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Liao S, Wu G, Xie Z, Lei X, Yang X, Huang S, Deng X, Wang Z, Tang G. pH regulators and their inhibitors in tumor microenvironment. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 267:116170. [PMID: 38308950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
As an important characteristic of tumor, acidic tumor microenvironment (TME) is closely related to immune escape, invasion, migration and drug resistance of tumor. The acidity of the TME mainly comes from the acidic products produced by the high level of tumor metabolism, such as lactic acid and carbon dioxide. pH regulators such as monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX), and Na+/H+ exchange 1 (NHE1) expel protons directly or indirectly from the tumor to maintain the pH balance of tumor cells and create an acidic TME. We review the functions of several pH regulators involved in the construction of acidic TME, the structure and structure-activity relationship of pH regulator inhibitors, and provide strategies for the development of small-molecule antitumor inhibitors based on these targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senyi Liao
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Guang Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Zhizhong Xie
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Xiaoyong Lei
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Sheng Huang
- Jiuzhitang Co., Ltd, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Xiangping Deng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhe Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Guotao Tang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
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Menchikov LG, Shulishov EV, Tomilov YV. Recent advances in the catalytic cyclopropanation of unsaturated compounds with diazomethane. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The main achievements and development trends of the past 10–15 years related to the catalytic cyclopropanation of unsaturated compounds with diazomethane are integrated and analyzed. The attention is focused on the most efficient catalysts based on palladium compounds. Data on the effects of substrate structure and nature of catalyst components on the regio- and stereoselectivity of these reactions are systematized. Characteristic features of safe methods for diazomethane generation are considered, including the use of membrane technologies and continuous-flow and in situ preparation methods, which have prospects for industrial application.
The bibliography includes 281 references.
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Snieckus V, Nerdinger S, Jagusch T, Lehnemann B, Scherer S, Meudt A, Neuner S, Schottenberger H. Ligand Assessment for the Suzuki-Miyaura Cross Coupling Reaction of Aryl and Heteroaryl Bromides with n-Butylboronic Acid. The Advantages of Buchwald’s S-Phos. HETEROCYCLES 2020. [DOI: 10.3987/com-19-s(f)54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Li J, Zheng L, Chen H, Wang L, Sun XL, Zhu J, Tang Y. Highly enantioselective cyclopropanation of trisubstituted olefins. Sci China Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-017-9200-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Talele TT. Natural-Products-Inspired Use of the gem-Dimethyl Group in Medicinal Chemistry. J Med Chem 2017; 61:2166-2210. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanaji T. Talele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, New York 11439, United States
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Tahir S, Badshah A, Hussain RA. Guanidines from ‘toxic substances’ to compounds with multiple biological applications – Detailed outlook on synthetic procedures employed for the synthesis of guanidines. Bioorg Chem 2015; 59:39-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zhu JB, Chen H, Wang L, Tang Y. Stereospecific synthesis of highly functionalized benzo[3.1.0]bicycloalkanes via multistep cascade reactions. Org Chem Front 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4qo00134f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A facile approach for the synthesis of benzo[3.1.0]bicycloalkanesviaalkylation/cyclopropanation cascade reactions of benzyl bromide with triphenylphosphonium bromide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Bo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032, China
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Zhu JB, Chen H, Liao S, Li YX, Tang Y. A sidearm-assisted phosphine for catalytic ylide intramolecular cyclopropanation. Org Chem Front 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4qo00232f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first phosphine-catalyzed cyclopropanation reactionviacovalent ylide catalysis has been realized with high efficiency in the presence of sidearm-assisted phosphine catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Bo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Saihu Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu-Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032, China
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Huber JD, Bentzien J, Boyer SJ, Burke J, De Lombaert S, Eickmeier C, Guo X, Haist JV, Hickey ER, Kaplita P, Karmazyn M, Kemper R, Kennedy CA, Kirrane T, Madwed JB, Mainolfi E, Nagaraja N, Soleymanzadeh F, Swinamer A, Eldrup AB. Identification of a potent sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) inhibitor with a suitable profile for chronic dosing and demonstrated cardioprotective effects in a preclinical model of myocardial infarction in the rat. J Med Chem 2012; 55:7114-40. [PMID: 22803959 DOI: 10.1021/jm300601d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sodium-hydrogen exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) is a ubiquitously expressed transmembrane ion channel responsible for intracellular pH regulation. During myocardial ischemia, low pH activates NHE1 and causes increased intracellular calcium levels and aberrant cellular processes, leading to myocardial stunning, arrhythmias, and ultimately cell damage and death. The role of NHE1 in cardiac injury has prompted interest in the development of NHE1 inhibitors for the treatment of heart failure. This report outlines our efforts to identify a compound suitable for once daily, oral administration with low drug-drug interaction potential starting from NHE1 inhibitor sabiporide. Substitution of a piperidine for the piperazine of sabiporide followed by replacement of the pyrrole moiety and subsequent optimization to improve potency and eliminate off-target activities resulted in the identification of N-[4-(1-acetyl-piperidin-4-yl)-3-trifluoromethyl-benzoyl]-guanidine (60). Pharmacological evaluation of 60 revealed a remarkable ability to prevent ischemic damage in an ex vivo model of ischemia reperfusion injury in isolated rat hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Huber
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States.
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Fallan C, Quigley PF, Lam HW. Ytterbium-catalyzed conjugate allylation of alkylidene malonates. J Org Chem 2011; 76:4112-8. [PMID: 21524084 DOI: 10.1021/jo200268e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alkylidene malonates undergo efficient conjugate allylation upon treatment with allylstannanes or allylsilanes under the action of ytterbium catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Fallan
- EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom
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11
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12
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Guérot C, Tchitchanov BH, Knust H, Carreira EM. Synthesis of Novel Angular Spirocyclic Azetidines. Org Lett 2011; 13:780-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol103050c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carine Guérot
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland, and F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, pRED, Discovery Chemistry, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Boris H. Tchitchanov
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland, and F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, pRED, Discovery Chemistry, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Henner Knust
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland, and F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, pRED, Discovery Chemistry, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Erick M. Carreira
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland, and F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, pRED, Discovery Chemistry, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Burkhard JA, Wuitschik G, Rogers-Evans M, Müller K, Carreira EM. Oxetane als vielseitige Bausteine in der Wirkstoff-Forschung und Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200907155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Electrocyclization reactions of vinyl, styryl, and butadienyl conjugated carbonyl/azomethine ylides. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Wuitschik G, Carreira EM, Wagner B, Fischer H, Parrilla I, Schuler F, Rogers-Evans M, Müller K. Oxetanes in Drug Discovery: Structural and Synthetic Insights. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3227-46. [PMID: 20349959 DOI: 10.1021/jm9018788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Wuitschik
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Hönggerberg, HCI H335, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Erick M. Carreira
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Hönggerberg, HCI H335, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Björn Wagner
- Pharmaceuticals Division, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Holger Fischer
- Pharmaceuticals Division, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Parrilla
- Pharmaceuticals Division, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Franz Schuler
- Pharmaceuticals Division, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mark Rogers-Evans
- Pharmaceuticals Division, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Müller
- Pharmaceuticals Division, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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Chen KX, Njoroge FG. The Journey to the Discovery of Boceprevir: An NS3–NS4 HCV Protease Inhibitor for the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2010; 49:1-36. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(10)49001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Synthesis and evaluation of acylguanidine FXa inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:4696-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Microbial hydroxylation of o-bromophenylacetic acid: synthesis of 4-substituted-2,3-dihydrobenzofurans. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 35:901-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-008-0363-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Krawczyk H, Wąsek K, Kędzia J, Wojciechowski J, Wolf WM. A general stereoselective method for the synthesis of cyclopropanecarboxylates. A new version of the homologous Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:308-18. [DOI: 10.1039/b712145h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Nagarajan SR, Lu HF, Gasiecki AF, Khanna IK, Parikh MD, Desai BN, Rogers TE, Clare M, Chen BB, Russell MA, Keene JL, Duffin T, Engleman VW, Finn MB, Freeman SK, Klover JA, Nickols GA, Nickols MA, Shannon KE, Steininger CA, Westlin WF, Westlin MM, Williams ML. Discovery of +(2-{4-[2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)ethoxy]phenyl}-cyclopropyl)acetic acid as potent and selective αvβ3 inhibitor: Design, synthesis, and optimization. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:3390-412. [PMID: 17387018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The integrin alpha(v)beta(3) is expressed in a number of cell types and is thought to play a major role in several pathological conditions. Various small molecules that inhibit the integrin have been shown to suppress tumor growth and retinal angiogenesis. The tripeptide Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD), a common binding motif in several ligands that bind to alpha(v)beta(3), has been depeptidized and optimized in our efforts toward discovering a small molecule inhibitor. We recently disclosed the synthesis and biological activity of several small molecules that did not contain any peptide bond and mimic the tripeptide RGD. The phenethyl group in one of the lead compounds was successfully replaced with a cyclopropyl moiety. The new lead compound was optimized for potency, selectivity, and for its ADME properties. We describe herein the discovery, synthesis, and optimization of cyclopropyl containing analogs that are potent and selective inhibitors of alpha(v)beta(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan R Nagarajan
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, St. Louis Laboratories, Pfizer, Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA.
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Lee S, Kim T, Lee BH, Yoo SE, Lee K, Yi KY. 3-Substituted-(5-arylfuran-2-ylcarbonyl)guanidines as NHE-1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:1291-5. [PMID: 17189690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Revised: 11/23/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The C-3 substituents effect on NHE-1 inhibitory activity of (5-arylfuran-2-ylcarbonyl)guanidines, previously identified as potent NHE-1 inhibitors, was investigated. The introduction of amine or alkyl groups at the 3-position of the furan ring, next to the acylguanidine moiety, remarkably improves NHE-1 inhibitory potency. Especially the important finding is that 5-(2,5-dichloro)phenyl and 5-(2-methoxy-5-chloro)phenyl derivatives exhibit high NHE-1 inhibitory activities (IC50 < 0.02 microM) that match those of 3-unsubstituted derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunkyung Lee
- Bio-organic Science Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
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Venkatraman S, Bogen SL, Arasappan A, Bennett F, Chen K, Jao E, Liu YT, Lovey R, Hendrata S, Huang Y, Pan W, Parekh T, Pinto P, Popov V, Pike R, Ruan S, Santhanam B, Vibulbhan B, Wu W, Yang W, Kong J, Liang X, Wong J, Liu R, Butkiewicz N, Chase R, Hart A, Agrawal S, Ingravallo P, Pichardo J, Kong R, Baroudy B, Malcolm B, Guo Z, Prongay A, Madison V, Broske L, Cui X, Cheng KC, Hsieh Y, Brisson JM, Prelusky D, Korfmacher W, White R, Bogdanowich-Knipp S, Pavlovsky A, Bradley P, Saksena AK, Ganguly A, Piwinski J, Girijavallabhan V, Njoroge FG. Discovery of (1R,5S)-N-[3-amino-1-(cyclobutylmethyl)-2,3-dioxopropyl]- 3-[2(S)-[[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl]- 6,6-dimethyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2(S)-carboxamide (SCH 503034), a selective, potent, orally bioavailable hepatitis C virus NS3 protease inhibitor: a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of hepatitis C infection. J Med Chem 2006; 49:6074-86. [PMID: 17004721 DOI: 10.1021/jm060325b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the major cause of chronic liver disease, leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, which affects more than 170 million people worldwide. Currently the only therapeutic regimens are subcutaneous interferon-alpha or polyethylene glycol (PEG)-interferon-alpha alone or in combination with oral ribavirin. Although combination therapy is reasonably successful with the majority of genotypes, its efficacy against the predominant genotype (genotype 1) is moderate at best, with only about 40% of the patients showing sustained virological response. Herein, the SAR leading to the discovery of 70 (SCH 503034), a novel, potent, selective, orally bioavailable NS3 protease inhibitor that has been advanced to clinical trials in human beings for the treatment of hepatitis C viral infections is described. X-ray structure of inhibitor 70 complexed with the NS3 protease and biological data are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Venkatraman
- Schering Plough Research Institute, K-15, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA.
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Atwal KS, O'Neil SV, Ahmad S, Doweyko L, Kirby M, Dorso CR, Chandrasena G, Chen BC, Zhao R, Zahler R. Synthesis and biological activity of 5-aryl-4-(4-(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)piperidin-1-yl)pyrimidine analogs as potent, highly selective, and orally bioavailable NHE-1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:4796-9. [PMID: 16870436 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Revised: 06/22/2006] [Accepted: 06/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of potent inhibitors of the sodium hydrogen exchanger-1 (NHE-1) is described. Structure-activity relationships identified the 3-methyl-4-fluoro analog 9t as a highly potent (IC50 = 0.0065 microM) and selective (NHE-2/NHE-1=1400) non-acylguanidine NHE-1 inhibitor. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that compound 9t has an oral bioavailability of 52% and a plasma half life of 1.5 h in rats. Because of its promising potency, selectivity, and a good pharmacokinetic profile, compound 9t was selected for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karnail S Atwal
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400, USA
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Shinada T, Umezawa T, Ando T, Kozuma H, Ohfune Y. A new entry for the synthesis of N-acyl-N′-substituted guanidines. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lee BH, Seo HW, Yi KY, Lee S, Lee S, Yoo SE. Effects of KR-32570, a new Na+/H+ exchanger inhibitor, on functional and metabolic impairments produced by global ischemia and reperfusion in the perfused rat heart. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 511:175-82. [PMID: 15792786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2005] [Accepted: 01/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to evaluate the cardioprotective effects of [5-(2-methoxy-5-chloro-5-phenyl)furan-2-ylcarbonyl]guanidine (KR-32570) on ischemia/reperfusion-induced mechanical and metabolic dysfunction in isolated rat hearts. In addition, the effects of KR-32570 on the Na(+)/H(+)-exchanger (NHE) and lipid peroxidation were also evaluated. KR-32570 strongly inhibited the recovery from acidosis induced by an NH(4)Cl prepulse in PS120 fibroblast cells expressing the human NHE-1 isoform (IC(50): 0.05 and 1.16 microM for KR-32570 and cariporide, respectively). In isolated perfused rat hearts subjected to 30-min ischemia/30-min reperfusion, KR-32570 (1-10 microM) significantly and concentration dependently improved cardiac contractile function and severe contracture in conjunction with causing a marked reduction in lactate dehydrogenase release. Additionally, it (1-10 microM) significantly increased the content of ATP, creatine phosphate and glycogen as well as decreased the tissue lactate content in heart homogenates following ischemia and reperfusion. KR-32570 (1-10 microM) significantly decreased the concentration of 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2 alpha), a reliable marker for oxidant stress, in perfusates from rat hearts subjected to ischemia and reperfusion. In separate experiments, KR-32570 significantly lowered the concentration of malondialdehyde in rat liver homogenate and inhibited Cu(2+)-induced peroxidation of low-density lipoprotein. Taken together, these results suggest that KR-32570 possesses potent cardioprotective effects in perfused rat hearts, and its effects may be mediated by inhibition of NHE-1, preservation of high-energy phosphates, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Ho Lee
- Medicinal Science Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, #100, Jang-dong, Yusong, Taejon 305-343, Republic of Korea.
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Karmazyn M. Inhibitors of sodium-hydrogen exchange as therapeutic agents for the treatment of heart disease. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.13.9.1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Bennett CJ, Caldwell ST, McPhail DB, Morrice PC, Duthie GG, Hartley RC. Potential therapeutic antioxidants that combine the radical scavenging ability of myricetin and the lipophilic chain of vitamin E to effectively inhibit microsomal lipid peroxidation. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:2079-98. [PMID: 15080911 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2003] [Accepted: 02/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The flavonol myricetin, reacts with oxygen-centred galvinoxyl radicals 28 times faster than d-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), the main lipid-soluble antioxidant in biological membranes. Moreover, each myricetin molecule reduces twice as many such radicals as vitamin E. However, myricetin fails to protect vitamin E-deficient microsomes from lipid peroxidation as assessed by the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Novel and potentially therapeutic antioxidants have been prepared that combine the radical-scavenging ability of a myricetin-like head group with a lipophilic chain similar to that of vitamin E. C(6)-C(12) alkyl chains are attached to the A-ring of either a 3,3',4',5'-tetrahydroxyflavone or a 3,2',4',5'-tetrahydroxyflavone head group to give lipophilic flavonoids (C log P = 4 to 10) that markedly inhibit iron-ADP catalysed oxidation of microsomal preparations. Orientation of the head group as well as total lipophilicity are important determinants of antioxidant efficacy. MM2 models indicate that our best straight chain 7-alkylflavonoids embed to the same depth in the membrane as vitamin E. The flavonoid head groups are prepared by aldol condensation followed by Algar-Flynn-Oyamada (AFO) oxidation or by Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement. The alkyl tails are introduced by Suzuki or Negishi palladium-catalysed cross-coupling or by cross-metathesis catalysed by first generation Grubbs catalyst, which tolerate phenolic hydroxyl and ketone groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Bennett
- OxyProTec Research Team, Department of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
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Ahmad S, Ngu K, Combs DW, Wu SC, Weinstein DS, Liu W, Chen BC, Chandrasena G, Dorso CR, Kirby M, Atwal KS. Aminoimidazoles as bioisosteres of acylguanidines: novel, potent, selective and orally bioavailable inhibitors of the sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform-1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:177-80. [PMID: 14684323 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform-1 (NHE-1) has been shown to limit damage to the myocardium under ischemic conditions in animals. While most known NHE-1 inhibitors are acylguanidines, this report describes the design and synthesis of a series of heterocyclic inhibitors of NHE-1 including aminoimidazoles with undiminished in vitro activity and oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Ahmad
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
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Doggrell SA, Hancox JC. Is timing everything? Therapeutic potential of modulators of cardiac Na(+) transporters. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2003; 12:1123-42. [PMID: 12831348 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.12.7.1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Sodium ion (Na(+)) transporters have roles in the modulation of cardiomyocyte pH and Na(+) and Ca(2+) handling. Activation of the cardiac Na(+)-H(+) exchanger 1 (NHE1) during ischaemia induces arrhythmias, myocardial stunning and irreversible cell injury. As the benefits of NHE1 inhibitors (e.g., amiloride, cariporide) in models of myocardial infarction are usually much greater when used as pretreatment, rather than during or after ischaemia, it is probably not surprising that clinical trials with cariporide in ischaemia have shown little shortterm benefit. NHE1 inhibitors have been shown to be beneficial in animal models of ventricular fibrillation and resuscitation, cardioplegia, hypertrophy and heart failure, and their therapeutic potential in these conditions should be further developed. The Na(+)-HCO(3)(-) cotransporter (NBC) is also stimulated by intracellular acidification, and part of the benefit of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors after myocardial infarction may be due to inhibition of the NBC. Selective inhibitors of the NBC are required to determine the therapeutic potential of this mechanism. The Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX) has a major role in cardiac Na(+) and Ca(2+) homeostasis and influences cardiac electrical activity. The NCX also has a role in ischaemia/infarction, arrhythmias, hypertrophy and heart failure. NCX inhibitors may have beneficial effects in animal models of ischaemia and reperfusion injury and the therapeutic benefit of these should be further studied in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila A Doggrell
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Wang MX, Feng GQ. Nitrile biotransformation for highly enantioselective synthesis of 3-substituted 2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acids and amides. J Org Chem 2003; 68:621-4. [PMID: 12530896 DOI: 10.1021/jo026490q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biotransformations of differently configured 2,2-dimethyl-3-substitued-cyclopropanecarbonitriles were studied using a nitrile hydratase/amidase-containing Rhodococcus sp. AJ270 whole-cell catalyst under very mild conditions. Although all of the cis-3-aryl-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarbonitriles appeared inert toward the biocatalyst, a number of racemic trans-isomers efficiently underwent a highly enantioselective hydrolysis to produce (+)-(1R,3R)-3-aryl-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acids and (-)-(1S,3S)-3-aryl-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxamides in high yields with excellent enantiomeric excesses in most cases. The overall enantioselectivity of the biotransformations of nitriles originated from the combined effects of 1R-enantioselective nitrile hydratase and amidase, with the later being a dominant factor. The influence of the substrates on both reaction efficiency and enantioselectivity was discussed in terms of steric and electronic effects. Coupled with chemical transformations, biotransformations of nitriles provided convenient syntheses of optically pure geminally dimethyl-substituted cyclopropanecarboxylic acids and amides, including chrysanthemic acids, in both enantiomeric forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Xiang Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China.
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A new facile method for the stereoselective synthesis of trans-2-aryl-3,3-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acids. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)01224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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