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Ren X, Zhu L, Yu Y, Wang ZX, Huang X. Understanding the Chemoselectivity in Palladium-Catalyzed Three-Component Reaction of o-Bromobenzaldehyde, N-Tosylhydrazone, and Methanol. Org Lett 2020; 22:3251-3257. [PMID: 32227902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To understand the ligand-controlled palladium-catalyzed coupling of o-bromobenzaldehyde, N-tosylhydrazone, and methanol to give methyl 2-benzylbenzoic ester or methyl ether, we herein investigated the mechanisms which account for how C-C and C-O bonds are formed and why bidentate dppf/dppb ligands afford ester, whereas P(o-tolyl)3 ligand gives ether. The ester chemoselectivity of the bidentate ligands is attributed to the strong electron-donating effect that disfavors the C,Br-reductive elimination of the coupling intermediate of o-bromobenzaldehyde and N-tosylhydrazone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Ren
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yinghua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xueliang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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Zhu L, Ren X, Yu Y, Ou P, Wang ZX, Huang X. Palladium-Catalyzed Three-Component Coupling Reaction of o-Bromobenzaldehyde, N-Tosylhydrazone, and Methanol. Org Lett 2020; 22:2087-2092. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xiaojian Ren
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yinghua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Pengcheng Ou
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xueliang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Direct stimulation of angiotensin II type 2 receptor reduces nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide treated mouse macrophages. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 868:172855. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Emerging therapies in clinical development and new contributions for neuropathic pain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 66:324-334. [PMID: 31010688 DOI: 10.1016/j.redar.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is very challenging to manage because of the heterogeneity of aetiologies, symptoms, and underlying mechanisms. Conventional oral therapies have been limited by negative factors such as systemic side effects, drug-drug interactions, slow onset of action, the need for titration, multiple daily dosing, as well as the potential risk of addiction, dependence, withdrawal symptoms and abuse. Therefore, new therapeutic perspectives are justified. New drugs that act on different therapeutic targets are currently in preclinical development or in their first phases of clinical development. In this review, focus will be directed specifically on new pharmacological treatments for neuropathic pain for which clinical data are already available, including older and known drugs with new data on their anti-neuropathic activity.
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Saavedra JM, Armando I. Angiotensin II AT2 Receptors Contribute to Regulate the Sympathoadrenal and Hormonal Reaction to Stress Stimuli. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 38:85-108. [PMID: 28884431 PMCID: PMC6668356 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0533-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II, through AT1 receptor stimulation, mediates multiple cardiovascular, metabolic, and behavioral functions including the response to stressors. Conversely, the function of Angiotensin II AT2 receptors has not been totally clarified. In adult rodents, AT2 receptor distribution is very limited but it is particularly high in the adrenal medulla. Recent results strongly indicate that AT2 receptors contribute to the regulation of the response to stress stimuli. This occurs in association with AT1 receptors, both receptor types reciprocally influencing their expression and therefore their function. AT2 receptors appear to influence the response to many types of stressors and in all components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The molecular mechanisms involved in AT2 receptor activation, the complex interactions with AT1 receptors, and additional factors participating in the control of AT2 receptor regulation and activity in response to stressors are only partially understood. Further research is necessary to close this knowledge gap and to clarify whether AT2 receptor activation may carry the potential of a major translational advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Saavedra
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Road, Bldg. D, Room 287, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.
| | - I Armando
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ross Hall Suite 738 2300 Eye Street, Washington, DC, USA
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Singjunla Y, Baudoux J, Rouden J. Straightforward and Stereoselective Synthesis of α,β-Diamino Acid Derivatives by Means of an Organocatalyzed Decarboxylative Mannich Reaction. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuttapong Singjunla
- Normandie Univ.; LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS; 6 Boulevard du Maréchal Juin 14000 Caen France
| | - Jérôme Baudoux
- Normandie Univ.; LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS; 6 Boulevard du Maréchal Juin 14000 Caen France
| | - Jacques Rouden
- Normandie Univ.; LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS; 6 Boulevard du Maréchal Juin 14000 Caen France
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Abstract
Although angiotensin II subtype-2 receptor (AT2R) was discovered over 2 decades ago, its contribution to physiology and pathophysiology is not fully elucidated. Current knowledge suggests that under normal physiologic conditions, AT2R counterbalances the effects of angiotensin II subtype-1 receptor (AT1R). A major obstacle for AT2R investigations was the lack of specific agonists. Most of the earlier AT2R studies were performed using the peptidic agonist, CG42112A, or the nonpeptidic antagonist PD123319. CGP42112A is nonspecific for AT2R and in higher concentrations can bind to AT1R. Recently, the development of specific nonpeptidic AT2R agonists boosted the efforts in identifying the therapeutic potentials for AT2R stimulation. Unlike AT1R, AT2R is involved in vasodilation by the release of bradykinin and nitric oxide, anti-inflammation, and healing from injury. Interestingly, the vasodilatory effects of AT2R stimulation were not associated with significant reduction in blood pressure. In the kidney, AT2R stimulation produced natriuresis, increased renal blood flow, and reduced tissue inflammation. In animal studies, enhanced AT2R function led to reduction of cardiac inflammation and fibrosis, and reduced the size of the infarcted area. Similarly, AT2R stimulation demonstrated protective effects in vasculature and brain.
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Kotha S, Deodhar D, Khedkar P. Diversity-oriented synthesis of medicinally important 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (Tic) derivatives and higher analogs. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 12:9054-91. [PMID: 25299735 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01446d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (Tic) is a constrained analog of phenylalanine (Phe). The Tic unit has been identified as a core structural element present in several peptide-based drugs and forms an integral part of various biologically active compounds. This report covers the biological significance of the Tic core and provides a detailed account of various synthetic approaches available for the construction of Tic derivatives. Along with the traditional methods such as the Pictet-Spengler and Bischler-Nepieralski reactions, we cover various recent approaches such as enyne metathesis, [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition and the Diels-Alder reaction to generate Tic derivatives. In addition, syntheses of higher analogs of Tic are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambasivarao Kotha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai, Mumbai - 400 076, India.
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Rice ASC, Dworkin RH, McCarthy TD, Anand P, Bountra C, McCloud PI, Hill J, Cutter G, Kitson G, Desem N, Raff M. EMA401, an orally administered highly selective angiotensin II type 2 receptor antagonist, as a novel treatment for postherpetic neuralgia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 clinical trial. Lancet 2014; 383:1637-1647. [PMID: 24507377 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62337-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing treatments for postherpetic neuralgia, and for neuropathic pain in general, are limited by modest efficacy and unfavourable side-effects. The angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R) is a new target for neuropathic pain. EMA401, a highly selective AT2R antagonist, is under development as a novel neuropathic pain therapeutic agent. We assessed the therapeutic potential of EMA401 in patients with postherpetic neuralgia. METHODS In this multicentre, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised, phase 2 clinical trial, we enrolled patients (aged 22-89 years) with postherpetic neuralgia of at least 6 months' duration from 29 centres across six countries. We randomly allocated 183 participants to receive either oral EMA401 (100 mg twice daily) or placebo for 28 days. Randomisation was done according to a centralised randomisation schedule, blocked by study site, which was generated by an independent, unmasked statistician. Patients and staff at each site were masked to treatment assignment. We assessed the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of EMA401. The primary efficacy endpoint was change in mean pain intensity between baseline and the last week of dosing (days 22-28), measured on an 11-point numerical rating scale. The primary efficacy analysis was intention to treat. This trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, number ACTRN12611000822987. FINDINGS 92 patients were assigned to EMA401 and 91 were assigned to placebo. The patients given EMA401 reported significantly less pain compared with baseline values in the final week of treatment than did those given placebo (mean reductions in pain scores -2.29 [SD 1.75] vs -1.60 [1.66]; difference of adjusted least square means -0.69 [SE 0.25]; 95% CI -1.19 to -0.20; p=0.0066). No serious adverse events related to EMA401 occurred. Overall, 32 patients reported 56 treatment-emergent adverse events in the EMA401 group compared with 45 such events reported by 29 patients given placebo. INTERPRETATION EMA401 (100 mg twice daily) provides superior relief of postherpetic neuralgia compared with placebo at the end of 28 days of treatment. EMA401 was well tolerated by patients. FUNDING Spinifex Pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S C Rice
- Pain Research, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Robert H Dworkin
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Praveen Anand
- Peripheral Neuropathy Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Chas Bountra
- Structural Genomics Consortium and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Julie Hill
- McCloud Consulting Group, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gary Cutter
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Pythagoras, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Geoff Kitson
- Spinifex Pharmaceuticals, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nuket Desem
- Spinifex Pharmaceuticals, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Milton Raff
- Christiaan Barnard Memorial Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Anaesthesia, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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Murigi FN, Nichol GS, Mash EA. Synthesis of the Conformationally Constrained Tyrosine Analogues, (R)- and (S)-5-Hydroxy-2-aminoindan-2-carboxylic Acids. J Org Chem 2010; 75:1293-6. [PMID: 20095557 DOI: 10.1021/jo902438s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francis N. Murigi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041
| | - Gary S. Nichol
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041
| | - Eugene A. Mash
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041
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Aulakh GK, Sodhi RK, Singh M. An update on non-peptide angiotensin receptor antagonists and related RAAS modulators. Life Sci 2007; 81:615-39. [PMID: 17692338 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS) is an important regulator of blood pressure and fluid-electrolyte homeostasis. RAAS has been implicated in pathogenesis of hypertension, congestive heart failure, and chronic renal failure. Aliskiren is the first non-peptide orally active renin inhibitor approved by FDA. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors are associated with frequent side effects such as cough and angio-oedema. Recently, the role of ACE2 and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) in the formation of an important active metabolite/mediator of RAAS, ang 1-7, has initiated attempts towards development of ACE2 inhibitors and combined ACE/NEP inhibitors. Furukawa and colleagues developed a series of low molecular weight nonpeptide imidazole analogues that possess weak but selective, competitive AT1 receptor blocking property. Till date, many compounds have exhibited promising AT1 blocking activity which cause a more complete RAAS blockade than ACE inhibitors. Many have reached the market for alternative treatment of hypertension, heart failure and diabetic nephropathy in ACE inhibitor intolerant patients and still more are waiting in the queue. But, the hallmark of this area of drug research is marked by a progress in understanding molecular interaction of these blockers at the AT1 receptor and unraveling the enigmatic influence of AT2 receptors on growth/anti-growth, differentiation and the regeneration of neuronal tissue. Different modeling strategies are underway to develop tailor made molecules with the best of properties like Dual Action (Angiotensin And Endothelin) Receptor Antagonists (DARA), ACE/NEP inhibitors, triple inhibitors, AT2 agonists, AT1/TxA2 antagonists, balanced AT1/AT2 antagonists, and nonpeptide renin inhibitors. This abstract gives an overview of these various angiotensin receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Aulakh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research, Punjabi University, India.
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Astley D, Saygı H, Gezer S, Astley ST. Uncatalysed coupling of an activated aryl chloride with aryllithium and aryl Grignard reagents. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Robertson
- Astra Charnwood, Loughborough, Leicestershire, England
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15
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Cyclic azomethines and their hydrogenated derivatives. (Review). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02290837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Synthesis of 6- or 7-substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acids. Int J Pept Res Ther 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02443634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Goutsouliak V, Rabkin SW. Comparison of angiotensin II type-1 and type-2 receptor antagonists on angiotensin II-induced IP3 generation in cardiomyocytes. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1998; 30:367-72. [PMID: 9510088 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-3623(97)00270-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
1. Angiotensin II (ang II) produced significant (P<0.01) increases of inositol 1,4,5-mono-, -di- and -triphosphates (IP1, IP2 and IP3) within 1 min of treatment of cardiomyocytes prepared as primary culture from 7-day-old chick embryo hearts. 2. The ang II receptor type 1 (AT1-R) antagonist losartan blocked ang II-stimulated production of IP3; however, the inhibition was not complete even at 10(-5) M. 3. The ang II receptor type 2 (AT2-R) antagonist PD123319 blocked ang II-induced IP3 production but to a lesser extent than losartan. At 10(-5) M, losartan reduced ang II-induced formation of IP3 by 71%, whereas PD123319 reduced IP3 formation by ang II by 40%. 4. Neither losartan nor PD123319, 10(-5) M, affected IP3 formation in cardiomyocytes that were not treated by ang II. 5. The combination of both antagonists, at concentrations that each partly reduced IP3, completely inhibited IP3 formation. Thus AT1 and AT2 receptor blockade may be necessary to completely block the effects of ang II mediated by the IP3 signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Goutsouliak
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Wexler RR, Greenlee WJ, Irvin JD, Goldberg MR, Prendergast K, Smith RD, Timmermans PB. Nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists: the next generation in antihypertensive therapy. J Med Chem 1996; 39:625-56. [PMID: 8576904 DOI: 10.1021/jm9504722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R R Wexler
- DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Company, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
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Nahmias C, Cazaubon SM, Sutren M, Masson M, Lazard D, Villageois P, Elbaz N, Strosberg AD. Molecular and functional characterization of angiotensin II AT2 receptor in neuroblastoma N1E-115 cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1996; 396:167-73. [PMID: 8726696 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1376-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Nahmias
- ICGM and CNRS UPR 0415 22, Paris, France
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Nahmias C, Strosberg AD. The angiotensin AT2 receptor: searching for signal-transduction pathways and physiological function. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1995; 16:223-5. [PMID: 7667895 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-6147(00)89030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Nahmias
- Laboratoire d'Immuno-Pharmacologie Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 0415, Paris, France
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Balanced angiotensin II receptor antagonists. II.1,2 4-aminomethyl- and acylaminomethylimidazoles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)80076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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