Studies on uricosuric diuretics. 4. Three-dimensional structure-activity relationships and receptor mapping of (aryloxy)acetic acid diuretics

Dipolar cycloadditions in solid-phase organic synthesis (SPOS)

We present a concise review of polymer-supported 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions. Nitrile oxide and azomethine ylides constitute the two types of 1,3-dipoles which have been used in conjunction with solid-phase organic synthesis. These cycloaddition reactions on solid phase are generally of equal or greater efficiency than the analogous solution-phase reactions.

Effects of [(N-alkyl-1,3-dihydro-1-oxoisoindolin-5-yl)oxy]alkanoic acids on chloride transport in primary astroglial cultures

It has been demonstrated that agents which inhibit chloride influx and, therefore, lower intracellular chloride levels in the astrocyte, a major cell type in the cerebral gray matter, inhibit astrocytic swelling in vitro and in vivo. Herein, we report additional examples of a series of [(N-alkyl-1,3-dihydro-1-oxoisoindolin-5-yl)oxy]alkanoic acids and their effects upon ion transport in primary rat astrocyte cultures. The 4-chloro-substituted 1-oxoisoindolines demonstrated superior astrocytic chloride influx inhibitory activity as compared to the 6-chloro and non-chlorinated analogs. The four-carbon acid side chain derivatives were more active than the three- and two-carbon analogs. The pharmacological profile of these compounds was examined with respect to inhibition of the Cl(-)-Cl-/Cl(-)-HCO3- anion exchanger and Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl- cotransport mechanisms in glia, and the compounds were found to exhibit a similar profile to that of furosemide by inhibiting both transporters.

Conformational analysis, molecular modeling, and quantitative structure-activity relationship studies of agents for the inhibition of astrocytic chloride transport

Molecular modeling studies were carried out on a series of 1-oxoisoindolines which are pharmacologically active as inhibitors of astrocytic chloride transport. Conformational analysis revealed that the halogen substituent exerted a pronounced steric directing effect on the acid side chain. The 4-substituted analogs apparently provided for the best spatial arrangement of pharamacophoric elements of the molecules. Conventional quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies using lipophilic and dipole moment characteristics of the molecules as physical descriptor variables in the regression equation yielded a statistically significant model. Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) was utilized as a three-dimensional QSAR technique to explore changes in the steric and electrostatic fields of the molecules that can account for differences in biological activity values. A highly predictive model was attained which supported the results from the qualitative and conventional quantitative structure-activity relationship analyses. These modeling techniques represent the evolutionary process by which structure-activity methods were employed to aid in the development of novel more potent inhibitors of astrocytic chloride transport.