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Zell L, Bretl A, Temml V, Schuster D. Dopamine Receptor Ligand Selectivity-An In Silico/In Vitro Insight. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1468. [PMID: 37239139 PMCID: PMC10216180 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Different dopamine receptor (DR) subtypes are involved in pathophysiological conditions such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), schizophrenia and depression. While many DR-targeting drugs have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), only a very small number are truly selective for one of the DR subtypes. Additionally, most of them show promiscuous activity at related G-protein coupled receptors, thus suffering from diverse side-effect profiles. Multiple studies have shown that combined in silico/in vitro approaches are a valuable contribution to drug discovery processes. They can also be applied to divulge the mechanisms behind ligand selectivity. In this study, novel DR ligands were investigated in vitro to assess binding affinities at different DR subtypes. Thus, nine D2R/D3R-selective ligands (micro- to nanomolar binding affinities, D3R-selective profile) were successfully identified. The most promising ligand exerted nanomolar D3R activity (Ki = 2.3 nM) with 263.7-fold D2R/D3R selectivity. Subsequently, ligand selectivity was rationalized in silico based on ligand interaction with a secondary binding pocket, supporting the selectivity data determined in vitro. The developed workflow and identified ligands could aid in the further understanding of the structural motifs responsible for DR subtype selectivity, thus benefitting drug development in D2R/D3R-associated pathologies such as PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniela Schuster
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (L.Z.); (A.B.); (V.T.)
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2
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Juza R, Musilek K, Mezeiova E, Soukup O, Korabecny J. Recent advances in dopamine D 2 receptor ligands in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:55-211. [PMID: 36111795 DOI: 10.1002/med.21923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine is a biologically active amine synthesized in the central and peripheral nervous system. This biogenic monoamine acts by activating five types of dopamine receptors (D1-5 Rs), which belong to the G protein-coupled receptor family. Antagonists and partial agonists of D2 Rs are used to treat schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, depression, and anxiety. The typical pharmacophore with high D2 R affinity comprises four main areas, namely aromatic moiety, cyclic amine, central linker and aromatic/heteroaromatic lipophilic fragment. From the literature reviewed herein, we can conclude that 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl), 4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-, 4-(benzo[b]thiophen-4-yl)-1-substituted piperazine, and 4-(6-fluorobenzo[d]isoxazol-3-yl)piperidine moieties are critical for high D2 R affinity. Four to six atoms chains are optimal for D2 R affinity with 4-butoxyl as the most pronounced one. The bicyclic aromatic/heteroaromatic systems are most frequently occurring as lipophilic appendages to retain high D2 R affinity. In this review, we provide a thorough overview of the therapeutic potential of D2 R modulators in the treatment of the aforementioned disorders. In addition, this review summarizes current knowledge about these diseases, with a focus on the dopaminergic pathway underlying these pathologies. Major attention is paid to the structure, function, and pharmacology of novel D2 R ligands, which have been developed in the last decade (2010-2021), and belong to the 1,4-disubstituted aromatic cyclic amine group. Due to the abundance of data, allosteric D2 R ligands and D2 R modulators from patents are not discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radomir Juza
- Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Mezeiova
- Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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3
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Bock L, Schultheiß SK, Maschauer S, Lasch R, Gradl S, Prante O, Zard SZ, Heinrich MR. Synthesis of 2‐(Chlorodifluoromethyl)indoles for Nucleophilic Halogen Exchange with [
18
F]Fluoride. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Bock
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Stefanie K. Schultheiß
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Simone Maschauer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Schwabachanlage 12 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Roman Lasch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Susanne Gradl
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Olaf Prante
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Schwabachanlage 12 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Samir Z. Zard
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique associé au CNRS Ecole Polytechnique 91128 Palaiseau France
| | - Markus R. Heinrich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
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4
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Al-Khaldi A, Ghoneim AA, El-sherif MA, Elbargisy R, Ghanem HB, Zafar R. Construction, molecular docking, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of some novel 3-substitued indole derivatives using 3-Acetyl indole. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2021.101360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Giorgioni G, Del Bello F, Pavletić P, Quaglia W, Botticelli L, Cifani C, Micioni Di Bonaventura E, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Piergentili A. Recent findings leading to the discovery of selective dopamine D 4 receptor ligands for the treatment of widespread diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 212:113141. [PMID: 33422983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery, the dopamine D4 receptor (D4R) has been suggested to be an attractive target for the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases. Novel findings have renewed the interest in such a receptor as an emerging target for the management of different diseases, including cancer, Parkinson's disease, alcohol or substance use disorders, eating disorders, erectile dysfunction and cognitive deficits. The recently resolved crystal structures of D4R in complexes with the potent ligands nemonapride and L-745870 strongly improved the knowledge on the molecular mechanisms involving the D4R functions and may help medicinal chemists in drug design. This review is focused on the recent development of the subtype selective D4R ligands belonging to classical or new chemotypes. Moreover, ligands showing functional selectivity toward G protein activation or β-arrestin recruitment and the effects of selective D4R ligands on the above-mentioned diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfabio Giorgioni
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Fabio Del Bello
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy.
| | - Pegi Pavletić
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Wilma Quaglia
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy.
| | - Luca Botticelli
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna Delle Carceri 9, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna Delle Carceri 9, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessandro Piergentili
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
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6
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Pirzer AS, Lasch R, Friedrich H, Hübner H, Gmeiner P, Heinrich MR. Benzyl Phenylsemicarbazides: A Chemistry-Driven Approach Leading to G Protein-Biased Dopamine D4 Receptor Agonists with High Subtype Selectivity. J Med Chem 2019; 62:9658-9679. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna S. Pirzer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Roman Lasch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heike Friedrich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus R. Heinrich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Kügler F, Ermert J, Kaufholz P, Coenen HH. 4-[18F]Fluorophenylpiperazines by improved Hartwig-Buchwald N-arylation of 4-[18F]fluoroiodobenzene, formed via hypervalent λ3-iodane precursors: application to build-up of the dopamine D4 ligand [18F]FAUC 316. Molecules 2014; 20:470-86. [PMID: 25558857 PMCID: PMC6272738 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20010470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Substituted phenylpiperazines are often neuropharmacologically active compounds and in many cases are essential pharmacophores of neuroligands for different receptors such as D2-like dopaminergic, serotoninergic and other receptors. Nucleophilic, no-carrier-added (n.c.a.) 18F-labelling of these ligands in an aromatic position is desirable for studying receptors with in vivo molecular imaging. 1-(4-[18F]Fluorophenyl)piperazine was synthesized in two reaction steps starting by 18F-labelling of a iodobenzene-iodonium precursor, followed by Pd-catalyzed N-arylation of the intermediate 4-[18F]fluoro-iodobenzene. Different palladium catalysts and solvents were tested with particular attention to the polar solvents dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Weak inorganic bases like potassium phosphate or cesium carbonate seem to be essential for the arylation step and lead to conversation rates above 70% in DMF which is comparable to those in typically used toluene. In DMSO even quantitative conversation was observed. Overall radiochemical yields of up to 40% and 60% in DMF and DMSO, respectively, were reached depending on the labelling yield of the first step. The fluorophenylpiperazine obtained was coupled in a third reaction step with 2-formyl-1H-indole-5-carbonitrile to yield the highly selective dopamine D4 ligand [18F]FAUC 316.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Kügler
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-5: Nuclear Chemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Johannes Ermert
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-5: Nuclear Chemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Peter Kaufholz
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-5: Nuclear Chemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Heinz H Coenen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-5: Nuclear Chemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
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8
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Prante O, Maschauer S, Banerjee A. Radioligands for the dopamine receptor subtypes. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 56:130-48. [PMID: 24285319 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The actions of the predominant neurotransmitter in the brain, dopamine, are mediated by the postsynaptic dopamine receptors. The five dopamine receptor subtypes and their regulation have been associated with a large variety of psychiatric diseases. Therefore, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies using suitable and selective (18) F-labeled and (11) C-labeled dopamine receptor radioligands could provide valuable knowledge on the impact of receptor density on the pathogenesis and evolvement of neuropsychiatric and neurological diseases. This special issue subchapter provides a summary of the most important (18) F-labeled and (11) C-labeled radioligands for PET imaging of the dopamine receptor subtypes, their radiochemistry, and characteristics from in vitro and in vivo applications, considering not only the already established PET ligands but also the recently published preclinical work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Prante
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
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9
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Banerjee A, Maschauer S, Hübner H, Gmeiner P, Prante O. Click chemistry based synthesis of dopamine D4 selective receptor ligands for the selection of potential PET tracers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6079-82. [PMID: 24100078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Taking advantage of click chemistry, a library of N-arylpiperazinylmethyl triazoles bearing fluoro substituted appendages was synthesized and the target compounds were investigated for dopamine and serotonin receptor binding. With the aim to bias their hydrophilicity and to optimize their D4 receptor affinity and selectivity, a concise series of triazoles containing fluoroalkyl, fluoroalkoxy, fluoroalkoxyphenyl, and deoxyfluoroglucosyl substituents was studied. The D4 receptor affinity and selectivity could be tuned by altering the chemical moiety attached to the triazole unit. Among the test compounds, the fluoroethoxyphenyl derivative 15b showed weak partial agonism at D4 and a K(i) value of 14 nM, while its fluoropropoxyphenyl homologue 16a turned out to act as a neutral D4 antagonist (K(i)=5.1 nM). Both, 15b and 16a revealed an excellent balance between D4 receptor affinity and subtype selectivity, providing lead candidates for the development of (18)F-labeled radioligands for D4 receptor imaging studies by positron emission tomography (PET).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Banerjee
- Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schuhstraβe 19, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
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10
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Design of inhibitors of influenza virus membrane fusion: Synthesis, structure–activity relationship and in vitro antiviral activity of a novel indole series. Antiviral Res 2013; 99:125-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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11
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Ye N, Neumeyer JL, Baldessarini RJ, Zhen X, Zhang A. Update 1 of: Recent Progress in Development of Dopamine Receptor Subtype-Selective Agents: Potential Therapeutics for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders. Chem Rev 2013; 113:PR123-78. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300113a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory (SOMCL), Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 201203
| | - John L. Neumeyer
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory,
McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts 02478, United States
| | | | - Xuechu Zhen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China 215123
| | - Ao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, and Synthetic Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory (SOMCL), Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 201203
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12
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Discovery of dopamine D4 receptor antagonists with planar chirality. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:1680-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Kügler F, Sihver W, Ermert J, Hübner H, Gmeiner P, Prante O, Coenen HH. Evaluation of 18F-labeled benzodioxine piperazine-based dopamine D4 receptor ligands: lipophilicity as a determinate of nonspecific binding. J Med Chem 2011; 54:8343-52. [PMID: 22039961 DOI: 10.1021/jm200762g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Derivatization of the putative neuroleptic 1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-4-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperazine (3a) led to a series of new dopamine receptor D4 ligands displaying high affinity (Ki=1.1-15 nM) and D2/D4 subtype selectivities of about 800-6700. These ligands were labeled with the short-lived positron emitter fluorine-18 and analyzed for their potential application for imaging studies by positron emission tomography (PET). In vitro autoradiography was used to determine their nonspecific binding behavior as a result of their structural and thus physicochemical properties. The biodistribution, in vivo stability, and brain uptake of the most promising D4 radioligand candidate were determined. This proved to be 1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-4-((6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)methyl)piperazine ([18F]3d), which revealed an excellent binding pattern with a high selectivity and limited nonspecific binding in vitro. This analogue also exhibited a high stability and an extremely high brain uptake in vivo with specific binding in hippocampus, cortex, colliculus, and cerebellum as determined by ex vivo autoradiography. Thus, [18F]3d appears as a suitable D4 radioligand for in vivo imaging, encouraging continued evaluation by PET studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Kügler
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-5, Nuclear Chemistry, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
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14
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Tschammer N, Elsner J, Goetz A, Ehrlich K, Schuster S, Ruberg M, Kühhorn J, Thompson D, Whistler J, Hübner H, Gmeiner P. Highly potent 5-aminotetrahydropyrazolopyridines: enantioselective dopamine D3 receptor binding, functional selectivity, and analysis of receptor-ligand interactions. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2477-91. [PMID: 21388142 DOI: 10.1021/jm101639t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclic dopamine surrogates of types 5 and 7 were synthesized and investigated for their dopaminergic properties. The enantiomerically pure biphenylcarboxamide (S)-5a displayed an outstanding K(i) of 27 pM at the agonist-labeled D(3) receptor and significant selectivity over the D(2) subtype. Measurement of [(35)S]GTPγS incorporation in the presence of a coexpressed PTX-insensitive G(α0-1) subunit indicated highly efficient G-protein coupling. Comparison of ligand efficacy data from cAMP accumulation and [(3)H]thymidine incorporation experiments revealed that ligand biased signaling is exerted by the test compound (S)-5a. Starting from the D(3) crystal structure, a combination of homology modeling and site directed mutagenesis gave valuable insights into the binding mode and the intermolecular origins of stereospecific receptor recognition. According to these data, the superior affinity of the eutomer 5a is caused by the favorable binding energy that results from interaction between the ligand's central ammonium unit and the aspartate residue in position 3.32 of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuska Tschammer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
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15
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Löber S, Hübner H, Tschammer N, Gmeiner P. Recent advances in the search for D3- and D4-selective drugs: probes, models and candidates. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011; 32:148-57. [PMID: 21232805 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine D(2)-like receptors (including D(2), D(3) and D(4)) belong to the 'rhodopsin-like' family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which represent the largest group of targets for bioactive molecules. Due to their high sequence similarity, the design of subtype-selective ligands requires rational and effective strategies. The general formula of 1,4-disubstituted aromatic piperidines and piperazines (1,4-DAPs) was extracted from classical dopaminergic drugs. The biological properties of this compound family are encoded by an aromatic head group that controls intrinsic activity, an amine moiety and a lipophilic appendage. D(3)- and D(4)-selective molecular probes and drug candidates were generated from the general formula of 1,4-DAP. Formal structural rearrangement led to investigational drugs beyond the 1,4-DAP structure. The very recent publication of the X-ray crystal structure of D(3) should facilitate efficient discovery of unprecedented chemotypes. However, the development of D(3)-selective agonists, functionally selective ligands and the exploitation of homo- and heteromers remain challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Löber
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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16
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Skultety M, Hübner H, Löber S, Gmeiner P. Bioisosteric Replacement Leading to Biologically Active [2.2]Paracyclophanes with Altered Binding Profiles for Aminergic G-Protein-Coupled Receptors. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7219-28. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100899z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marika Skultety
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Löber
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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17
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Huber D, Hübner H, Gmeiner P. 1,1′-Disubstituted Ferrocenes as Molecular Hinges in Mono- and Bivalent Dopamine Receptor Ligands. J Med Chem 2009; 52:6860-70. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901120h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Huber
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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18
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Ambrogio I, Cacchi S, Fabrizi G, Prastaro A. 3-(o-Trifluoroacetamidoaryl)-1-propargylic esters: common intermediates for the palladium-catalyzed synthesis of 2-aminomethyl-, 2-vinylic, and 2-alkylindoles. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.06.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Rohini R, Shanker K, Reddy PM, Sekhar VC, Ravinder V. 6-Substituted Indolo[1,2-c]quinazolines as New Antimicrobial Agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2009; 342:533-40. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200900068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Linz S, Müller J, Hübner H, Gmeiner P, Troschütz R. Design, synthesis and dopamine D4 receptor binding activities of new N-heteroaromatic 5/6-ring Mannich bases. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:4448-58. [PMID: 19481941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of phenylpiperazine-methyl-substituted 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridine, imidazo[1,2-c]-, pyrrolo[2,3-d]- and pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidines were prepared as selective dopamine D4-ligands. The pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives 12d (K(i)=1,9 nM) and 34 d (K(i)=2,4 nM) as well as the pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine Mannich base 49f (K(i)=2,8 nM) showed high dopamine D4 receptor activity superior to the atypical antipsychotic agent clozapine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Linz
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Lehrstuhl Pharmazeutische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen, Germany
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21
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Löber S, Tschammer N, Hübner H, Melis MR, Argiolas A, Gmeiner P. The Azulene Framework as a Novel Arene Bioisostere: Design of Potent Dopamine D4 Receptor Ligands Inducing Penile Erection. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:325-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Dörfler M, Tschammer N, Hamperl K, Hübner H, Gmeiner P. Novel D3 selective dopaminergics incorporating enyne units as nonaromatic catechol bioisosteres: synthesis, bioactivity, and mutagenesis studies. J Med Chem 2008; 51:6829-38. [PMID: 18834111 DOI: 10.1021/jm800895v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enynes of type 4 and 5 as long chain derivatives of the nonaromatic dopamine D 3 receptor agonist 3 (FAUC 73) were prepared by exploiting chemoselective functionalization of the azido-substituted vinyl triflate 9. Radioligand binding studies indicated excellent D 3 affinity and selectivity over related GPCRs for the terminal alkynes 4c (FAUC 460) and 5c. Biphasic displacement curves gave picomolar K i values for the high affinity binding site of D 3. According to mitogenesis experiments and bioluminescence based cAMP assays, the biphenylcarboxamide 4c and its click chemistry derived triazole analogue 5c behaved as strong partial agonists but relative ligand efficacy significantly depended on the type of functional assay. Site directed mutagenesis involving the mutants D 3 D3.32E, and D 3 F6.51W implied that ligand interactions with D3.32 and F6.51 are highly crucial, giving rise to analogous binding modes for dopamine, classical and enyne type agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Dörfler
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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23
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Singh US, Shankar R, Yadav GP, Kharkwal G, Dwivedi A, Keshri G, Singh M, Moulik P, Hajela K. Synthesis and structure guided evaluation of estrogen agonist and antagonist activities of some new tetrazolyl indole derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:2149-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of indolyl bisphosphonates as anti-bone resorptive and anti-leishmanial agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:8482-91. [PMID: 18752963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of indole conjugated bisphosphonate derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro anti-bone resorptive activity using bone marrow osteoclast culture. Two bisphosphonates 23 and 24 significantly inhibited osteoclastogenesis, 23 showed inhibition at 10 and 100 pM which was lower than the concentration of standard drug alendronate, and 24 inhibited osteoclastogenesis at 100 nM which was comparable to alendronate. Two other compounds 13 and 14 also showed inhibition comparable to alendronate, but were cytotoxic in the osteoblast cells. The two active bisphosphonates 23 and 24 induced significant osteoclast apoptosis at concentrations 100 nM for compound 24 and at 10 pM for compound 23 compared to alendronate. In vivo effect of active bisphosphonates 23 and 24 resulted in osteoclastogenesis of bone marrow cells (BMCs) to almost 40-50% (23 showing 8.4% decrease and 24 showing 9.0%) compared to 16.5% of the ovariectomized group. Further, screening of anti-leishmanial activity, four compounds 24-25 and 27-28 showed more than 80% inhibition against both the promastigote and amastigote stages of the Leishmania parasite.
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25
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Prante O, Tietze R, Hocke C, Löber S, Hübner H, Kuwert T, Gmeiner P. Synthesis, Radiofluorination, and In Vitro Evaluation of Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-Based Dopamine D4 Receptor Ligands: Discovery of an Inverse Agonist Radioligand for PET. J Med Chem 2008; 51:1800-10. [DOI: 10.1021/jm701375u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Prante
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Tietze
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carsten Hocke
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Löber
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Hübner
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Torsten Kuwert
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91054 Erlangen, Germany, and Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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26
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Zhang A, Neumeyer JL, Baldessarini RJ. Recent progress in development of dopamine receptor subtype-selective agents: potential therapeutics for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Chem Rev 2007; 107:274-302. [PMID: 17212477 DOI: 10.1021/cr050263h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ao Zhang
- Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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27
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Ambrogio I, Cacchi S, Fabrizi G. Palladium-catalyzed synthesis of 2-(aminomethyl)indoles from ethyl 3-(o-trifluoroacetamidophenyl)-1-propargyl carbonate. Org Lett 2007; 8:2083-6. [PMID: 16671787 DOI: 10.1021/ol060499n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The palladium-catalyzed reaction of ethyl 3-(o-trifluoroacetamidophenyl)-1-propargyl carbonate with piperazines in the presence of Pd(PPh(3))(4) in THF at 80 degrees C affords 2-(piperazin-1-ylmethyl)indoles in excellent yields. Good to excellent yields are also obtained with other secondary amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Ambrogio
- Dipartimento di Studi di Chimica e Tecnologia delle Sostanze Biologicamente Attive, Università degli Studi La Sapienza, Roma, Italy
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28
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29
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Tietze R, Hocke C, Löber S, Hübner H, Kuwert T, Gmeiner P, Prante O. Syntheses and radiofluorination of two derivatives of 5-cyano-indole as selective ligands for the dopamine subtype-4 receptor. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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30
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Bettinetti L, Hübner H, Gmeiner P. Chirospecific and subtype selective dopamine receptor binding of heterocyclic methoxynaphthamide analogs. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2005; 338:276-80. [PMID: 15952242 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200400997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Employing the D(3) and D(4) selective methoxynaphthalines nafadotride and FAUC 182, respectively, as lead compounds, the pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxamides of type 1a and 2a as well as their 2-substituted regioisomers 1b and 2b were synthesized when following an ex-chiral pool approach. Dopamine receptor binding studies involving the target compounds (1a,b, 2a,b) and the respective optical antipodes ent-1a,b and ent-2a,b revealed the heterocyclic carboxamide 2a as a strong and selective D(4) ligand (K(i) = 8.6 nM). According to a mitogenesis assay, 2a shows D(4) partial agonist effects (29%, EC(50) = 6.7 nM) and, thus, might be of interest for the treatment of sexual dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bettinetti
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
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31
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Lenz C, Haubmann C, Hübner H, Boeckler F, Gmeiner P. Fancy bioisosteres: synthesis and dopaminergic properties of the endiyne FAUC 88 as a novel non-aromatic D3 agonist. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:185-91. [PMID: 15582463 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2004] [Accepted: 09/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Enlargement of the pi-electronic system of the non-aromatic D3 agonist FAUC 73 led to dopaminergic endiynes of type 1 being synthesized via the bromovinyl triflate 7a as a key intermediate when palladium catalyzed coupling reactions were exploited for the introduction of the (aza)alkyne substituents. As the first neuroreceptor active endiyne, FAUC 88 (1c) displayed high and selective dopamine D3 receptor affinity (K(ihigh) = 3.2 nM) and substantial ligand efficacy (72%, EC(50) = 2.5 nM). Similarities between molecular electrostatic potentials induced by the catechol subunit of the genuine neurotransmitter and those of its non-aromatic endiyne bioisostere are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Lenz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
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32
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Boeckler F, Russig H, Zhang W, Löber S, Schetz J, Hübner H, Ferger B, Gmeiner P, Feldon J. FAUC 213, a highly selective dopamine D4 receptor full antagonist, exhibits atypical antipsychotic properties in behavioural and neurochemical models of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004; 175:7-17. [PMID: 15007532 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-004-1782-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2003] [Accepted: 11/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE 2-[4-(4-Chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-ylmethyl]pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine (FAUC 213) is a highly selective antagonist at the dopamine D(4) receptor subtype. It was designed as a derivative of two partial antagonists and has been proven to be a complete antagonist in mitogenesis assay. OBJECTIVES In the present study, FAUC 213 was examined for antipsychotic properties in animal models of behavioural neurobiology and neurochemistry. METHODS Different concentrations of FAUC 213 were screened for effects on spontaneous, as well as amphetamine-induced, locomotor activity and apomorphine-induced prepulse disruption. The liability of causing extrapyramidal side effects was investigated in models of catalepsy and by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) detection of dopamine turnover in several brain regions. The application schedule was validated, and the bioavailability of the compound determined, by means of a HPLC-pharmacokinetic study. RESULTS A significant effect in both the reduction of amphetamine-induced locomotor hyperactivity and the restoration of apomorphine-disrupted prepulse inhibition was found at 30 mg/kg. This dose proved not to be high enough to induce catalepsy or to increase dopamine turnover in the dorsal striatum, nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex. The selective D(4) antagonist FAUC 213, therefore, is not believed to mediate the above-mentioned effects via D(2) receptor antagonism, but a partial involvement of 5-HT(2)- and alpha(1)-receptors cannot be ruled out at present. CONCLUSIONS We have gathered evidence that FAUC 213 exhibits atypical antipsychotic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Boeckler
- Laboratory of Behavioural Neurobiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Schorenstrasse 16, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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33
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Bergauer M, Hübner H, Gmeiner P. Practical ex-chiral-pool methodology for the synthesis of dopaminergic tetrahydroindoles. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2003.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Tois J, Franzén R, Koskinen A. Synthetic approaches towards indoles on solid phase recent advances and future directions. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(03)00851-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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35
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Einsiedel J, Hübner H, Gmeiner P. Cyclic amidines as benzamide bioisosteres: EPC synthesis and SAR studies leading to the selective dopamine D4 receptor agonist FAUC 312. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:851-4. [PMID: 12617906 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(03)00004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of conformationally restricted benzamide bioisosteres led to the chiral phenyltetrahydropyrimidine derivative ent2a (FAUC 312) displaying strong and highly selective dopamine D4 receptor binding (K(i(high))=1.5 nM). Mitogenesis experiments indicated 83% ligand efficacy when compared to the unselective agonist quinpirole. The target compounds of type 2 and 3 were synthesized in enantiopure form starting from asparagine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Einsiedel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
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36
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Horton DA, Bourne GT, Smythe ML. The combinatorial synthesis of bicyclic privileged structures or privileged substructures. Chem Rev 2003; 103:893-930. [PMID: 12630855 DOI: 10.1021/cr020033s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2428] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Horton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072 Queensland, Australia
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37
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Löber S, Hübner H, Gmeiner P. Fused azaindole derivatives: molecular design, synthesis and in vitro pharmacology leading to the preferential dopamine D3 receptor agonist FAUC 725. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:2377-80. [PMID: 12161137 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Computational studies based on the similarity of molecular electrostatic potential maps initiated the synthesis of the tricyclic target compounds 1 (FAUC 725) and 2. Receptor binding studies at the dopamine receptor subtypes D1, D2(long), D2(short), D3 and D4 showed that the azaindole 1 revealed D3 affinity (K(i)=0.54 nM) comparable to the lead pramipexole and enhanced selectivity over D2 and D4. Mitogenesis experiments indicated substantial intrinsic activity for the D3 selective dipropylamine 1. Based on the structure of (S)-3-PPP, bioisosteric replacement and conformational restriction leading to the test compound 2 was not fruitful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Löber
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
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38
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Bergauer M, Hübner H, Gmeiner P. 2,4-Disubstituted pyrroles: synthesis, traceless linking and pharmacological investigations leading to the dopamine D4 receptor partial agonist FAUC 356. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:1937-40. [PMID: 12113813 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00316-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Solution-phase synthesis and a solid-phase supported approach to piperazinylmethyl substituted pyrroles are described. Receptor binding studies and the measurement of D4 ligand efficacy led to the ethynylpyrrole 1d (FAUC 356) exerting selective D4 binding and substantial ligand efficacy (66%, EC(50)=1.9nM). This activity profile might be of interest for the treatment of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Bergauer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
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39
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Bräse S, Gil C, Knepper K. The recent impact of solid-phase synthesis on medicinally relevant benzoannelated nitrogen heterocycles. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:2415-37. [PMID: 12057632 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Benzoannelated heterocycles such as benzodiazepines and indoles can be prepared efficiently through cyclization on solid supports, although no single approach is currently universal for the preparation of all benzoannelated N-heterocycle chemistries. In this review, a number of synthetic strategies for the generation of benzoannelated nitrogen heterocycles using resin-bound substrates have been described. Classical heterocycle forming reactions such as the Fischer indole, the Bischler-Napieralski tetrahydroisoquinoline, the Pictet-Spengler tetrahydro-beta-carboline, the Tsuge, the Nenitzescu and the Richter cinnoline reaction are presented. In addition, the Heck, Sonogashira, Wittig, Diels-Alder, and olefin metathesis reactions have been also used. Multicomponent reactions such as the Grieco three-component assembly have been exploited for the synthesis of heterocycles. Cyclative cleavage from the solid support is particularly suitable for the synthesis of heterocycles while particular emphasis has been focused on the synthesis of libraries and the use of combinatorial chemistry techniques. In addition, the most relevant pharmacological properties of benzoannelated nitrogen heterocycles are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bräse
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany.
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40
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Löber S, Aboul-Fadl T, Hübner H, Gmeiner P. Di- and trisubstituted pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine derivatives: synthesis, dopamine receptor binding and ligand efficacy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:633-6. [PMID: 11844688 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00814-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Based on the lead molecule FAUC 113, a series of di- and trisubstituted pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine derivatives was synthesized and investigated for their dopamine receptor binding profile. The carbonitrile 11a (FAUC 327) showed excellent pharmacological properties combining high D4 affinity (K(i)=1.5 nM) and selectivity with significant intrinsic activity (31%) in low nanomolar concentrations (EC50=1.5 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Löber
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany
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41
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Einsiedel J, Hübner H, Gmeiner P. Benzamide bioisosteres incorporating dihydroheteroazole substructures: EPC synthesis and SAR leading to a selective dopamine D4 receptor partial agonist (FAUC 179). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:2533-6. [PMID: 11549463 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00484-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Conformationally restricted benzamide bioisosteres were investigated when the chiral phenyldihydroimidazole derivative 4e (FAUC 179) showed strong and highly selective dopamine D4 receptor binding (K(i)high=0.95nM). Mitogenesis experiments indicated partial agonist properties (42%). EPC syntheses of the target compounds of type 4 were performed starting from alpha-amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Einsiedel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, D-91052, Erlangen, Germany
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42
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Prante O, Löber S, Hübner H, Gmeiner P, Kuwert T. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of iodine labelled pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridines as highly selective dopamine D4 receptor ligands. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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43
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Edwards P. Combinatorial chemistry. Drug Discov Today 2001; 6:861-862. [PMID: 11495761 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(01)01898-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Edwards
- Lead Discovery Technologies, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, UK
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44
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Ortner B, Waibel R, Gmeiner P. Indoloparacyclophanes: Synthesis and Dopamine Receptor Binding of a Novel Arylbioisostere. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20010401)113:7<1323::aid-ange1323>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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45
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Ortner B, Waibel R, Gmeiner P. Indoloparacyclophanes: Synthesis and Dopamine Receptor Binding of a Novel Arylbioisostere This work was supported by the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001; 40:1283-1285. [PMID: 11301452 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20010401)40:7<1283::aid-anie1283>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Ortner
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Chemie Emil Fischer Centrum Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen (Germany)
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