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Gomes MAGB, Bauduin A, Le Roux C, Fouinneteau R, Berthe W, Berchel M, Couthon H, Jaffrès PA. Synthesis of ether lipids: natural compounds and analogues. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1299-1369. [PMID: 37701305 PMCID: PMC10494250 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ether lipids are compounds present in many living organisms including humans that feature an ether bond linkage at the sn-1 position of the glycerol. This class of lipids features singular structural roles and biological functions. Alkyl ether lipids and alkenyl ether lipids (also identified as plasmalogens) correspond to the two sub-classes of naturally occurring ether lipids. In 1979 the discovery of the structure of the platelet-activating factor (PAF) that belongs to the alkyl ether class of lipids increased the interest in these bioactive lipids and further promoted the synthesis of non-natural ether lipids that was initiated in the late 60's with the development of edelfosine (an anticancer drug). More recently, ohmline, a glyco glycero ether lipid that modulates selectively SK3 ion channels and reduces in vivo the occurrence of bone metastases, and other glyco glycero ether also identified as GAEL (glycosylated antitumor ether lipids) that exhibit promising anticancer properties renew the interest in this class of compounds. Indeed, ether lipid represent a new and promising class of compounds featuring the capacity to modulate selectively the activity of some membrane proteins or, for other compounds, feature antiproliferative properties via an original mechanism of action. The increasing interest in studying ether lipids for fundamental and applied researches invited to review the methodologies developed to prepare ether lipids. In this review we focus on the synthetic method used for the preparation of alkyl ether lipids either naturally occurring ether lipids (e.g., PAF) or synthetic derivatives that were developed to study their biological properties. The synthesis of neutral or charged ether lipids are reported with the aim to assemble in this review the most frequently used methodologies to prepare this specific class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alicia Bauduin
- Univ. Brest, CNRS, CEMCA UMR 6521, 6 Avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Chloé Le Roux
- Univ. Brest, CNRS, CEMCA UMR 6521, 6 Avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Romain Fouinneteau
- Univ. Brest, CNRS, CEMCA UMR 6521, 6 Avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Wilfried Berthe
- Univ. Brest, CNRS, CEMCA UMR 6521, 6 Avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Mathieu Berchel
- Univ. Brest, CNRS, CEMCA UMR 6521, 6 Avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Hélène Couthon
- Univ. Brest, CNRS, CEMCA UMR 6521, 6 Avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Paul-Alain Jaffrès
- Univ. Brest, CNRS, CEMCA UMR 6521, 6 Avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest, France
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2
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The Potential of Novel Lipid Agents for the Treatment of Chemotherapy-Resistant Human Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143318. [PMID: 35884379 PMCID: PMC9322924 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Disease recurrence and chemotherapy resistance are the major causes of mortality for the majority of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients. Standard of care relies on cytotoxic drugs that induce a form of cell death called apoptosis. EOC cells can evolve to resist apoptosis. We developed drugs called glycosylated antitumor ether lipids (GAELs) that kill EOC cells by a mechanism that does not involve apoptosis. GAELs most likely induce cell death through a process called methuosis. Importantly, we showed that GAELs are effective at killing chemotherapy-resistant EOC cells in vitro and in vivo. Our work shows that the EOC community should begin to investigate methuosis-inducing agents as a novel therapeutic platform to treat chemotherapy-resistant EOC. Abstract Recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) coincident with chemotherapy resistance remains the main contributor to patient mortality. There is an ongoing investigation to enhance patient progression-free and overall survival with novel chemotherapeutic delivery, such as the utilization of antiangiogenic medications, PARP inhibitors, or immune modulators. Our preclinical studies highlight a novel tool to combat chemotherapy-resistant human EOC. Glycosylated antitumor ether lipids (GAELs) are synthetic glycerolipids capable of killing established human epithelial cell lines from a wide variety of human cancers, including EOC cell lines representative of different EOC histotypes. Importantly, GAELs kill high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) cells isolated from the ascites of chemotherapy-sensitive and chemotherapy-resistant patients grown as monolayers of spheroid cultures. In addition, GAELs were well tolerated by experimental animals (mice) and were capable of reducing tumor burden and blocking ascites formation in an OVCAR-3 xenograft model. Overall, GAELs show great promise as adjuvant therapy for EOC patients with or without chemotherapy resistance.
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Oka N, Mori A, Ando K. Stereoselective Synthesis of 1-Thio-α-d
-Ribofuranosides Using Ribofuranosyl Iodides as Glycosyl Donors. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natsuhisa Oka
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science; Faculty of Engineering; Gifu University; 1-1 Yanagido 501-1193 Gifu Japan
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences; Gifu University (G-CHAIN); 1-1 Yanagido 501-1193 Gifu Japan
| | - Ayumi Mori
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science; Faculty of Engineering; Gifu University; 1-1 Yanagido 501-1193 Gifu Japan
| | - Kaori Ando
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science; Faculty of Engineering; Gifu University; 1-1 Yanagido 501-1193 Gifu Japan
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Govindarajan M. Amphiphilic glycoconjugates as potential anti-cancer chemotherapeutics. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 143:1208-1253. [PMID: 29126728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilicity is one of the desirable features in the process of drug development which improves the biological as well as the pharmacokinetics profile of bioactive molecule. Carbohydrate moieties present in anti-cancer natural products and synthetic molecules influence the amphiphilicity and hence their bioactivity. This review focuses on natural and synthetic amphiphilic anti-cancer glycoconjugates. Different classes of molecules with varying degree of amphiphilicity are covered with discussions on their structure-activity relationship and mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugunthan Govindarajan
- Emory Institute for Drug Development, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, United States.
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5
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Idowu T, Samadder P, Arthur G, Schweizer F. Design, synthesis and antitumor properties of glycosylated antitumor ether lipid (GAEL)- chlorambucil-hybrids. Chem Phys Lipids 2016; 194:139-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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6
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A reflection of the lasting contributions from Dr. Robert Bittman to sterol trafficking, sphingolipid and phospholipid research. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 61:19-29. [PMID: 26584871 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
With the passing of Dr. Robert Bittman from pancreatic cancer on the 1st October 2014, the lipid research field lost one of the most influential and significant personalities. Robert Bittman's genius was in chemical design and his contribution to the lipid research field was truly immense. The reagents and chemicals he designed and synthesised allowed interrogation of the role of lipids in constituting complex biophysical membranes, sterol transfer and in cellular communication networks. Here we provide a review of these works which serve as a lasting memory to his life.
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Arthur G, Schweizer F, Ogunsina M. Synthetic Glycosylated Ether Glycerolipids as Anticancer Agents. CARBOHYDRATES IN DRUG DESIGN AND DISCOVERY 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849739993-00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylated antitumor ether lipids (GAELs) are a class of synthetic antitumor ether lipids (AELs) with a sugar moiety in place of the phosphocholine found in the prototypical AEL, edelfosine. This chapter reviews the development of GAELs as antitumor agents. Studies on structure–activity relationships, mechanism of induction of cell death, metabolism, selectivity against cancer cells, toxicity, hemolysis and thrombogenic effects are discussed. The requirements for significant cytotoxic activity include a glycerol moiety, a cationic sugar other than mannose and an O- or C-glycosidic bond with either α- or β-configuration. Compounds with S- and N-glycosidic linkages are not very active. The most active GAEL to date, 1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-methyl-3-O-(2′-amino-2′-deoxy-α-d-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol, displays greater in vitro activity than edelfosine, the AEL “gold standard”. The unique properties of GAELs as antitumor agents include their apoptotic-independent mechanism of inducing cell death and the ability to kill cancer stem cells. These characteristics of GAELs offer the potential for their development into chemotherapeutic agents to prevent the recurrence of tumors as well as for treatment against drug-resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Arthur
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba 754 Bannatyne Avenue Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada R3E 0J9
| | - Frank Schweizer
- Department of Chemistry and Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba 460 Parker Building Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Makanjuola Ogunsina
- Department of Chemistry and Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba 460 Parker Building Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada R3T 2N2
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Witczak ZJ, Sarnik J, Czubatka A, Forma E, Poplawski T. Thio-sugar motif of functional CARB-pharmacophore for antineoplastic activity. Part 2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5606-5611. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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9
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Samadder P, Bittman R, Byun HS, Arthur G. A glycosylated antitumor ether lipid kills cells via paraptosis-like cell death. Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 87:401-14. [DOI: 10.1139/o08-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylated antitumor ether lipids (GAELs) have superior anticancer properties relative to the alkyllysophospholipid class, but there have been no studies of the mechanisms of these compounds. The prototype GAEL, 1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-methyl-3-O-(2′-amino-2′-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol (Gln), effectively killed mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) lacking key molecules involved in caspase-dependent apoptosis, and cell death was not prevented by caspase inhibitors. Gln did not cause a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, even in rounded-up dying cells. Gln stimulated the appearance and accumulation of LC3-II, a protein marker for autophagy, in a variety of cells, including wild-type MEFs, but not in MEFs lacking ATG5, a key protein required for autophagy. Gln induced LC3 puncta formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing a LC3–green fluorescent protein fusion protein. Thus, Gln appears to induce autophagy. Autophagy was mTOR-independent and was not inhibited by 3-methyladenine or wortmannin. Although Gln is toxic, cellular ability to undergo autophagy was not essential for its toxicity. Furthermore, the GAEL analog 2-deoxy-C-Glc induced LC3 puncta formation but did not kill the cells. Gln, but not 2-deoxy-C-Glc, caused the accumulation of cytoplasmic acidic vacuoles in the cells. Our data suggest that GAELs may activate autophagy; however, GAELs do not kill cells by apoptosis or autophagy but rather by a paraptosis-like cell death mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranati Samadder
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
| | - Robert Bittman
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
| | - Hoe-Sup Byun
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
| | - Gilbert Arthur
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
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10
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Davy JA, Wang Z, Notter RH, Schwan AL. Synthesis of sulfur-containing glycerophospholipids. J Sulphur Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/17415990601080166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Samadder P, Bittman R, Byun HS, Arthur G. Synthesis and use of novel ether phospholipid enantiomers to probe the molecular basis of the antitumor Effects of alkyllysophospholipids: correlation of differential activation of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal protein kinase with antiproliferative effects in neuronal tumor cells. J Med Chem 2004; 47:2710-3. [PMID: 15115414 DOI: 10.1021/jm0302748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The enantiomers of a novel unsaturated phosphonocholine antitumor ether lipid were synthesized and found to have differential antiproliferative effects against epithelial cancer cell lines. The basis of the enantioselective effects on the cells was investigated in SK-N-MC and SK-N-SH neuroblastoma tumor cells. Our results indicate that the enantioselective antiproliferative potency arises primarily from the activation of the JNK signaling pathway by the ether lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranati Samadder
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0W3
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12
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Grellepois F, Chorki F, Ourévitch M, Charneau S, Grellier P, McIntosh KA, Charman WN, Pradines B, Crousse B, Bonnet-Delpon D, Bégué JP. Orally active antimalarials: hydrolytically stable derivatives of 10-trifluoromethyl anhydrodihydroartemisinin. J Med Chem 2004; 47:1423-33. [PMID: 14998331 DOI: 10.1021/jm030947m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
New fluoroartemisinin derivatives containing polar or water-soluble functionalities at C-16 (11a-j, 12a-g) were synthesized using the key intermediate 16-bromo-10-trifluoromethyl anhydrodihydroartemisinin 10. The substitution reaction from 10 was more selective than that from the nonfluorinated parent bromide; the allylic bromide 10 underwent no allylic rearrangement and provided only nucleophilic substitution products in high yields with N-, O-, and C-nucleophiles. Among them, amines 11a-c appeared to be highly in vivo efficient antimalarials on mice infected with Plasmodium berghei, more than the reference sodium artesunate 1d. In particular, the most effective piperazinoethanol derivative 11b cured all mice after oral treatment at a dose lower than 10 mg/kg. Further pharmacokinetic studies showed that the bioavailability in rats following oral administration was 25 times greater for 11b than for artemether 1b.
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13
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Thermotropic and lyotropic phase properties of glycolipid diastereomers: role of headgroup and interfacial interactions in determining phase behaviour. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2004.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Witczak ZJ, Kaplon P, Dey PM. Thio-sugars VII. Effect of 3-deoxy-4-S-(beta-D-gluco- and beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-4-thiodisaccharides and their sulfoxides and sulfones on the viability and growth of selected murine and human tumor cell lines. Carbohydr Res 2003; 338:11-8. [PMID: 12504376 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(02)00394-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first conversion of (1-->4)-thiodisaccharides into corresponding sulfoxides and sulfones by conventional oxidation with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (MCPBA) is reported. The effects of alpha-(1-->4)-3'-deoxythiodisaccharides (8-9) and their sulfoxide (14-15) and sulfone (16-17) derivatives on murine leukemia and human colon and pancreatic carcinoma cell viability were studied. Concentrations of thio-sugars that decreased tumor cell line viability by 50% (IC(50)), measured via the MTT assay, ranged from 6.4 to 38.3 microg/mL. The effect of alpha-(1-->4)-3'-deoxythiodisaccharide derivatives were most profound on human pancreatic epithelial carcinoma (PANC-1) cells with compounds 8 and 9 having IC(50) values of 6.4 microg/mL and 8.2 microg/mL, respectively. Sulfone derivatives 16 and 17 also had pronounced effects on PANC-1 cell viability (IC(50)=10.2 microg/mL and 9.6 microg/mL, respectively). These results indicate that deoxythio-disaccharide analogs generated by functionalization of the universal chiral precursor levoglucosenone may have cytotoxic properties and therapeutic potential as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew J Witczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, USA.
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15
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Grellepois F, Chorki F, Crousse B, Ourévitch M, Bonnet-Delpon D, Bégué JP. Anhydrodihydroartemisinin and its 10-trifluoromethyl analogue: access to novel d-ring-contracted artemisinin trifluoromethyl ketones. J Org Chem 2002; 67:1253-60. [PMID: 11846670 DOI: 10.1021/jo016091f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of the 10-trifluoromethyl hydroartemisinin, followed by dehydration, afforded the trifluoromethyl analogue 2 of anhydrodihydroartemisinin 1. The reactivity of these two glycals of artemisinin were compared in epoxidation and halogenation reactions. Iodination of glycal 1 in water and the further rearrangement of the produced iodo hemiacetal provided the new D-ring-contracted aldehyde 8alpha, where the methyl at C-9 is beta. Epoxidation of 10-trifluoromethyl anhydrodihydroartemisinin 2 stereoselectively provided the beta-epoxy ether 11 in high yield. When treated with hexafluoro-2-propanol or trifluoroethanol, 11 readily underwent a rearrangement yielding to the D-ring-contracted trifluoromethyl ketone 9alpha with retention of configuration at C-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Grellepois
- BIOCIS, CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Rue J.B. Clément, Châtenay-Malabry, F-92296, France
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16
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Avery MA, Alvim-Gaston M, Rodrigues CR, Barreiro EJ, Cohen FE, Sabnis YA, Woolfrey JR. Structure-activity relationships of the antimalarial agent artemisinin. 6. The development of predictive in vitro potency models using CoMFA and HQSAR methodologies. J Med Chem 2002; 45:292-303. [PMID: 11784134 DOI: 10.1021/jm0100234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin (1) is a unique sesquiterpene peroxide occurring as a constituent of Artemisia annua L. Because of the effectiveness of Artemisinin in the treatment of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum and its rapid clearance of cerebral malaria, development of clinically useful semisynthetic drugs for severe and complicated malaria (artemether, artesunate) was prompt. However, recent reports of fatal neurotoxicity in animals with dihydroartemisinin derivatives such as artemether have spawned a renewed effort to develop nontoxic analogues of artemisinin. In our effort to develop more potent, less neurotoxic agents for the oral treatment of drug-resistant malaria, we utilized comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and hologram QSAR (HQSAR), beginning with a series of 211 artemisinin analogues with known in vitro antimalarial activity. CoMFA models were based on two conformational hypotheses: (a) that the X-ray structure of artemisinin represents the bioactive shape of the molecule or (b) that the hemin-docked conformation is the bioactive form of the drug. In addition, we examined the effect of inclusion or exclusion of racemates in the partial least squares (pls) analysis. Databases derived from the original 211 were split into chiral (n = 157), achiral (n = 34), and mixed databases (n = 191) after leaving out a test set of 20 compounds. HQSAR and CoMFA models were compared in terms of their potential to generate robust QSAR models. The r(2) and q(2) (cross-validated r(2)) were used to assess the statistical quality of our models. Another statistical parameter, the ratio of the standard error to the activity range (s/AR), was also generated. CoMFA and HQSAR models were developed having statistically excellent properties, which also possessed good predictive ability for test set compounds. The best model was obtained when racemates were excluded from QSAR analysis. Thus, CoMFA of the n = 157 database gave excellent predictions with outstanding statistical properties. HQSAR did an outstanding job in statistical analysis and also handled predictions well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell A Avery
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Thad Cochran National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA.
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Li Y, Zhu YM, Jiang HJ, Pan JP, Wu GS, Wu JM, Shi YL, Yang JD, Wu BA. Synthesis and antimalarial activity of artemisinin derivatives containing an amino group. J Med Chem 2000; 43:1635-40. [PMID: 10780920 DOI: 10.1021/jm990552w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In search of water-soluble artemisinin derivatives that are more stable than sodium artesunate, over 30 derivatives containing an amino group (compounds 3-5) were synthesized and tested in mice. All products tested (except 5a and 5b) are the beta isomers. These basic compounds combined with organic acids (oxalic acid, maleic acid, etc. ) to yield the corresponding salts. Generally, the maleates have better solubility in water than the corresponding oxalates. The aqueous solutions of these salts can be kept at room temperature for several weeks without any discernible decomposition. Compounds 3f, 3h, and 3r are much more active against P. berghei than artesunic acid by oral administration and therefore were further tested in monkeys. However, their oral efficacies are poorer than that of artesunic acid against P. knowlesi in rhesus monkeys. It is interesting to note that 3f, 3h, and 3r showed much lower efficacies against P. berghei when they were administered subcutaneously than orally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Department of Malaria, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Bejing 100071, China. ..ac.cn
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18
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Lin AJ, Zikry AB, Kyle DE. Antimalarial activity of new dihydroartemisinin derivatives. 7. 4-(p-substituted phenyl)-4(R or S)-[10(alpha or beta)-dihydroartemisininoxy]butyric acids. J Med Chem 1997; 40:1396-400. [PMID: 9135037 DOI: 10.1021/jm9607919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To search for water soluble dihydroartemisinin derivatives with higher efficacy and longer plasma half-life than artesunic or artelinic acid, a series of new stereoisomers of 4-(p-substituted phenyl)-4(R or S)-[10(alpha or beta)-dihydroartemisininoxy]butyric acids were synthesized as new potential antimalarial agents. Two approaches were taken in the design of these new molecules in an attempt to (a) increase the lipophilicity of the molecule and (b) decrease the rate of oxidative dealkylation of the target compounds. The new compounds showed a 2-10-fold increase in in vitro antimalarial activity against D-6 and W-2 clones of Plasmodium falciparum than artemisinin or artelinic acid. R-diastereomers are, in general, more potent than the corresponding S-diastereomers. p-Chlorophenyl and p-bromophenyl derivatives showed in vivo oral antimalarial activity against P. berghei (with 3/8 cured) superior to that of artelinic acid (1/8 cured), whereas p-fluorophenyl and p-methoxyphenyl analogs demonstrated activity only comparable (1/8 cured) to that of artelinic acid at the same dosage level (64 mg/kg twice a day). The in vivo antimalarial activity of these new compounds correlates with their SD50 (50% parasitemia suppression dose). The biological results suggested that an electronic effect, besides the lipophylicity, may play a role in determining the efficacy of this class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Lin
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC 20307-5100, USA
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Bittman R, Byun HS, Reddy KC, Samadder P, Arthur G. Enantioselective synthesis and antiproliferative properties of an ilmofosine analog, 2'-(trimethylammonio)ethyl 3-(hexadecyloxy)-2-(methoxymethyl)propyl phosphate, on epithelial cancer cell growth. J Med Chem 1997; 40:1391-5. [PMID: 9135036 DOI: 10.1021/jm960165b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An asymmetric synthesis of the 1-alkyloxy analog of the thioether phosphocholine ilmofosine (BM 41.440, rac-1), 2'-(trimethylammonio)ethyl 3-(hexadecyloxy)-2-(methoxymethyl)propyl phosphate (2), is described. Stereoselectivity was obtained in an asymmetric hydroboration-oxidation sequence carried out on a 2,2-disubstituted 1-alkene, 3-(hexadecyloxy)-2-(methoxymethyl)-1-propene (9), which was prepared by starting with either ethyl acrylate or ethyl alpha-(hydroxymethyl)acrylate (3). (R)- and (S)-2 and rac-1 were highly effective in inhibiting the proliferation of the breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7 (IC50, 2 microM), moderately effective against A549 (non-small-cell lung adenocarcinoma) (IC50, 8-10 icroM), and less effective against A427 (large cell lung carcinoma) (IC50, approximately 20 microM). The in vitro cytotoxicity against the three epithelial cancer cell lines was independent of the configuration about C-2 of the glycerol backbone of 2 and was also not altered by substitution of oxygen for sulfur in the sn-1 ether linkage of ilmofosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bittman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of The City University of New York, Flushing 11367-1597, USA.
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Marino-Albernas JR, Bittman R, Peters A, Mayhew E. Synthesis and growth inhibitory properties of glycosides of 1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-methyl-sn-glycerol, analogs of the antitumor ether lipid ET-18-OCH3 (edelfosine). J Med Chem 1996; 39:3241-7. [PMID: 8765506 DOI: 10.1021/jm960164j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylated antitumor ether lipids (GAELs), analogs of 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (1, ET-18-OCH3, edelfosine), were synthesized in good overall yields by glycosylation of 1-O-alkyl-2-O-methyl-sn-glycerol and tested for in vitro antineoplastic activity against a variety of murine and human tumor cell lines. Stereospecific glycosylation was achieved by the use of 2-O-acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O-benzylglucopyranosyl and -mannopyranosyl trichloroacetimidates as donors, with trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate as catalyst in the presence of molecular sieves at -78 degrees C. The GAELs differ from 1 in having the sn-3-phosphocholine residue replaced by one of the following monosaccharide residues: beta- and alpha-2-deoxy-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl, alpha-D-mannopyranosyl, 2-O-methyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl, and 2-O-methyl-alpha-D-mannopyranosyl. 1-O-Hexadecyl-2-O-methyl-3-O-(2'-deoxy-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl)- sn-glycerol (2) was more effective than 1 in inhibiting the growth of MCF-7 (human breast cancer) and its adriamycin-resistant form MCF-7/adriamycin, and murine Lewis lung cancer cells. 2-Deoxy-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranoside 2 was also an effective growth inhibitor of two drug-resistant leukemic cell lines, P388/Adr and L1210/vmdr.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Marino-Albernas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367-1597, USA
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21
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Erukulla RK, Zhou X, Samadder P, Arthur G, Bittman R. Synthesis and evaluation of the antiproliferative effects of 1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-methyl-3-O-(2'-acetamido-2'-deoxy-beta-D- glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol and 1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-methyl-3-0- (2'-amino-2'-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol on epithelial cancer cell growth. J Med Chem 1996; 39:1545-8. [PMID: 8691486 DOI: 10.1021/jm950928f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Two ether glucosyl diglyceride analogs were synthesized, and their antiproliferative activity against four epithelial cancer cell lines was evaluated. 1-O-Hexadecyl-2-O-methyl-3-O-(2'-acetamido-2'-deoxy-beta-D- glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol (4) was synthesized by reaction of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl chloride with 1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-methyl-sn-glycerol followed by deacetylation by methanolic hydrolysis. The N-acetyl group of 4 was removed by hydrolysis with ethanolic potassium hydroxide to form 1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-methyl-3-O-(2'-amino-2'-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)- sn-glycerol (5). Compounds 4 and 5 inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7, A549, A427, and T84 cancer cell lines. The IC(50) values for 5 ranged from 6.5 to 12.2 microM, whereas 4 was more effective against A549 cells (IC(50) 9 microM) than against MCF-7 (IC(50) 17 microM) and A427 (IC(50) 25 microM) cells and was inactive against T84 cells. Under identical incubation conditions, compounds 4 and 5 were potent inhibitors of the proliferation of OVCAR-3 cells with IC(50) values of 12 and 4 microM, respectively, whereas ET-18-OCH(3), hexadecylphosphocholine, and erucylphosphocholine had IC(50) values of 24, >30, and >30 microM, respectively. The cell-inhibitory profile of these ether-linked glucosyl diglycerides strengthens the hypothesis that such glycolipids represent a distinct group of antitumor ether lipids, having antineoplastic activities that differ from the well-known alkylphosphocholines and alkyllysophospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Erukulla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367-1597, USA
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Houlihan WJ, Prasad K, Underwood R, Repic O, Munder PG. Antitumor activity of the R- and S-enantiomers of RS-2-[[hydroxy[[2-[ (octadecyloxy)methyl]tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methoxy]-phosphinyl]oxy]-N, N,N,-trimethylethylaminium hydroxide inner salt. J Med Chem 1996; 39:605-8. [PMID: 8558533 DOI: 10.1021/jm950072e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The R- and S-enantiomers of 2-[[hydroxyl[[2-[(octadecyloxy) methyl]tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]methoxy]-phosphinyl]oxy]-N,N,N,- trimethylethylaminium hydroxide salt (SRI 62-834) have been evaluated in several assays to determine potential antitumor activity. The S-enantiomer showed slightly greater cytotoxic activity than the R- or RS-forms against several murine tumor cell lines. In the mouse Meth A fibrosarcoma model, the S-enantiomer was ca. 4 times more effective than the R-isomer in controlling size of tumor growth and increasing the number of survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Houlihan
- Sandoz Research Institute, Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, USA
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Byun HS, Bittman R. A short synthesis of antitumor ether thioglycolipids: Thioglycosidation of a glucose donor with a tributylstannyl sulfide acceptor. Tetrahedron Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(95)01015-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Houlihan
- Charles A. Dana Research Institute for Scientists Emeriti, Drew University, Madison, New Jersey 07940-4000, USA
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Brachwitz H, Vollgraf C. Analogs of alkyllysophospholipids: chemistry, effects on the molecular level and their consequences for normal and malignant cells. Pharmacol Ther 1995; 66:39-82. [PMID: 7630930 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(95)00001-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In the search for new approaches to cancer therapy, the first alkyllysophospholipid (ALP) analogs were designed and studied about two decades ago, either as potential immunomodulators or as antimetabolites of phospholipid metabolism. In the meantime, it has been demonstrated that they really act in this way. However, their special importance is based on the fact that, in addition, they interfere with key events of signal transduction, such as hormone (or cytokine)-receptor binding or processing, protein kinase C or phospholipase C function and phosphatidylinositol and calcium metabolism. There are no strict structural requirements for their activity. Differences in the cellular uptake or the state of cellular differentiation seem to be mainly responsible for higher or lower sensitivities of cells towards ALP analogs. Consequences of the molecular effects mentioned on the cellular level are cytostasis, induction of differentiation (while in contrast the effects of known inducers of differentiation such as 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate are inhibited, probably as a consequence of protein kinase C inhibition) and loss of invasive properties. Already in sublytic concentrations, alterations in the membrane structure were observed, and lysis may begin at concentrations not much higher than those causing the other effects described. Few ALP analogs have already entered clinical studies or are in clinical use. ALP analogs are the only antineoplastic agents that do not act directly on the formation and function of the cellular replication machinery. Therefore, their effects are independent of the proliferative state of the target cells. Because of their interference with cellular regulatory events, including those failing in cancer cells, ALP analogs, beyond their clinical importance, are interesting model compounds for the development of new, more selective drugs for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Brachwitz
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Klinikum Steglitz, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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Erukulla RK, Bittman R. A Facile Stereoselective Synthesis of Ether-Linkedβ-D-Maltosyl- andβ-D-Lactosyl-glycerolipids via Peracetylated Disaccharideα-Phosphoramidates. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/00397919408010593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Convenient preparation of methyl 10-(1,3,2-Oxazaphospholidin-2-one)undecanoate and methyl 10-(1,3,2-diazaphospholidin-2-one)undecanoate. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02540598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Chandraprakash Reddy K, Byun HS, Bittman R. Antitumor ether lipids: An improved synthesis of ilmofosine and an enantioselective synthesis of an ilmofosine analog. Tetrahedron Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)77004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Kumar ER, Byun HS, Wang S, Bittman R. Preparation of ether-linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy β-glycolipids via zinc chloride promoted coupling of Ac4GlcNAcCl with lipid hydroxy groups. Tetrahedron Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)75823-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Salari H, Howard S, Bittman R. Synthesis and antineoplastic properties of an ether glycerophosphonocholine, and analog of ET-18-OCH3-GPC. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 187:603-8. [PMID: 1530618 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)91237-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A glycerophosphonocholine analog of the ether-linked lipid, rac-1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine (ET-18-OCH3-GPC), was synthesized in which the head group is nonhydrolyzable by phospholipase C. The phosphonate analog used in this study is rac-3-octadecyloxy-2-methoxy-propyl-phosphonocholine, C18H37OCH2CH(OCH3)CH2P(O)(O)OCH2CH2N+(CH3)3. The activity of the synthetic phosphonate was tested in the human leukemic cell line, HL-60, and the human undifferentiated cervical carcinoma, C-41. The glycerophosphonocholine inhibited [3H]thymidine uptake by HL-60 cells with an EC50 value of 5-7 microM. The glycerophosphate ET-18-OCH3-GPC had an EC50 value of approximately 2 microM against HL-60 cells. The EC50 values estimated from cell viability experiments were similar to that for [3H]thymidine uptake. The EC50 value for C-41 cells was about 10-15 microM. The data demonstrate that the glycerophosphonocholine is a promising anti-cancer drug for the treatment of both leukemia and solid tumors. Furthermore, the data demonstrate that phospholipase C-catalyzed hydrolysis of ET-18-OCH3-GPC does not play an important role in the cytotoxic action of the ether-linked glycerolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Salari
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Salari H, Dryden P, Davenport R, Howard S, Jones K, Bittman R. Inhibition of protein kinase C by ether-linked lipids is not correlated with their antineoplastic activity on WEHI-3B and R6X-B15 cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1134:81-8. [PMID: 1543759 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(92)90030-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that the action of antineoplastic ether-linked lipids in leukemic cells is associated with their ability to inhibit protein kinase C (PKC), we have compared the effects of two ether-linked lipids, 1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-methyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (ET16-OCH3-GPC) and 1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-methyl-sn-glycero-3-(S-beta-D-1'- thioglucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol (ET16-OCH3-beta-thio-Glc), on two different leukemic cell lines (WEHI-3B and R6X-B15). ET16-OCH3-GPC killed WEHI-3B cells with an EC50 value of 2.5 microM, whereas it was far less effective against R6X-B15 cells (EC50 = 40 microM). In contrast, the beta anomer of ET16-OCH3-beta-thio-Glc did not kill either cell line at concentrations up to 40 microM. Both ET16-OCH3-GPC and ET16-OCH3-thio-Glc inhibited 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (TPA)-induced PKC translocation in both WEHI-3B and R6X-B15 cells. When WEHI-3B cells were first exposed to TPA, and then to ET16-OCH3-GPC, no significant decrease in PKC activity in the particulate fraction was noticed. When, however, the cells were first exposed to ET16-OCH3-GPC and then to TPA, the enzyme activity in the particulate fraction was decreased by 20-30%. A phorbol dibutyrate binding assay showed that the decrease in membrane-associated PKC activity and the increase in cytosolic PKC activity did not result from impeded enzyme translocation. These results suggest that the similar PKC inhibitory potency of ET16-OCH3-GPC and ET16-OCH3-beta-thio-Glc: (a) is not correlated with the widely different cytotoxicities of these agents and (b) is probably due to interference with the binding of diacylglycerol/phosphatidylserine or TPA to PKC. Taken together, these results suggest that the ether-linked lipids compete with diacylglycerol/phosphatidylserine or TPA for binding sites on PKC required for enzyme activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Salari
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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