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Identification of Novel Dopamine D2 Receptor Ligands—A Combined In Silico/In Vitro Approach. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144435. [PMID: 35889317 PMCID: PMC9318694 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases of the central nervous system are an alarming global problem showing an increasing prevalence. Dopamine receptor D2 (D2R) has been shown to be involved in central nervous system diseases. While different D2R-targeting drugs have been approved by the FDA, they all suffer from major drawbacks due to promiscuous receptor activity leading to adverse effects. Increasing the number of potential D2R-targeting drug candidates bears the possibility of discovering molecules with less severe side-effect profiles. In dire need of novel D2R ligands for drug development, combined in silico/in vitro approaches have been shown to be efficient strategies. In this study, in silico pharmacophore models were generated utilizing both ligand- and structure-based approaches. Subsequently, different databases were screened for novel D2R ligands. Selected virtual hits were investigated in vitro, quantifying their binding affinity towards D2R. This workflow successfully identified six novel D2R ligands exerting micro- to nanomolar (most active compound KI = 4.1 nM) activities. Thus, the four pharmacophore models showed prospective true-positive hit rates in between 4.5% and 12%. The developed workflow and identified ligands could aid in developing novel drug candidates for D2R-associated pathologies.
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2
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Yera ER, Cleves AE, Jain AN. Chemical structural novelty: on-targets and off-targets. J Med Chem 2011; 54:6771-85. [PMID: 21916467 DOI: 10.1021/jm200666a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Drug structures may be quantitatively compared based on 2D topological structural considerations and based on 3D characteristics directly related to binding. A framework for combining multiple similarity computations is presented along with its systematic application to 358 drugs with overlapping pharmacology. Given a new molecule along with a set of molecules sharing some biological effect, a single score based on comparison to the known set is produced, reflecting either 2D similarity, 3D similarity, or their combination. For prediction of primary targets, the benefit of 3D over 2D was relatively small, but for prediction of off-targets, the added benefit was large. In addition to assessing prediction, the relationship between chemical similarity and pharmacological novelty was studied. Drug pairs that shared high 3D similarity but low 2D similarity (i.e., a novel scaffold) were shown to be much more likely to exhibit pharmacologically relevant differences in terms of specific protein target modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel R Yera
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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Heidbreder CA, Gardner EL, Xi ZX, Thanos PK, Mugnaini M, Hagan JJ, Ashby CR. The role of central dopamine D3 receptors in drug addiction: a review of pharmacological evidence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 49:77-105. [PMID: 15960988 PMCID: PMC3732040 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2004] [Revised: 10/21/2004] [Accepted: 12/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The cDNA for the dopamine D3 receptor was isolated and characterized in 1990. Subsequent studies have indicated that D3 receptors, as well as D3 receptor mRNA, are primarily localized in limbic regions in mammals. This finding led to the postulate that D3 receptors may be involved in drug dependence and addiction. However, this hypothesis has been difficult to test due to the lack of compounds with high selectivity for central D3 receptors. The interpretation of results from studies using mixed D2/D3 agonists and/or antagonists is problematic because these agents have low selectivity for D3 over D2 receptors and it is likely that their actions are primarily related to D2 receptor antagonism and possibly interaction with other neurotransmitter receptors. Currently, with the synthesis and characterization of new highly selective D3 receptor antagonists such as SB-277011-A this difficulty has been surmounted. The purpose of the present article is to review, for the first time, the effects of various putative D3 receptor selective compounds in animal models of drug dependence and addiction. The results obtained with highly selective D3 receptor antagonists such as SB-277011-A, SB-414796, and NGB-2904 indicate that central D3 receptors may play an important role in drug-induced reward, drug-taking, and cue-, drug-, and stress-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior. Provided these results can be extrapolated to human drug addicts, they suggest that selective DA D3 receptor antagonists may prove effective as potential pharmacotherapeutic agents to manage drug dependence and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A. Heidbreder
- Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery in Psychiatry, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Eliot L. Gardner
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland 21224-6823, USA
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland 21224-6823, USA
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000, USA
| | - Manolo Mugnaini
- Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery in Psychiatry, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Jim J. Hagan
- Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery in Psychiatry, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Charles R. Ashby
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Saint John’s University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Jamaica, NY 11439-0001, USA
- Corresponding author. Fax: +1 718 990 1877. (C.R. Ashby)
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Affiliation(s)
- L Williams
- Primate Research Laboratory, Department of Comparative Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, USA
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Discovery and preclinical evaluation of novel dopamine partial agonists as antipsychotic agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1067-5698(00)80005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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6
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Zhao Z, Mabic S, Kuttab S, Franot C, Castagnoli K, Castagnoli N. Rat liver microsomal enzyme catalyzed oxidation of 1-cyclopropyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Bioorg Med Chem 1998; 6:2531-9. [PMID: 9925309 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(98)80027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
NADPH supplemented rat liver microsomal enzyme preparations catalyze the conversion of 1-cyclopropyl4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine to the p-hydroxyphenyl (low yield), descyclopropyl (high yield) and 2,3-dihydropyridinium and, subsequently, pyridinium (intermediary yield) metabolites. When the methine proton of the cyclopropyl group was replaced with a deuteron, a normal deuterium isotope effect (1.4) was observed on the formation of the decyclopropylated metabolite and an inverse isotope effect (0.6) on the dihydropyridinium metabolite. A larger deuterium isotope effect (3.6) was observed on the ring alpha-carbon oxidation pathway with the 2,2,6,6-d4 analogue as substrate. These results and the observation that the ratios of the rates of these two alpha-carbon oxidation pathways are independent of initial substrate concentrations suggest that both pathways are catalyzed by the same active site of one form of P450. These transformations are discussed in terms of metabolic pathways that have been proposed for the cytochrome P450 catalyzed alpha-carbon oxidation of amines.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/analogs & derivatives
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/chemistry
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/pharmacokinetics
- Animals
- Biotransformation
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism
- Deuterium
- Kinetics
- Male
- Microsomes, Liver/enzymology
- Models, Chemical
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Conformation
- Molecular Structure
- NADP/metabolism
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Radioisotope Dilution Technique
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Substrate Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhao
- Drug Metabolism Research, Pharmacia and Upjohn, Inc., Kalamazoo, MI 49001-0199, USA
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Feng MR, Atherton J, Knoll S, Strenkoski CA, Wright DS. Determination of two CI-1007 sulfate metabolites in monkey plasma and urine. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 693:159-66. [PMID: 9200530 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00015-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Two HPLC assays were developed and validated for simultaneous quantitation of two sulfate metabolites, PD 163637 (VI) and PD 163639 (VIII), of an investigational antipsychotic drug CI-1007 (I) in monkey plasma and urine. VI and VIII were identified as major metabolites in monkey plasma, and both were excreted in urine. Monkey plasma samples were directly injected after deproteinization, and urine samples were analyzed after a clean-up procedure using methyl-tert.-butyl ether. Liquid chromatographic separation was achieved on a Zorbax RX C8 analytical column using gradient elution. Column effluent was monitored using fluorescence detection with excitation and emission wavelengths of 254 and 330 nm, respectively. Minimum quantitation limit was 50 ng/ml in plasma and 100 ng/ml in urine. Linearity was demonstrated up to 3000 ng/ml in plasma and urine. Recoveries of the analytes from plasma and urine were greater than 85%. The assay has been applied to the determination of VI and VIII in plasma and urine samples from monkeys receiving oral administration of I.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/analogs & derivatives
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/analysis
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/blood
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/urine
- Animals
- Antipsychotic Agents/analysis
- Antipsychotic Agents/blood
- Antipsychotic Agents/urine
- Benzenesulfonates/analysis
- Benzenesulfonates/blood
- Benzenesulfonates/urine
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Drug Stability
- Haplorhini
- Pyridines/analysis
- Pyridines/blood
- Pyridines/urine
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Spectrometry, Fluorescence
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Feng
- Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Division of Warner-Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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Mabic S, Castagnoli N. Assessment of structural requirements for the monoamine oxidase-B-catalyzed oxidation of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine derivatives related to the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. J Med Chem 1996; 39:3694-700. [PMID: 8809158 DOI: 10.1021/jm9603882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) substrate properties and distance measurements along the N1-C4 axis of 38 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine derivatives, including seven newly synthesized MPTP analogs, were used to define the maximum size that can be accommodated by the MAO-B active site. Only those compounds measuring less than 12 A displayed significant MAO-B substrate properties. The behavior of various 4-substituted-1-cyclopropyltetrahydropyridine analogs also is discussed in terms of this N1-C4 distance parameter in an effort to understand factors which contribute to their substrate vs inactivator properties. We conclude that this distance parameter will predict the majority of substrates vs nonsubstrates with this class of compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mabic
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061, USA
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