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Simão AY, Antunes M, Cabral E, Oliveira P, Rosendo LM, Brinca AT, Alves E, Marques H, Rosado T, Passarinha LA, Andraus M, Barroso M, Gallardo E. An Update on the Implications of New Psychoactive Substances in Public Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084869. [PMID: 35457736 PMCID: PMC9028227 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of new psychoactive substances has earned a great deal of attention, and several reports of acute poisoning and deaths have been issued involving, for instance, synthetic opiates. In recent years, there have been profound alterations in the legislation concerning consumption, marketing, and synthesis of these compounds; rapid alert systems have also been subject to changes, and new substances and new markets, mainly through the internet, have appeared. Their effects and how they originate in consumers are still mostly unknown, primarily in what concerns chronic toxicity. This review intends to provide a detailed description of these substances from the point of view of consumption, toxicokinetics, and health consequences, including case reports on intoxications in order to help researchers and public health agents working daily in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Y. Simão
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal; (A.Y.S.); (M.A.); (E.C.); (P.O.); (L.M.R.); (A.T.B.); (E.A.); (H.M.); (T.R.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilha, Portugal
| | - Mónica Antunes
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal; (A.Y.S.); (M.A.); (E.C.); (P.O.); (L.M.R.); (A.T.B.); (E.A.); (H.M.); (T.R.)
- Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Delegação do Sul, 1150-219 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Emanuel Cabral
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal; (A.Y.S.); (M.A.); (E.C.); (P.O.); (L.M.R.); (A.T.B.); (E.A.); (H.M.); (T.R.)
| | - Patrik Oliveira
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal; (A.Y.S.); (M.A.); (E.C.); (P.O.); (L.M.R.); (A.T.B.); (E.A.); (H.M.); (T.R.)
| | - Luana M. Rosendo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal; (A.Y.S.); (M.A.); (E.C.); (P.O.); (L.M.R.); (A.T.B.); (E.A.); (H.M.); (T.R.)
| | - Ana Teresa Brinca
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal; (A.Y.S.); (M.A.); (E.C.); (P.O.); (L.M.R.); (A.T.B.); (E.A.); (H.M.); (T.R.)
| | - Estefânia Alves
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal; (A.Y.S.); (M.A.); (E.C.); (P.O.); (L.M.R.); (A.T.B.); (E.A.); (H.M.); (T.R.)
| | - Hernâni Marques
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal; (A.Y.S.); (M.A.); (E.C.); (P.O.); (L.M.R.); (A.T.B.); (E.A.); (H.M.); (T.R.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilha, Portugal
| | - Tiago Rosado
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal; (A.Y.S.); (M.A.); (E.C.); (P.O.); (L.M.R.); (A.T.B.); (E.A.); (H.M.); (T.R.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilha, Portugal
| | - Luís A. Passarinha
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal; (A.Y.S.); (M.A.); (E.C.); (P.O.); (L.M.R.); (A.T.B.); (E.A.); (H.M.); (T.R.)
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Departamento de Química, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence: (L.A.P.); (M.A.); (M.B.); (E.G.); Tel.: +351-275-329-001 (L.A.P. & E.G.); +55-800-042-0384 (M.A.); +351-21-881-1800 (M.B.)
| | - Maristela Andraus
- Chromatox/Dasa Laboratory Ltda. Sumaré, São Paulo 01259-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: (L.A.P.); (M.A.); (M.B.); (E.G.); Tel.: +351-275-329-001 (L.A.P. & E.G.); +55-800-042-0384 (M.A.); +351-21-881-1800 (M.B.)
| | - Mário Barroso
- Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Delegação do Sul, 1150-219 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (L.A.P.); (M.A.); (M.B.); (E.G.); Tel.: +351-275-329-001 (L.A.P. & E.G.); +55-800-042-0384 (M.A.); +351-21-881-1800 (M.B.)
| | - Eugenia Gallardo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilha, Portugal; (A.Y.S.); (M.A.); (E.C.); (P.O.); (L.M.R.); (A.T.B.); (E.A.); (H.M.); (T.R.)
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia, UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-284 Covilha, Portugal
- Correspondence: (L.A.P.); (M.A.); (M.B.); (E.G.); Tel.: +351-275-329-001 (L.A.P. & E.G.); +55-800-042-0384 (M.A.); +351-21-881-1800 (M.B.)
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Carroll FI, Lewin AH, Mascarella SW, Seltzman HH, Reddy PA. Designer drugs: a medicinal chemistry perspective (II). Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1489:48-77. [PMID: 32396701 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During 2012-2018, the clandestine manufacture of new psychoactive substances (NPS) designed to circumvent substance control regulations increased exponentially worldwide, with concomitant increase in fatalities. This review focuses on three compound classes identified as synthetic opioids, synthetic amphetamines, and synthetic cannabinoids and highlights the medicinal chemistry precedents utilized by clandestine laboratories to develop new NPS with increased brain penetration, longer duration of action, and greater potency. Chemical approaches to illicit drug abuse treatment options, particularly for opioid use disorder, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ivy Carroll
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Anita H Lewin
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - S Wayne Mascarella
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Herbert H Seltzman
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - P Anantha Reddy
- Center for Drug Discovery, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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Pinterova N, Horsley RR, Palenicek T. Synthetic Aminoindanes: A Summary of Existing Knowledge. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:236. [PMID: 29204127 PMCID: PMC5698283 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aminoindanes ("bath salts," a class of novel psychoactive substances, NPSs) increased rapidly in popularity on the recreational drug market, particularly after mephedrone and other synthetic cathinones were banned in the UK in 2010. Novel aminoindanes continue to emerge, but relatively little is known about their effects and risks. Their history, chemistry, pharmacology, behavioral effects, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity are reviewed in this paper. METHODS Scientific literature was searched on ISI Web of Knowledge: Web of Science (WoS) during June and July 2017, using English language terms: aminoindanes such as 5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane (MDAI), 5-iodo-2-aminoindane (5-IAI), 2-aminoindane (2-AI), 5,6-methylenedioxy-N-methyl-2-aminoindane (MDMAI), and 5-methoxy-6-methyl-2-aminoindane (MMAI). WoS was selected as it searches several databases simultaneously and has quality criteria for inclusion. For typical use and effects, Erowid, PsychonautWiki, Bluelight, and Drugs-Forum were searched; for legal status and epidemiology, the European Information System and Database on New Drugs (EDND) was used. RESULTS Aminoindanes were first synthesized for medical use, e.g., as anti-Parkinsonian drugs and later as a potential compound facilitating psychotherapy; however, they are now widely substituted for ecstasy. Their mechanisms of action (primarily via serotonin) mean that they may pose a significant risk of serotonin syndrome at high doses or when combined with other drugs. Fatally toxic effects have been observed both in the laboratory in animal studies and in clinic, where deaths related with aminoindanes have been reported. CONCLUSION Greater knowledge about aminoindanes is urgently required to decrease risks of fatal intoxication, and appropriate legislation is needed to protect public health without impeding research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Pinterova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,3rd Medical Faculty, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Tomas Palenicek
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia.,3rd Medical Faculty, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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Akbaba Y, Akıncıoğlu A, Göçer H, Göksu S, Gülçin İ, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitory properties of novel sulfonamide derivatives of aminoindanes and aminotetralins. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2013; 29:35-42. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2012.750311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Akbaba
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Atatürk University
ErzurumTurkey
| | - Akın Akıncıoğlu
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Atatürk University
ErzurumTurkey
| | - Hülya Göçer
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Atatürk University
ErzurumTurkey
- Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Central Researching Laboratory
AgriTurkey
| | - Süleyman Göksu
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Atatürk University
ErzurumTurkey
| | - İlhami Gülçin
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Atatürk University
ErzurumTurkey
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Via della Lastruccia, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence)Italy
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Öztaşkın N, Göksu S, Seçen H. Alternative and Straightforward Synthesis of Dopaminergic 5-Methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-amine. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2010.495043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Necla Öztaşkın
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Ataturk University , Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Göksu
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Ataturk University , Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hasan Seçen
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Ataturk University , Erzurum, Turkey
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Abate C, Niso M, Lacivita E, Mosier PD, Toscano A, Perrone R. Analogues of σ receptor ligand 1-cyclohexyl-4-[3-(5-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)propyl]piperazine (PB28) with added polar functionality and reduced lipophilicity for potential use as positron emission tomography radiotracers. J Med Chem 2011; 54:1022-32. [PMID: 21229979 DOI: 10.1021/jm1013133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1-Cyclohexyl-4-[3-(5-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)propyl]piperazine 1 (PB28) represents an excellent lead candidate for therapeutic and/or diagnostic applications in oncology. However, because its utility is limited by its relatively high degree of lipophilicity, novel analogues of 1 with reduced lipophilic character were designed by substituting methylene groups with more polar functional groups in the propylene linker and at the tetralin C4 position. For the chiral analogues, separate enantiomers exhibited substantial and roughly equal affinities within a given receptor subtype, with the greatest difference observed for compound 9 at σ(1) (7.5-fold; (-)-(S)-9 K(i) = 94.6 nM, (+)-(R)-9 K(i) = 12.6 nM). Compound (-)-(S)-9 was also found to be the most σ(2)-selective agent (σ(2) K(i) = 5.92 nM), to possess a lipophilicity consistent with entry into tumor cells (log D(7.4) = 2.38), and to show minimal antiproliferative activity. However, (-)-(S)-9 exhibited moderate activity (EC(50) = 8.1 μM) at the P-gp efflux pump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Abate
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy.
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Leach AR, Gillet VJ, Lewis RA, Taylor R. Three-dimensional pharmacophore methods in drug discovery. J Med Chem 2010; 53:539-58. [PMID: 19831387 DOI: 10.1021/jm900817u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Leach
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK.
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Dren AT, Bopp BA, Ebert DM, Geiszler AO, Holland JB, Horrom BW, Dunnigan DA. Local anesthetic activity and acute toxicity of N-substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1- and 2-naphthylamines. J Pharm Sci 1978; 67:880-2. [PMID: 660483 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600670647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Seven N-substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1- and three 2-naphthylamines were prepared and tested for local anesthetic activity in the rabbit corneal reflex test and the mouse sciatic nerve block test. At 0.1 and 1%, three 1-alkylamino compounds had durations of action comparable to that of tetracaine in the rabbit corneal reflex test and were considerably more potent than lidocaine. The other four 1-alkylamino derivatives were inactive or at best minimally active. The durations of action of 1% concentrations of the three 2-alkylamino compounds were equivalent to that of 1% lidocaine in the corneal reflex test. In the mouse sciatic nerve block test, the three active 1-alkylamino compounds were considerably longer acting than either tetracaine or lidocaine. Three 1-alkylamino and the three 2-alkylamino compounds showed toxicity equal to or greater than lidocaine, while two 1-alkylamino and two 2-alkylamino compounds showed toxicity equal to or greater than tetracaine by the intraperitoneal route in mice. N-Heptyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-methoxy-1-naphthylamine methanesulfonate was the most promising local anesthetic in these series.
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Bopp BA, Dren AT, Ebert DM, Geiszler AO. Local anesthetic activity and acute toxicity of N-heptyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-methoxy-1-naphthylamine methanesulfonate. J Pharm Sci 1978; 67:882-4. [PMID: 660484 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600670648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
Tissue levels of amphetamine and of amphetamine analogs with a rigid conformation (2-aminoindan, 2-aminotetralin, and 2-aminobenzocycloheptene) were measured in rats by a spectrofluorometric method involving the reaction of the primary amine group with fluorescamine. All drugs were concentrated in tissues, the order of distribution being lungs greater than kidneys greater than liver=spleen=brain greater than muscle greater than fat=heart greater than blood. In brain, amphetamine and 2-aminoindan were present mostly in the supernatant fraction after high speed centrifugation onbrain homogenates; the two higher molecular weight drugs were present at slightly greater concentrations in the particulate fraction. All four drugs disappeared from rat brain with half-lives of 1-2 hr. Iprindole pretreatment increased drug levels in brain and prolonged the half-lives by two- to threefold. The data suggest that the biological disposition of the rigid analogs resembles generally that of amphetamine and that all of the drugs are probably metabolized by ring hydroxilation in the rat.
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Chapter 31: Quantitative Drug Design. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)61415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Chapter 32. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)61260-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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