1
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Wu D, Zhang T, Chen Y, Huang Y, Geng H, Yu Y, Zhang C, Lai Z, Wu Y, Guo X, Chen J, Luo HB. Discovery and Optimization of Chromeno[2,3-c]pyrrol-9(2H)-ones as Novel Selective and Orally Bioavailable Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6622-6637. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deyan Wu
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Tianhua Zhang
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yiping Chen
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yadan Huang
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Haiju Geng
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yanfa Yu
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zengwei Lai
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yinuo Wu
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Guo
- Infinitus (China) Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Jianwen Chen
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Bin Luo
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of High Performance Computing, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
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2
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Radwan AA. Pharmacophore elucidation and molecular docking studies on phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors. Bioinformation 2015; 11:63-6. [PMID: 25848165 PMCID: PMC4369680 DOI: 10.6026/97320630011063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
cGMP-binding cGMP-specific PDE, PDE5 plays a key role in the hydrolysis of cyclic guanidine monophosphate. Because cGMP mediates vascular functions, a PDE5 inhibitor that elevates cGMP level is an attractive means for vasodilatation and treatment of erectile dysfunction. In this paper we report the elucidation of the common pharmacophore hypothesis of different classes of PDE5 inhibitors. Using LigandScout program, pharmacophore modelling studies were performed on prior reported potent PDE5 inhibitors with a variety of scaffolds in order to identify one common set of critical chemical features of these PDE5 inhibitors 1-52. The best pharmacophore model, model-1, characterized by four chemical features: one aromatic ring, one hydrophobe, one hydrogen acceptors and one hydrogen donor. Using Dock6 program, docking studies were performed in order to investigate the mode of binding of these compounds. The molecular docking study allowed confirming the preferential binding mode of different classes of PDE5 inhibitors inside the active site. The obtained binding mode was as same as that of vardenafil, X-ray ligand with different orientation with varied PDE5 inhibitors׳ scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awwad Abdoh Radwan
- King Saud University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia ; Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
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3
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Wang G, Liu Z, Chen T, Wang Z, Yang H, Zheng M, Ren J, Tian G, Yang X, Li L, Li J, Suo J, Zhang R, Jiang X, Terrett NK, Shen J, Xu Y, Jiang H. Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of Monocyclic Pyrimidinones as Novel Inhibitors of PDE5. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10540-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301159y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Vitargeta Therapeutics Inc.,
Plainsboro, New Jersey 08536, United States
| | - Tiantian Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Huaiyu Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Guanghui Tian
- Vitargeta Therapeutics Inc.,
Plainsboro, New Jersey 08536, United States
| | - Xiaojun Yang
- Vitargeta Therapeutics Inc.,
Plainsboro, New Jersey 08536, United States
| | - Li Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jin Suo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rongxia Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiangrui Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | | | - Jingshan Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yechun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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4
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Barandun LJ, Immekus F, Kohler PC, Tonazzi S, Wagner B, Wendelspiess S, Ritschel T, Heine A, Kansy M, Klebe G, Diederich F. From lin-benzoguanines to lin-benzohypoxanthines as ligands for Zymomonas mobilis tRNA-guanine transglycosylase: replacement of protein-ligand hydrogen bonding by importing water clusters. Chemistry 2012; 18:9246-57. [PMID: 22736391 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The foodborne illness shigellosis is caused by Shigella bacteria that secrete the highly cytotoxic Shiga toxin, which is also formed by the closely related enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). It has been shown that tRNA-guanine transglycosylase (TGT) is essential for the pathogenicity of Shigella flexneri. Herein, the molecular recognition properties of a guanine binding pocket in Zymomonas mobilis TGT are investigated with a series of lin-benzohypoxanthine- and lin-benzoguanine-based inhibitors that bear substituents to occupy either the ribose-33 or the ribose-34 pocket. The three inhibitor scaffolds differ by the substituent at C(6) being H, NH(2), or NH-alkyl. These differences lead to major changes in the inhibition constants, pK(a) values, and binding modes. Compared to the lin-benzoguanines, with an exocyclic NH(2) at C(6), the lin-benzohypoxanthines without an exocyclic NH(2) group have a weaker affinity as several ionic protein-ligand hydrogen bonds are lost. X-ray cocrystal structure analysis reveals that a new water cluster is imported into the space vacated by the lacking NH(2) group and by a conformational shift of the side chain of catalytic Asp102. In the presence of an N-alkyl group at C(6) in lin-benzoguanine ligands, this water cluster is largely maintained but replacement of one of the water molecules in the cluster leads to a substantial loss in binding affinity. This study provides new insight into the role of water clusters at enzyme active sites and their challenging substitution by ligand parts, a topic of general interest in contemporary structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzi Jakob Barandun
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Hönggerberg, HCI, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Liwosz TW, Chemler SR. Copper-catalyzed enantioselective intramolecular alkene amination/intermolecular Heck-type coupling cascade. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:2020-3. [PMID: 22257169 DOI: 10.1021/ja211272v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Enantioselective copper-catalyzed cyclization of γ-alkenylsulfonamides and a δ-alkenylsulfonamide in the presence of a range of vinyl arenes results in variously functionalized 2-substituted chiral nitrogen heterocycles via a formal alkene C-H functionalization process. Application of this reaction to the concise synthesis of a 5-HT(7) receptor antagonist is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Liwosz
- Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
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Hao Y, Xu XP, Chen T, Zhao LL, Ji SJ. Multicomponent approaches to 8-carboxylnaphthyl-functionalized pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:724-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06624b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Combined ligand based pharmacophore modeling, virtual screening methods to identify critical chemical features of novel potential inhibitors for phosphodiesterase-5. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Synthesis and cAMP-dependent phosphodiesterase inhibition of novel thiazoloquinazoline derivatives. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2011; 61:103-13. [PMID: 21406348 DOI: 10.2478/v10007-011-0009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The series of 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-5-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(4'-substituted benzylidine)thiazolo(2,3-b)quinazolin-3(2H)-ones (4a-j) and 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-5-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(4'-substituted benzylidine)-3-(4-nitrophenyl amino)thiazoloquinazolines (5a-j) were synthesized by the reported method and evaluated for their phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity. All test compounds exhibited good activity. The structure-activity relationships were also studied. In both series of compounds, electron-withdrawing substitutions showed higher activity. Among the tested compounds, 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-5-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(4'-fluorobenzylidine)-3-(4-nitrophenylamino)thiazoloquinazoline (5e), 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-5-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(4'-nitrobenzylidine)-3-(4-nitrophenylamino)thiazoloquinazoline (5j) and 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-5-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(4'-chlorobenzylidine)-3-(4-nitrophenylamino)thiazoloquinazoline (5f) were found to be more potent than theophylline (IC50 in mmol L-1 of 1.34 ± 0.09 for 5f, 1.44 ± 0.02 for 5e, 1.52 ± 0.05 for 5jvs. 1.72 ± 0.09 for theophylline).
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9
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Kim YH, Choi H, Lee J, Hwang IC, Moon SK, Kim SJ, Lee HW, Im DS, Lee SS, Ahn SK, Kim SW, Han CK, Yoon JH, Lee KJ, Choi NS. Quinazolines as potent and highly selective PDE5 inhibitors as potential therapeutics for male erectile dysfunction. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:6279-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.09.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 09/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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cAMP-dependent phosphodiesterase inhibition and SAR studies on novel 6,8-disubstituted 2-phenyl-3-(substituted benzothiazole-2-yl)-4[3H]-quinazolinone. Med Chem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-008-9125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Pandey J, Mishra M, Bisht SS, Sharma A, Tripathi RP. An efficient chemoselective etherification of phenols in polyfunctional aromatic compounds. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.11.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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13
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Tian GH, Xia GX, Jin WX, Chen XJ, Lai SA, Wei YB, Ji RY, Shen JS. Synthesis and Evaluation of PDE5 Inhibitory Activity of Novel Pyrido[2′,1′:5,1]pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one Derivatives. CHINESE J CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200790048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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14
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Guo W, Li J, Fan N, Wu W, Zhou P, Xia C. A Simple and Effective Method for Chemoselective Esterification of Phenolic Acids. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-200046532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanxi University , Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Junfei Li
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanxi University , Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Ningjuan Fan
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanxi University , Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Weiwei Wu
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanxi University , Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Peiwen Zhou
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanxi University , Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Chizhong Xia
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanxi University , Taiyuan, 030006, China
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15
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Hsu NM, Li WR. Accelerated Discovery of Red-Phosphorescent Emitters through Combinatorial Organometallic Synthesis and Screening. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200600004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Hsu NM, Li WR. Accelerated Discovery of Red-Phosphorescent Emitters through Combinatorial Organometallic Synthesis and Screening. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:4138-42. [PMID: 16733836 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200600004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Mu Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano Science and Technology, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan 32054, Taiwan
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17
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Pissarnitski D. Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE 5) inhibitors for the treatment of male erectile disorder: Attaining selectivity versus PDE6. Med Res Rev 2006; 26:369-95. [PMID: 16388517 DOI: 10.1002/med.20053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The role of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) in the mechanism of male erection has been well understood, and several drugs inhibiting this enzyme are being used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). Discovery of inhibitors with improved selectivity versus other PDE isozymes could lead to drugs with improved safety profile. Achievement of selectivity versus PDE6, co-inhibition of which results in disturbances of color perception, remains the most challenging aspect of current drug discovery programs. The present review describes several case studies, where significant (>100 fold) selectivity versus PDE6 has been attained via investigation of structure-activity relationships (SAR). Special attention is given to the chemical routes leading to novel chemotypes and allowing efficient exploration of their SAR's. Strategies for attaining inhibitor selectivity discussed below may be applicable for other drug discovery programs.
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18
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Xia G, Li J, Peng A, Lai S, Zhang S, Shen J, Liu Z, Chen X, Ji R. Synthesis and phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitory activity of novel pyrido[1,2-e]purin-4(3H)-one derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2790-4. [PMID: 15878277 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.03.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2004] [Revised: 03/25/2005] [Accepted: 03/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and primary SAR of a novel series of 2-phenylpyrido[1,2-e]purin-4(3H)-one derivatives with piperazinyl sulfonamide substituents were described herein. As potential PDE5 inhibitors for erectile dysfunction (ED) treatment, representative compounds exhibit improved selectivity versus PDE1 and PDE6. Meanwhile, compound 3e demonstrated functional efficacy on rabbit corpus cavernosum strip in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxin Xia
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai
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19
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Pissarnitski DA, Asberom T, Boyle CD, Chackalamannil S, Chintala M, Clader JW, Greenlee WJ, Hu Y, Kurowski S, Myers J, Palamanda J, Stamford AW, Vemulapalli S, Wang Y, Wang P, Wu P, Xu R. SAR development of polycyclic guanine derivatives targeted to the discovery of a selective PDE5 inhibitor for treatment of erectile dysfunction. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1291-4. [PMID: 14980684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2003] [Revised: 12/03/2003] [Accepted: 12/06/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Development of structure-activity relationship of cyclic guanines I lead us to discovery of a potent and selective series of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors 52-59 (IC50=1.3-11.0 nM, PDE6/5=116-600).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri A Pissarnitski
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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20
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Bi Y, Stoy P, Adam L, He B, Krupinski J, Normandin D, Pongrac R, Seliger L, Watson A, Macor JE. Quinolines as extremely potent and selective PDE5 inhibitors as potential agents for treatment of erectile dysfunction. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1577-80. [PMID: 15006407 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.12.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2003] [Accepted: 12/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In a continuing effort to discover novel chemotypes as potent and selective PDE5 inhibitors for the treatment of male erectile dysfunction (ED), we have found that 4-benzylaminoquinoline derivatives are very potent and selective PDE5 inhibitors. Some compounds in this series had PDE5 IC(50)'s as low as 50 pM. While an electron withdrawing group at the C6-position of the quinoline substantially improved PDE5 potency, an ethyl group at the C8-position not only improved the PDE5 potency but also the isozyme selectivity. Substitutents at the C3-position can incorporate a variety of different groups. The synthesis and primary structure-activity relationship of this new series of potent PDE5 inhibitors are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhi Bi
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, PO Box 5400, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA.
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21
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Gareau Y, Pellicelli J, Laliberté S, Gauvreau D. Oxidation of aromatic and aliphatic triisopropylsilanylsulfanyls to sulfonyl chlorides: preparation of sulfonamides. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2003.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Uckert S, Stief CG, Jonas U. Current and future trends in the oral pharmacotherapy of male erectile dysfunction. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2003; 12:1521-33. [PMID: 12943496 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.12.9.1521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The promising clinical data on the use of the first orally active phosphodiesterase inhibitor sildenafil citrate (Viagra) for treatment of male erectile dysfunction have been accompanied by an increase in research activities on the physiology of the male erectile mechanism. This included both peripheral intracellular signal transduction in the corpus cavernosum as well as central brain and spinal cord pathways that control penile erection. This work provided the basis for the development and introduction of several new therapeutic modalities into the management of erectile dysfunction that is now offered to the patients. Since the concept of 'taking a pill' as a cure for an illness or the relief of symptoms of a disease has become widely accepted by consumers, the pharmacological treatment of erectile dysfunction has primarily focused on selective, orally available drugs that act via influencing intracellular or central regulatory mechanisms, combining a high response rate and the advantage of an 'on-demand' intake. These agents are regarded as more efficacious, have a faster onset of drug action in the target tissue and an improved effect-to-side effect ratio than sildenafil. The purpose of this review is to describe the major novel and evolving pharmacological advances in the field of oral pharmacotherapy for the treatment of male erectile dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Uckert
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Urology, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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23
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Haning H, Niewöhner U, Bischoff E. Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2003; 41:249-306. [PMID: 12774696 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(02)41007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Haning
- BAYER AG Pharmaceutical Business Group, Medicinal Chemistry, D-42096 Wuppertal, Germany
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24
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Bräse S, Gil C, Knepper K. The recent impact of solid-phase synthesis on medicinally relevant benzoannelated nitrogen heterocycles. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:2415-37. [PMID: 12057632 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Benzoannelated heterocycles such as benzodiazepines and indoles can be prepared efficiently through cyclization on solid supports, although no single approach is currently universal for the preparation of all benzoannelated N-heterocycle chemistries. In this review, a number of synthetic strategies for the generation of benzoannelated nitrogen heterocycles using resin-bound substrates have been described. Classical heterocycle forming reactions such as the Fischer indole, the Bischler-Napieralski tetrahydroisoquinoline, the Pictet-Spengler tetrahydro-beta-carboline, the Tsuge, the Nenitzescu and the Richter cinnoline reaction are presented. In addition, the Heck, Sonogashira, Wittig, Diels-Alder, and olefin metathesis reactions have been also used. Multicomponent reactions such as the Grieco three-component assembly have been exploited for the synthesis of heterocycles. Cyclative cleavage from the solid support is particularly suitable for the synthesis of heterocycles while particular emphasis has been focused on the synthesis of libraries and the use of combinatorial chemistry techniques. In addition, the most relevant pharmacological properties of benzoannelated nitrogen heterocycles are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bräse
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
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25
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Chapter 6. Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(02)37007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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