Facultad de Química y Biología; Universidad de Santiago de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Eduardo Lissi
- Facultad de Química y Biología; Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH Santiago Chile
| | - Nicol Olivera
- Facultad de Química y Biología; Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH Santiago Chile
| | - Jael L. Reyes
- Departamento de Farmacia; Facultad de Química; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Camilo López-Alarcon
- Departamento de Farmacia; Facultad de Química; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
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11
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Nyanhongo GS, Sygmund C, Ludwig R, Prasetyo EN, Guebitz GM. An antioxidant regenerating system for continuous quenching of free radicals in chronic wounds. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 83:396-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Nyanhongo GS, Sygmund C, Ludwig R, Prasetyo EN, Guebitz GM. Synthesis of multifunctional bioresponsive polymers for the management of chronic wounds. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2013; 101:882-91. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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13
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Arenas-Valgañón J, Gómez-Bombarelli R, González-Pérez M, González-Jiménez M, Calle E, Casado J. Taurine–nitrite interaction as a precursor of alkylation mechanisms. Food Chem 2012; 134:986-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Ma Q, Ren J, Huang H, Wang S, Wang X, Fan Z. Kinetic and mechanistic study of microcystin-LR degradation by nitrous acid under ultraviolet irradiation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 215-216:75-82. [PMID: 22410721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in the presence of nitrous acid (HNO(2)) under irradiation of 365nm ultraviolet (UV) was studied for the first time. The influence of initial conditions including pH value, NaNO(2) concentration, MC-LR concentration and UV intensity were studied. MC-LR was degraded in the presence of HNO(2); enhanced degradation of MC-LR was observed with 365nm UV irradiation, caused by the generation of hydroxyl radicals through the photolysis of HNO(2). The degradation processes of MC-LR could well fit the pseudo-first-order kinetics. Mass spectrometry was applied for identification of the byproducts and the analysis of degradation mechanisms. Major degradation pathways were proposed according to the results of LC-MS analysis. The degradation of MC-LR was initiated via three major pathways: attack of hydroxyl radicals on the conjugated carbon double bonds of Adda, attack of hydroxyl radicals on the benzene ring of Adda, and attack of nitrosonium ion on the benzene ring of Adda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Ma
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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15
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d’Ischia M, Napolitano A, Manini P, Panzella L. Secondary Targets of Nitrite-Derived Reactive Nitrogen Species: Nitrosation/Nitration Pathways, Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms and Toxicological Implications. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:2071-92. [DOI: 10.1021/tx2003118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco d’Ischia
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cinthia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Napolitano
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cinthia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Manini
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cinthia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Panzella
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cinthia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
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16
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González-Jiménez M, Arenas-Valgañón J, Calle E, Casado J. Aromatic C-nitrosation of a bioactive molecule. Nitrosation of minoxidil. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:7680-4. [PMID: 21779549 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05686g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Minoxidil (2,4-diamino-6-(piperidin-1'-yl)pyrimidine N(3)-oxide; CASRN 38304-91-5) is a bioactive molecule with several nitrosatable groups widely used as an antihypertensive and antialopecia agent. Here the nitrosation of minoxidil was investigated. The conclusions drawn are as follows: (i) In the pH = 2.3-5.0 range, the minoxidil molecule undergoes aromatic C-nitrosation by nitrite. The dominant reaction was C-5 nitrosation through a mechanism that appears to consist of an electrophilic attack on the nitrosatable substrate by H(2)NO(2)(+)/NO(+), followed by a slow proton transfer; (ii) the reactivity of minoxidil as a C-nitrosatable substrate proved to be 7-fold greater than that of phenol, this being attributed to the preferred para- and ortho-orientations of the two -NH(2) groups at positions 2 and 4 of the minoxidil molecule, which activate electrophilic substitution in the C-5 position through their mesomeric effect. The N-nitrosominoxidil resulting from the nitrosation could be potentially harmful to the minoxidil users.
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17
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Pessêgo M, Rosa da Costa AM, Moreira JA. Importance of phenols structure on their activity as antinitrosating agents: A kinetic study. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2011; 3:128-34. [PMID: 21430963 PMCID: PMC3053510 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.76491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Nitrosative deamination of DNA bases induced by reaction with reactive nitrogen species (RNS) has been pointed out as a probable cause of mutagenesis. (Poly)phenols, present in many food items from the Mediterranean diet, are believed to possess antinitrosating properties due to their RNS scavenging ability, which seems to be related to their structure. It has been suggested that phenolic compounds will react with the above-mentioned species more rapidly than most amino compounds, thus preventing direct nitrosation of the DNA bases and their transnitrosation from endogenous N-nitroso compounds, or most likely from the transient N-nitrosocompounds formed in vivo. Materials and Methods: In order to prove that assumption, a kinetic study of the nitroso group transfer from a N-methyl-N-nitrosobenzenesulfonamide (N-methyl-N-nitroso-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide, MeNMBS) to the DNA bases bearing an amine group and to a series of phenols was carried out. In the transnitrosation of phenols, the formation of nitrosophenol was monitored by Ultraviolet (UV) / Visible spectroscopy, and in the reactions of the DNA bases, the consumption of MeNMBS was followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: The results obtained point to the transnitrosation of DNA bases being negligible, as well as that of phenols bearing electron-withdrawing groups. Phenols with methoxy substituents in positions 2, 4, and / or 6, although they seemed to react, did not afford the expected product. Phenols with electron-releasing substituents, unless these blocked the oxygen atom, reacted with our model compound at an appreciable rate. O-nitrosation of the phenolate ion followed by rearrangement of the C-nitrosophenol seemed to be involved. Conclusion: This study provided evidence that the above compounds might actually act as antinitrosating agents in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Pessêgo
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Santiago, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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18
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Goldstein S, Samuni A, Merenyi G. Reactions of Nitric Oxide, Peroxynitrite, and Carbonate Radicals with Nitroxides and Their Corresponding Oxoammonium Cations. Chem Res Toxicol 2004; 17:250-7. [PMID: 14967013 DOI: 10.1021/tx0342363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic nitroxides effectively protect biological systems against radical-induced damage. However, the mechanism of the reactions of nitroxides with nitrogen-derived reactive species and carbonate radicals is far from being elucidated. In the present study, the reactions of several representative piperidine- and pyrrolidine-based nitroxides with *NO, peroxynitrite, and CO3*- were investigated, and the results are as follows: (i) There is no evidence for any direct reaction between the nitroxides and the *NO. In the presence of oxygen, the nitroxides are readily oxidized by *NO2, which is formed as an intermediate during autoxidation of *NO. (ii) *NO reacts with the oxoammonium cations to form nitrite and the corresponding nitroxides with k1 = (9.8 +/- 0.2) x 10(3) and (3.7 +/- 0.1) x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) for the oxoammonium cations derived from 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TPO) and 3-carbamoyl-proxyl (3-CP), respectively. (iii) CO3*- oxidizes all nitroxides tested to their oxoammonium cations with similar rate constants of (4.0 +/- 0.5) x 10(8) M(-1) s(-1), which are about 3-4 times higher than those determined for H-abstraction from the corresponding hydroxylamines TPO-H and 4-OH-TPO-H. (iv) Peroxynitrite ion does not react directly with the nitroxides but rather with their oxoammonium cations with k(10) = (6.0 +/- 0.9) x 10(6) and (2.7 +/- 0.9) x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1) for TPO+ and 3-CP+, respectively. These results provide a better insight into the complex mechanism of the reaction of peroxynitrite with nitroxides, which has been a controversial subject. The small effect of relatively low concentrations of nitroxides on the decomposition rate of peroxynitrite is attributed to their ability to scavenge efficiently *NO2 radicals, which are formed during the decomposition of peroxynitrite in the absence and in the presence of CO2. The oxoammonium cations, thus formed, are readily reduced back to the nitroxides by ONOO-, while forming *NO and O2. Hence, nitroxides act as true catalysts in diverting peroxynitrite decomposition from forming nitrating species to producing nitrosating ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Goldstein
- Department of Physical Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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García-Santos MDP, González-Mancebo S, Hernández-Benito J, Calle E, Casado J. Reactivity of amino acids in nitrosation reactions and its relation to the alkylating potential of their products. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:2177-82. [PMID: 11878971 DOI: 10.1021/ja0119503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nitrosation reactions of amino acids with an -NH(2) group [namely, six alpha-amino acids (glycine, alanine, alpha-aminobutyric acid, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, valine, and norvaline); two beta-amino acids (beta-alanine and beta-aminobutyric acid), and one gamma-amino acid (gamma-aminobutyric acid)] were studied. Nitrosation was carried out in aqueous acid media, mimicking the conditions of the stomach lumen. The rate equation was r = k(3)(exp)[amino acid][nitrite](2), with a maximum k(3)(exp) value in the 2.3-2.7 pH range. The existence of an isokinetic relationship supports the argument that all the reactions share a common mechanism. A nitrosation mechanism is proposed, and the following conclusions are drawn: (i) Nitrosation reactions of amino acids with a primary amino group in acid media occur with dinitrogen trioxide as the main nitrosating agent. The finding that the nitrosation rate is proportional to the square of the nitrite concentration suggests that the yield of nitrosation products in the stomach would increase sharply with higher nitrate/nitrite intakes. (ii) Stomach hypochlorhydria could be a potential enhancer of in vivo amino acid nitrosation. (iii) The reactivity (k(3)()(exp)) [alpha-amino acids > beta-amino acids > gamma-amino acids] is the same as that found in a previous work for the alkylating potential of lactones formed from nitrosation products of the same amino acids. This implies that the nitrosation reactions of the most common natural amino acids are the most efficient precursors of the most powerful alkylating agents. (iv) The order of magnitude (10(7)-10(8) M(-1) s(-1)) of the bimolecular rate constants of nitrosation shows that such reactions occur through an encounter process.
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García-Santos MDP, Calle E, Casado J. Amino acid nitrosation products as alkylating agents. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:7506-10. [PMID: 11480970 DOI: 10.1021/ja010348+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nitrosation reactions of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-amino acids whose reaction products can act as alkylating agents of DNA were investigated. To approach in vivo conditions for the two-step mechanism (nitrosation and alkylation), nitrosation reactions were carried out in aqueous acid conditions (mimicking the conditions of the stomach lumen) while the alkylating potential of the nitrosation products was investigated at neutral pH, as in the stomach lining cells into which such products can diffuse. These conclusions were drawn: (i) The alkylating species resulting from the nitrosation of amino acids with an -NH(2) group are the corresponding lactones; (ii) the sequence of alkylating power is: alpha-lactones > beta-lactones > gamma-lactones, coming respectively from the nitrosation of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-amino acids; and (iii) the results obtained may be useful in predicting the mutagenic effectiveness of the nitrosation products of amino acids.
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Rundlöf T, Olsson E, Wiernik A, Back S, Aune M, Johansson L, Wahlberg I. Potential nitrite scavengers as inhibitors of the formation of N-nitrosamines in solution and tobacco matrix systems. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2000; 48:4381-8. [PMID: 10995367 DOI: 10.1021/jf000147+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The ability of 20 compounds, all but one tobacco constituents, to inhibit the formation of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNA) was investigated in buffer and detergent solution and in tobacco midrib and lamina systems. In solution at pH 5.5, ascorbic acid and the phenolic acids caffeic and ferulic acid were the most potent inhibitors of the reaction between nornicotine and nitrite, with nearly complete inhibition at molar ratios test compound/nitrite > 1:1. Also, cysteine > dihydrocaffeic acid > protocatechuic acid approximately catechin acted as strong inhibitors with >90% inhibition at a ratio of 3:1. Lower inhibitions were observed with chlorogenic acid > p-coumaric acid > sclareol > serine. Rutin showed an inhibition of 34% at a ratio of 0.1:1. Sclareol, alanine, proline, and serine did not significantly affect the N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) formation. alpha-Tocopherol and glutathione enhanced NNN formation at pH 5.5 but were inhibitors at pH 3. Cinnamic acid, vanillic acid, eugenol, and esculin enhanced NNN formation. Increased NNN formation was also observed for dihydrocaffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid, and catechin at a less-than-equimolar ratio of test compound to nitrite. The tobacco matrix experiments were performed with air-cured, ground tobacco midrib and lamina. Caffeic acid, ferulic acid, dihydrocaffeic acid and catechin were potent inhibitors of the formation of TSNA in the midrib as well as in the lamina. Also protocatechuic acid, glutathione, ascorbic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid and cysteine were inhibitors, while alpha-tocopherol and rutin inhibited the reaction in the midrib but not in the lamina. Cinnamic acid, vanillic acid, eugenol, alanine, proline and serine showed small effects only. The molar ratio of secondary alkaloid(s)/nitrite in the test systems were 0.1:1 (solution), approximately 0.25:1 (midrib), and approximately 1:1 (lamina) and is most likely the major contributor to the observed order of inhibition potency (solution > midrib > lamina) of the test compounds. The vicinal phenolic hydroxyl groups of polyphenols and the simultaneous presence of a phenol group and an olefinic bond in hydroxycinnamic acids were the most characteristic structural elements of the potent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rundlöf
- Research & Analysis, Swedish Match, SE-118 85 Stockholm, Sweden
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Goldstein S, Czapski G, Lind J, Merényi G. Tyrosine nitration by simultaneous generation of (.)NO and O-(2) under physiological conditions. How the radicals do the job. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:3031-6. [PMID: 10652282 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.5.3031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation chemical experiments demonstrate that the reaction of tyrosyl radical (TyrO(.)) with (.)NO(2) yields 45 +/- 3% 3-nitrotyrosine and that a major product of the reaction of TyrO(.) with (.)NO is 3,3'-dityrosine. Radiolysis was used to generate (.)NO and O-(2) in the presence of tyrosine and bicarbonate at pH 7.5 +/- 0.1. The nitration yield was found to be dose rate-dependent, and the yield per radical produced by pulse radiolysis was identical to that obtained with authentic peroxynitrite. The proposed mechanism that accounts for the data is as follows: (i) In the presence of CO(2) the reaction of (.)NO with O-(2) yields 33% (.)NO(2) and CO-(3), where the latter reacts rapidly with tyrosine to form TyrO(.); (ii) The formation of 3-nitrotyrosine takes place via the reaction of (.)NO(2) with TyrO(.), which is the main process at high dose rates; and (iii) Under continuous generation of (.)NO and O-(2), the formation of 3-nitrotyrosine is strongly suppressed because of efficient scavenging of (.)NO(2) by tyrosine. The proposed model shows that the highest nitration yield is obtained for similar fluxes of (.)NO and O-(2) and is completely inhibited upon excess production of O-(2) because of efficient scavenging of TyrO(.) by O-(2). The biological implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Goldstein
- Department of Physical Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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