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Noor R, Zahoor AF, Mansha A, Khan SG, Haq AU, Ahmad S, Al-Hussain SA, Irfan A, Zaki MEA. Synthetic Potential of Regio- and Stereoselective Ring Expansion Reactions of Six-Membered Carbo- and Heterocyclic Ring Systems: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076692. [PMID: 37047665 PMCID: PMC10094819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ring expansion reactions fascinate synthetic chemists owing to their importance in synthesizing biologically active compounds and their efficacy in medicinal chemistry. The present review summarizes a number of synthetic methodologies, including stereoselective and regioselective pathways adopted by scientists, for framing medium- to large-size carbo- and heterocycles involving lactams, lactone, azepine and azulene derivatives via ring expansion of six-membered carbo- and heterocycles that have been reported from 2007–2022. Numerous rearrangement and cycloaddition reactions involving Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement, Aza–Claisen rearrangement, Schmidt rearrangement, Beckmann rearrangement, etc., have been described in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rida Noor
- Department of Chemistry, Government College, University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ameer Fawad Zahoor
- Department of Chemistry, Government College, University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Asim Mansha
- Department of Chemistry, Government College, University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Samreen Gul Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Government College, University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Atta Ul Haq
- Department of Chemistry, Government College, University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Faisalabad Campus, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sami A. Al-Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, Government College, University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Magdi E. A. Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
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Deihl ED, Jesikiewicz LT, Newman LJ, Liu P, Brummond KM. Rh(I)-Catalyzed Allenic Pauson-Khand Reaction to Access the Thapsigargin Core: Influence of Furan and Allenyl Chloroacetate Groups on Enantioselectivity. Org Lett 2022; 24:995-999. [PMID: 35081313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thapsigargin (Tg) is a potent SERCA pump inhibitor with the potential to treat cancer and COVID-19. We have extended the scope of the asymmetric allenic Pauson-Khand reaction to furan-tethered allene-ynes, a stereoconvergent transformation affording the 5,7,5-ring system of Tg in good yields and high enantioselectivity. Computational studies of the oxidative cyclization step show that the furan and chloroacetate groups contribute to this high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Deihl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Luke T Jesikiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Logan J Newman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Kay M Brummond
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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3
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Mipsagargin: The Beginning-Not the End-of Thapsigargin Prodrug-Based Cancer Therapeutics. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247469. [PMID: 34946547 PMCID: PMC8707208 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Søren Brøgger Christensen isolated and characterized the cell-penetrant sesquiterpene lactone Thapsigargin (TG) from the fruit Thapsia garganica. In the late 1980s/early 1990s, TG was supplied to multiple independent and collaborative groups. Using this TG, studies documented with a large variety of mammalian cell types that TG rapidly (i.e., within seconds to a minute) penetrates cells, resulting in an essentially irreversible binding and inhibiting (IC50~10 nM) of SERCA 2b calcium uptake pumps. If exposure to 50–100 nM TG is sustained for >24–48 h, prostate cancer cells undergo apoptotic death. TG-induced death requires changes in the cytoplasmic Ca2+, initiating a calmodulin/calcineurin/calpain-dependent signaling cascade that involves BAD-dependent opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP); this releases cytochrome C into the cytoplasm, activating caspases and nucleases. Chemically unmodified TG has no therapeutic index and is poorly water soluble. A TG analog, in which the 8-acyl groups is replaced with the 12-aminododecanoyl group, afforded 12-ADT, retaining an EC50 for killing of <100 nM. Conjugation of 12-ADT to a series of 5–8 amino acid peptides was engineered so that they are efficiently hydrolyzed by only one of a series of proteases [e.g., KLK3 (also known as Prostate Specific Antigen); KLK2 (also known as hK2); Fibroblast Activation Protein Protease (FAP); or Folh1 (also known as Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen)]. The obtained conjugates have increased water solubility for systemic delivery in the blood and prevent cell penetrance and, thus, killing until the TG-prodrug is hydrolyzed by the targeting protease in the vicinity of the cancer cells. We summarize the preclinical validation of each of these TG-prodrugs with special attention to the PSMA TG-prodrug, Mipsagargin, which is in phase II clinical testing.
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Saleh N, Wang Y, Nissen P, Lindorff-Larsen K. Allosteric modulation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ ATPase by thapsigargin via decoupling of functional motions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:21991-21995. [PMID: 31552962 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04736k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) is a widely studied member of the large family of phosphorylation(P)-type ATPase membrane transporters. Ligands and nucleotide binding naturally modulate the conformational space of P-type ATPases through allosteric inter-domain communications. Whereas many inhibitory ATPase ligands act by directly blocking substrate uptake or release, SERCA is a target for thapsigargin (TG), a plant-derived natural product that allosterically inhibits the transport cycle. While thapsigargin's inhibitory effects on SERCA have been widely studied experimentally, the molecular mechanisms underlying these remain incompletely understood. Here, we apply modelling and molecular simulations to probe the effects of TG binding to the major functional states along SERCA's reaction cycle. Our results provide insight into the atomic-level details of the conformational changes induced by TG binding to SERCA, and suggest mechanisms for its effect. Since other P-type ATPases share closely related reaction cycles, our data suggests that similar modulators might exist for these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noureldin Saleh
- Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Dept. of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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5
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Abstract
Natural products (NPs) are important sources of clinical drugs due to their structural diversity and biological prevalidation. However, the structural complexity of NPs leads to synthetic difficulties, unfavorable pharmacokinetic profiles, and poor drug-likeness. Structural simplification by truncating unnecessary substructures is a powerful strategy for overcoming these limitations and improving the efficiency and success rate of NP-based drug development. Herein, we will provide a comprehensive review of the structural simplification of NPs with a focus on design strategies, case studies, and new technologies. In particular, a number of successful examples leading to marketed drugs or drug candidates will be discussed in detail to illustrate how structural simplification is applied in lead optimization of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzheng Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road , Shanghai , 200433 , P.R. China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Fourth Military Medical University , 169 Changle West Road , Xi'an , 710032 , P.R. China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road , Shanghai , 200433 , P.R. China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road , Shanghai , 200433 , P.R. China
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Chen J, De Raeymaecker J, Hovgaard JB, Smaardijk S, Vandecaetsbeek I, Wuytack F, Møller JV, Eggermont J, De Maeyer M, Christensen SB, Vangheluwe P. Structure/activity relationship of thapsigargin inhibition on the purified Golgi/secretory pathway Ca 2+/Mn 2+-transport ATPase (SPCA1a). J Biol Chem 2017; 292:6938-6951. [PMID: 28264934 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.778431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi/secretory pathway Ca2+/Mn2+-transport ATPase (SPCA1a) is implicated in breast cancer and Hailey-Hailey disease. Here, we purified recombinant human SPCA1a from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and measured Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity following reconstitution in proteoliposomes. The purified SPCA1a displays a higher apparent Ca2+ affinity and a lower maximal turnover rate than the purified sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA1a). The lipids cholesteryl hemisuccinate, linoleamide/oleamide, and phosphatidylethanolamine inhibit and phosphatidic acid and sphingomyelin enhance SPCA1a activity. Moreover, SPCA1a is blocked by micromolar concentrations of the commonly used SERCA1a inhibitors thapsigargin (Tg), cyclopiazonic acid, and 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone. Because tissue-specific targeting of SERCA2b by Tg analogues is considered for prostate cancer therapy, the inhibition of SPCA1a by Tg might represent an off-target risk. We assessed the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of Tg for SPCA1a by in silico modeling, site-directed mutagenesis, and measuring the potency of a series of Tg analogues. These indicate that Tg and the analogues are bound via the Tg scaffold but with lower affinity to the same homologous cavity as on the membrane surface of SERCA1a. The lower Tg affinity may depend on a more flexible binding cavity in SPCA1a, with low contributions of the Tg O-3, O-8, and O-10 chains to the binding energy. Conversely, the protein interaction of the Tg O-2 side chain with SPCA1a appears comparable with that of SERCA1a. These differences define a SAR of Tg for SPCA1a distinct from that of SERCA1a, indicating that Tg analogues with a higher specificity for SPCA1a can probably be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Chen
- From the Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Joren De Raeymaecker
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology Section, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jannik Brøndsted Hovgaard
- the Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, and
| | - Susanne Smaardijk
- From the Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Ilse Vandecaetsbeek
- From the Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Frank Wuytack
- From the Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and
| | | | - Jan Eggermont
- From the Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Marc De Maeyer
- Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology Section, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Søren Brøgger Christensen
- the Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, and
| | - Peter Vangheluwe
- From the Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and
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Doan NTQ, Paulsen ES, Sehgal P, Møller JV, Nissen P, Denmeade SR, Isaacs JT, Dionne CA, Christensen SB. Targeting thapsigargin towards tumors. Steroids 2015; 97:2-7. [PMID: 25065587 PMCID: PMC4696022 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The skin irritating principle from Thapsia garganica was isolated, named thapsigargin and the structure elucidated. By inhibiting the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase (SERCA) thapsigargin provokes apoptosis in almost all cells. By conjugating thapsigargin to peptides, which are only substrates for either prostate specific antigen (PSA) or prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) prodrugs were created, which selectively affect prostate cancer cells or neovascular tissue in tumors. One of the prodrug is currently tested in clinical phase II. The prodrug under clinical trial has been named mipsagargin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhu Thi Quynh Doan
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Eleonora Sandholdt Paulsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Pankaj Sehgal
- Department of Biomedicine, Ole Worms Allé 6, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jesper Vuust Møller
- Department of Biomedicine, Ole Worms Allé 6, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Poul Nissen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Samuel R Denmeade
- The Bunting-Blaustein Cancer Research Building, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - John T Isaacs
- The Bunting-Blaustein Cancer Research Building, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Craig A Dionne
- GenSpera, 2511 N Loop 1604 W, Suite 204, San Antonio, TX 78258, USA
| | - Søren Brøgger Christensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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8
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Andersen TB, López CQ, Manczak T, Martinez K, Simonsen HT. Thapsigargin--from Thapsia L. to mipsagargin. Molecules 2015; 20:6113-27. [PMID: 25856061 PMCID: PMC6272310 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20046113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The sesquiterpene lactone thapsigargin is found in the plant Thapsia garganica L., and is one of the major constituents of the roots and fruits of this Mediterranean species. In 1978, the first pharmacological effects of thapsigargin were established and the full structure was elucidated in 1985. Shortly after, the overall mechanism of the Sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) inhibition that leads to apoptosis was discovered. Thapsigargin has a potent antagonistic effect on the SERCA and is widely used to study Ca2+-signaling. The effect on SERCA has also been utilized in the treatment of solid tumors. A prodrug has been designed to target the blood vessels of cancer cells; the death of these blood vessels then leads to tumor necrosis. The first clinical trials of this drug were initiated in 2008, and the potent drug is expected to enter the market in the near future under the generic name Mipsagargin (G-202). This review will describe the discovery of the new drug, the on-going elucidation of the biosynthesis of thapsigargin in the plant and attempts to supply the global market with a novel potent anti-cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Bundgaard Andersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Carmen Quiñonero López
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Tom Manczak
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Karen Martinez
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Henrik Toft Simonsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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9
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Marín-Barrios R, García-Cabeza AL, Moreno-Dorado FJ, Guerra FM, Massanet GM. Acyloxylation of Cyclic Enones: Synthesis of Densely Oxygenated Guaianolides. J Org Chem 2014; 79:6501-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500915r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Marín-Barrios
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ana Leticia García-Cabeza
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - F. Javier Moreno-Dorado
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Francisco M. Guerra
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Guillermo M. Massanet
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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Hagiwara H. Carvone as a Versatile Chiral Building Block for Total Syntheses of Heterocyclic Sesquiterpenoids. Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300800719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article is focused on the total syntheses of heterocyclic sesquiterpenoids starting from carvone since 1996.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisahiro Hagiwara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology Niigata University 8050 2-Nocho Ikarashi Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
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11
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Ollivier A, Grougnet R, Cachet X, Meriane D, Ardisson J, Boutefnouchet S, Deguin B. Large scale purification of the SERCA inhibitor Thapsigargin from Thapsia garganica L. roots using centrifugal partition chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 926:16-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Paulsen ES, Villadsen J, Tenori E, Liu H, Bonde DF, Lie MA, Bublitz M, Olesen C, Autzen HE, Dach I, Sehgal P, Nissen P, Møller JV, Schiøtt B, Christensen SB. Water-mediated interactions influence the binding of thapsigargin to sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium adenosinetriphosphatase. J Med Chem 2013; 56:3609-19. [PMID: 23574308 DOI: 10.1021/jm4001083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A crystal structure suggests four water molecules are present in the binding cavity of thapsigargin in sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA). Computational chemistry indicates that three of these water molecules mediate an extensive hydrogen-bonding network between thapsigargin and the backbone of SERCA. The orientation of the thapsigargin molecule in SERCA is crucially dependent on these interactions. The hypothesis has been verified by measuring the affinity of newly synthesized model compounds, which are prevented from participating in such water-mediated interactions as hydrogen-bond donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora S Paulsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Tap A, Jouanneau M, Galvani G, Sorin G, Lannou MI, Férézou JP, Ardisson J. Asymmetric synthesis of a highly functionalized enantioenriched system close to thapsigargin framework. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:8140-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26194d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Yao S, Gallenkamp D, Wölfel K, Lüke B, Schindler M, Scherkenbeck J. Synthesis and SERCA activities of structurally simplified cyclopiazonic acid analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:4669-78. [PMID: 21719297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The indole alkaloid cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) is one of the few known nanomolar inhibitors of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca²⁺-ATPase (SERCA) besides the anticancer drug thapsigargin and the antiplasmoidal terpenoid artemisinin. Due to its less complex structure CPA represents an attractive lead structure for the development of novel antimalarial drugs or for applications in the field of plant protection. We report here the first syntheses of structurally simplified CPA fragments and discuss their SERCA activities on the basis of published crystal structures of CPA-SERCA complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yao
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Fachgruppe Chemie, Gaußstraße 20, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
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Thapsigargin affinity purification of intracellular P2A-type Ca2+ ATPases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1813:1118-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Cartwright EJ, Neyses L. Evaluation of plasma membrane calcium/calmodulin-dependent ATPase isoform 4 as a potential target for fertility control. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2010:79-95. [PMID: 20839088 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-02062-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The array of contraceptives currently available is clearly inadequate and does not meet consumer demands since it is estimated that up to a quarter of all pregnancies worldwide are unintended. There is, therefore, an overwhelming global need to develop new effective, safe, ideally non-hormonal contraceptives for both male and female use. The contraceptive field, unlike other areas such as cancer, has a dearth of new targets. We have addressed this issue and propose that isoform 4 of the plasma membrane calcium ATPase is a potentially exciting novel target for fertility control. The plasma membrane calcium ATPase is a ubiquitously expressed calcium pump whose primary function in the majority of cells is to extrude calcium to the extracellular milieu. Two isoforms of this gene family, PMCA1 and PMCA4, are expressed in spermatozoa, with PMCA4 being the predominant isoform. Although this gene is ubiquitously expressed, its function is highly tissue-specific. Genetic deletion of PMCA4, in PMCA4 knockout mice, led to 100% infertility specifically in the male mutant mice due to a selective defect in sperm motility. It is important to note that the gene deletion did not affect normal mating characteristics in these mice. This phenotype was mimicked in wild-type sperm treated with the non-specific PMCA inhibitor 5-(and 6-) carboxyeosin diacetate succinimidyl ester; a proof-of-principle that inhibition of PMCA4 has potential importance in the control of fertility. This review outlines the potential for PMCA4 to be a novel target for fertility control by acting to inhibit sperm motility. It will outline the characteristics that make this target drugable and will describe methodologies to identify and validate novel inhibitors of this target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Cartwright
- Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Manchester, Room 1.302 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.
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Skytte DM, Møller JV, Liu H, Nielsen HØ, Svenningsen LE, Jensen CM, Olsen CE, Christensen SB. Elucidation of the topography of the thapsigargin binding site in the sarco-endoplasmic calcium ATPase. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:5634-46. [PMID: 20615710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Removal of each of the acyl groups of thapsigargin at O-3, O-8 and O-10 significant reduces the affinity of the inhibitors to the SERCA1a pump. Replacement of the acyl groups at O-3 and O-10 with flexible residues could be performed with only a minor decrease of the affinity, whereas introduction of voluminous stiff residues caused dramatic reduction of the affinity. The results can be rationalized on the basis of the interactions of thapsigargin with the SERCA1a pump as revealed from 3D X-ray structural models of thapsigargin bound to the SERCA1a. In conclusion the results confirm and elaborate the previously suggested pharmocophore model of thapsigargin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorthe Mondrup Skytte
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Winther AML, Liu H, Sonntag Y, Olesen C, le Maire M, Soehoel H, Olsen CE, Christensen SB, Nissen P, Møller JV. Critical roles of hydrophobicity and orientation of side chains for inactivation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase with thapsigargin and thapsigargin analogs. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:28883-92. [PMID: 20551329 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.136242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Thapsigargin (Tg), a specific inhibitor of sarco/endoplasmic Ca(2+)-ATPases (SERCA), binds with high affinity to the E2 conformation of these ATPases. SERCA inhibition leads to elevated calcium levels in the cytoplasm, which in turn induces apoptosis. We present x-ray crystallographic and intrinsic fluorescence data to show how Tg and chemical analogs of the compound with modified or removed side chains bind to isolated SERCA 1a membranes. This occurs by uptake via the membrane lipid followed by insertion into a resident intramembranous binding site with few adaptative changes. Our binding data indicate that a balanced hydrophobicity and accurate positioning of the side chains, provided by the central guaianolide ring structure, defines a pharmacophore of Tg that governs both high affinity and access to the protein-binding site. Tg analogs substituted with long linkers at O-8 extend from the binding site between transmembrane segments to the putative N-terminal Ca(2+) entry pathway. The long chain analogs provide a rational basis for the localization of the linker, the presence of which is necessary for enabling prostate-specific antigen to cleave peptide-conjugated prodrugs targeting SERCA of cancer cells (Denmeade, S. R., Jakobsen, C. M., Janssen, S., Khan, S. R., Garrett, E. S., Lilja, H., Christensen, S. B., and Isaacs, J. T. (2003) J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 95, 990-1000). Our study demonstrates the usefulness of a simple in vitro system to test and direct development toward the formulation of new Tg derivatives with improved properties for SERCA targeting. Finally, we propose that the Tg binding pocket may be a regulatory site that, for example, is sensitive to cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie L Winther
- Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Denmark
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20
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Deye J, Elam C, Lape M, Ratliff R, Evans K, Paula S. Structure-based virtual screening for novel inhibitors of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase and their experimental evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 17:1353-60. [PMID: 19117760 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2008] [Revised: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 12/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A public compound library with 260,000 compounds was screened virtually by computational docking for novel inhibitors of the transmembrane enzyme sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA). Docking was performed with the program GOLD in conjunction with a high resolution X-ray crystal structure of SERCA. Compounds that were predicted to be active were tested in bioassays. Nineteen novel compounds were discovered that were capable of inhibiting the ATP hydrolysis activity of SERCA at concentrations below 50 microM. Crucial enzyme/inhibitor interactions were identified by analyzing the docking-predicted binding poses of active compounds. Like other SERCA inhibitors, the newly discovered compounds are of considerable medicinal interest because of their potential for cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Deye
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Center, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099-1905, USA
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21
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Andrews SP, Ball M, Wierschem F, Cleator E, Oliver S, Högenauer K, Simic O, Antonello A, Hünger U, Smith MD, Ley SV. Total Synthesis of Five Thapsigargins: Guaianolide Natural Products Exhibiting Sub-Nanomolar SERCA Inhibition. Chemistry 2007; 13:5688-712. [PMID: 17508363 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe the total synthesis of five guaianolide natural products: thapsigargin, thapsivillosin C, thapsivillosin F, trilobolide and nortrilobolide. Prodrug derivatives of thapsigargin have shown selective in vivo cytotoxicity against prostate tumours and the need for further investigation of this phenomenon highlights the importance of these total syntheses. The first absolute stereochemical assignment of thapsivillosin C is also delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Andrews
- University Chemical Laboratory, Lensifield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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22
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Manzano FL, Guerra FM, Moreno-Dorado FJ, Jorge ZD, Massanet GM. Toward the synthesis of thapsigargin: enantioselective synthesis of 7,11-dihydroxyguaianolides. Org Lett 2007; 8:2879-82. [PMID: 16774280 DOI: 10.1021/ol061024z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The enantioselective synthesis of a 7,11-dihydroxyguaianolide bearing the stereochemistry present in thapsigargin, a potent and selective inhibitor of the Ca(2+) SERCA-ATPase pumps, is described. Starting from (+)-dihydrocarvone, the synthesis presents two key steps. The first one involves the photochemical rearrangement of a gamma,delta-unsaturated ketone eudesmane into the corresponding guaiane. The second step consists of the regioselective oxidation of an unprotected tetrahydroxylated ketone to provide a dihydroxylactone with the required stereochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco L Manzano
- Departamento de Química Organica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cadiz, Puerto Real, Spain
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23
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Andrews SP, Tait MM, Ball M, Ley SV. Design and total synthesis of unnatural analogues of the sub-nanomolar SERCA inhibitor thapsigargin. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:1427-36. [PMID: 17464412 DOI: 10.1039/b702481a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thapsigargin is a densely oxygenated guaianolide which displays potent sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase (SERCA) binding affinities. The total syntheses of designed unnatural analogues of this important natural product are described. This article constitutes the chemical synthesis behind an ongoing project. Rational modifications have been made to the lactone region of thapsigargin in order to obtain derivatives for future structure-activity relationship studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Andrews
- University Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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24
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Ball M, Andrews SP, Wierschem F, Cleator E, Smith MD, Ley SV. Total synthesis of thapsigargin, a potent SERCA pump inhibitor. Org Lett 2007; 9:663-6. [PMID: 17256950 DOI: 10.1021/ol062947x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The enantioselective total synthesis of thapsigargin, a potent, selective inhibitor of the Ca2+ pump SERCA, is described. Starting from ketoalcohol 8, key steps involve regioselective introduction of the internal olefin at C4-C5, judicious protecting group choice to allow chelation-controlled reduction at C3, and chemoselective introduction of the angelate ester function at C3-O. A selective esterification approach completes the total synthesis in a total of 42 steps and 0.61% overall yield (88.6% average yield per step). [reaction: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Ball
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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25
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Bartolommei G, Tadini-Buoninsegni F, Hua S, Moncelli MR, Inesi G, Guidelli R. Clotrimazole Inhibits the Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) by Interfering with Ca2+ Binding and Favoring the E2 Conformation. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:9547-51. [PMID: 16452481 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m510550200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Clotrimazole (CLT) is an antimycotic imidazole derivative that is known to inhibit cytochrome P-450, ergosterol biosynthesis and proliferation of cells in culture, and to interfere with cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis. We found that CLT inhibits the Ca(2+)-ATPase of rabbit fast-twitch skeletal muscle (SERCA1), and we characterized in detail the effect of CLT on this calcium transport ATPase. We used biochemical methods for characterization of the ATPase and its partial reactions, and we also performed measurements of charge movements following adsorption of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles containing the ATPase onto a gold-supported biomimetic membrane. CLT inhibits Ca(2+)-ATPase and Ca(2+) transport with a K(I) of 35 mum. Ca(2+) binding in the absence of ATP and phosphoenzyme formation by the utilization of ATP in the presence of Ca(2+) are also inhibited within the same CLT concentration range. On the other hand, phosphoenzyme formation by utilization of P(i) in the absence of Ca(2+) is only minimally inhibited. It is concluded that CLT inhibits primarily Ca(2+) binding and, consequently, the Ca(2+)-dependent reactions of the SERCA cycle. It is suggested that CLT resides within the membrane-bound region of the transport ATPase, thereby interfering with binding and the conformational effects of the activating cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Bartolommei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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