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Bulger AS, Turner DW, Zhou Q, Houk KN, Garg NK. Evaluation of Retro-Aldol vs Retro-Carbonyl-Ene Mechanistic Pathways in a Complexity-Generating C-C Bond Fragmentation. Org Lett 2024; 26:3602-3606. [PMID: 38648196 PMCID: PMC11068157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
We report an experimental and computational investigation of the likely mechanism of a cascade reaction. The reaction involves an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction, followed by a C-C bond cleavage, to afford a complex bridged bicyclic product. As multiple reaction pathways could be envisioned for the latter step, the mechanism of the C-C bond cleavage step was investigated. Two reasonable reaction pathways were evaluated. Both computations and experiments indicate that the C-C bond cleavage step proceeds by a retro-carbonyl-ene pathway rather than a retro-aldol pathway. This report underscores the synergy between computational and experimental studies and establishes the mechanism of an interesting complexity-generating transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Bulger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Daniel W Turner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Qingyang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Neil K Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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2
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Hancock SN, Yuntawattana N, Valdez SM, Michaudel Q. Expedient Synthesis and Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization of Pyridinonorbornenes. Polym Chem 2022; 13:5530-5535. [PMID: 37193226 PMCID: PMC10168028 DOI: 10.1039/d2py00857b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyridine-containing polymers are promising materials for a variety of applications from the capture of contaminants to the self-assembly of block copolymers. However, the innate Lewis basicity of the pyridine motif often hampers living polymerization catalyzed by transition-metal complexes. Herein, we report the expedient synthesis of pyridinonorbornene monomers via a [4+2] cycloaddition between 2,3-pyridynes and cyclopentadiene. Well-controlled ring-opening metathesis polymerization was enabled by careful structural design of the monomer. Polypyridinonorbornenes exhibited high Tg and Td, a promising feature for high-temperature applications. Investigation of the polymerization kinetics and of the reactivity of the chain ends shed light on the influence of nitrogen coordination on the chain-growth mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Hancock
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Nattawut Yuntawattana
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Present Address: Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sara M Valdez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Quentin Michaudel
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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3
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Ghosh T, Biswas D, Bhakta S. Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Fused Carbo- and Heterocycles: Recent Advances. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200725. [PMID: 36065137 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The use of palladium catalysts in fused ring synthesis has been increasingly noteworthy in recent years in organic synthesis. It has a lot of potential compared to other transition metal catalysts, because of its one-of-a-kind feature that makes them more widely applicable in a variety of disciplines application. Palladium is important in a variety of Heck processes, including intramolecular, intermolecular, and reductive Heck reactions, which produce diverse carbocycles and heterocycles of biological importance. Under optimal reaction conditions, carbocyclization or heterocyclization occurs, resulting in the production of numerous structural building blocks of naturally occurring compounds. Beside intramolecular Heck-type reactions, cycloaddition, cycloalkylation, oxidative coupling, C-H functionalization, cross-coupling reactions, and carboamidation reactions have also been employed extensively to access fused carbo- and heterocycles of immense biological importance. This review article provides a well-summarized discussion (since 2001) on fused carbo- and heterocycle ring synthesis using palladium catalysts, overviewing their applications, and mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Ghosh
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Applied Sciences, Simhat, Haringhata, 741249, Haringhata, INDIA
| | - Diptam Biswas
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Applied Chemistry, INDIA
| | - Sayantika Bhakta
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Applied Chemistry, INDIA
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4
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Al-Taifi EA, Marae IS, El-Ossaily YA, Mohamed SK, Mague JT, Akkurt M, Bakhite EA. Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of 2-{[7-acetyl-4-cyano-6-hydroxy-8-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolin-3-yl]sulfanyl}acetic acid ethyl ester. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION E CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 78:220-224. [PMID: 35145755 PMCID: PMC8819445 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989022000378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the title molecule, C25H28N2O5S, (alternative name ethyl 2-{[7-acetyl-4-cyano-6-hydroxy-8-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolin-3-yl]sulfanyl}acetate) the 4-methoxyphenyl group is disposed on one side of the bicyclic core and the oxygen atoms of the hydroxyl and acetyl groups are disposed on the other side. In the crystal, a layered structure parallel to the ac plane is generated by O—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds plus C—H...π(ring) interactions.
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5
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Panda B, Albano G. Synthetic Methods for the Preparation of Conformationally Restricted Analogues of Nicotine. Molecules 2021; 26:7544. [PMID: 34946630 PMCID: PMC8706964 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of naturally occurring nitrogen heterocycles, nicotine is a chiral alkaloid present in tobacco plants, which can target and stimulate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), a class of ligand-gated ion channels commonly located throughout the human brain. Due to its well-known toxicity for humans, there is considerable interest in the development of synthetic analogues; in particular, conformationally restricted analogues of nicotine have emerged as promising drug molecules for selective nAChR-targeting ligands. In the present mini-review, we will describe the synthesis of the conformationally restricted analogues of nicotine involving one or more catalytic processes. In particular, we will follow a systematic approach as a function of the heteroarene structure, considering: (a) 2,3-annulated tricyclic derivatives; (b) 3,4-annulated tricyclic derivatives; (c) tetracyclic derivatives; and (d) other polycyclic derivatives. For each of them we will also consider, when carried out, biological studies on their activity for specific nAChR subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Panda
- Department of Chemistry, City College, 102/1 Raja Rammohan Sarani, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Gianluigi Albano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Edoardo Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
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6
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Marae I, Bakhite EA, Moustafa OS, Abbady MS, Mohamed SK, Mague JT. Synthesis, Characterization, and Crystal Structure of Some New Tetrahydroisoquinolines and Related Tetrahydrothieno[2,3- c]isoquinolines. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:8332-8339. [PMID: 33817493 PMCID: PMC8015126 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The starting compounds 7-acetyl-8-aryl-4-cyano-1,6-dimethyl-6-hydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinoline(2H)-3-thiones 3a,b were synthesized and reacted with some N-aryl-2-chloroacetamides 4a-e in the presence of sodium acetate to produce 7-acetyl-8-aryl-3-(N-arylcarbamoylmethylsulfanyl)-4-cyano-1,6-dimethyl-6-hydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolines 5a-g. Upon heating in ethanol containing sodium ethoxide, they underwent intramolecular Thorpe-Zeigler cyclization, affording the corresponding 7-acetyl-1-amino-6-aryl-2-(N-arylcarbamoyl)-5,8-dimethyl-8-hydroxy-6,7,8,9-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-c]isoquinolines 6a-g. Compounds 6c,g,f were converted into the corresponding 1-(1-pyrrolyl) derivatives 7a-c by heating with 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran in glacial acetic acid. Structures of all synthesized compounds were characterized by elemental and spectral analyses. Also, the crystal structure of compounds 5a was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam
S. Marae
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut
University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
| | - Etify A. Bakhite
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut
University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
| | - Osama S. Moustafa
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut
University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S. Abbady
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut
University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
| | - Shaaban K. Mohamed
- Chemistry
and Environmental Division, Manchester Metropolitan
University, Manchester M1 5GD, England
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Joel T. Mague
- Department
of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, P. R. China, 400030
| | - Lianggui Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, P. R. China, 400030
| | - Yang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing, P. R. China, 400030
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8
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Al-Taifi EA, Maraei IS, Bakhite EA, Demirtas G, Mague JT, Mohamed SK, Ramli Y. Crystallographic and spectroscopic characterization of 2-[(7-acetyl-4-cyano-6-hy-droxy-1,6-dimethyl-8-phenyl-5,6,7,8-tetra-hydro-isoquinolin-3-yl)sulfan-yl]- N-phenyl-acetamide. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2021; 77:121-125. [PMID: 33614138 PMCID: PMC7869536 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989021000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the title mol-ecule, C28H27N3O3S, the heterocyclic portion of the tetra-hydro-iso-quinoline unit is planar and an intra-molecular N-H⋯N hydrogen bond and a C-H⋯π(ring) inter-action help to determine the overall conformation. In the crystal, a layer structure with the layers parallel to (10) is generated by O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham A. Al-Taifi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Islam S. Maraei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Etify A. Bakhite
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Güneş Demirtas
- Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Physics, 55139, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Joel. T. Mague
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Shaaban K. Mohamed
- Chemistry and Environmental Division, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, England
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, 61519 El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Youssef Ramli
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
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9
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Kelleghan AV, Busacca CA, Sarvestani M, Volchkov I, Medina JM, Garg NK. Safety Assessment of Benzyne Generation from a Silyl Triflate Precursor. Org Lett 2020; 22:1665-1669. [PMID: 32017583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Silyl triflate precursors to benzyne and related intermediates have emerged as valuable synthetic building blocks. However, data addressing the safety of employing these silyl triflate precursors are lacking. We report the calorimetric analysis of a typical Kobayashi procedure for forming and trapping benzyne using a silyl triflate precursor. Our findings suggest that, unlike benzenediazonium carboxylate precursors to benzyne, silyl triflates may be employed under mild conditions without severe concern for runaway reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Kelleghan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095-1569 , United States
| | - Carl A Busacca
- Chemical Development , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 900 Ridgebury Road , Ridgefield , Connecticut 06877-0368 , United States
| | - Max Sarvestani
- Chemical Development , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 900 Ridgebury Road , Ridgefield , Connecticut 06877-0368 , United States
| | - Ivan Volchkov
- Chemical Development , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 900 Ridgebury Road , Ridgefield , Connecticut 06877-0368 , United States
| | - Jose M Medina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095-1569 , United States
| | - Neil K Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095-1569 , United States
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10
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Ghosh T. Reductive Heck Reaction: An Emerging Alternative in Natural Product Synthesis. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201804029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Ghosh
- Department of Natural SciencesMaulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology Haringhata – 741249, Nadia, West Bengal India
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11
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Yamano MM, Knapp RR, Ngamnithiporn A, Ramirez M, Houk KN, Stoltz BM, Garg NK. Cycloadditions of Oxacyclic Allenes and a Catalytic Asymmetric Entryway to Enantioenriched Cyclic Allenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael M. Yamano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Rachel R. Knapp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Aurapat Ngamnithiporn
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Melissa Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Kendall N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Brian M. Stoltz
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Neil K. Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
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12
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Devaraj K, Ingner FJL, Sollert C, Gates PJ, Orthaber A, Pilarski LT. Arynes and Their Precursors from Arylboronic Acids via Catalytic C-H Silylation. J Org Chem 2019; 84:5863-5871. [PMID: 30835118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new, operationally simple approach is presented to access arynes and their fluoride-activated precursors based on Ru-catalyzed C-H silylation of arylboronates. Chromatographic purification may be deferred until after aryne capture, rendering the arylboronates de facto precursors. Access to various new arynes and their derivatives is demonstrated, including, for the first time, those based on a 2,3-carbazolyne and 2,3-fluorenyne core, which pave the way for novel derivatizations of motifs relevant to materials chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry - BMC , Uppsala University , Box 576, Uppsala 75-123 , Sweden
| | - Fredric J L Ingner
- Department of Chemistry - BMC , Uppsala University , Box 576, Uppsala 75-123 , Sweden
| | - Carina Sollert
- Department of Chemistry - BMC , Uppsala University , Box 576, Uppsala 75-123 , Sweden
| | - Paul J Gates
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close, Clifton, Bristol BS8 1TS , United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Orthaber
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratories , Uppsala University , Box 523, Uppsala 75-120 , Sweden
| | - Lukasz T Pilarski
- Department of Chemistry - BMC , Uppsala University , Box 576, Uppsala 75-123 , Sweden
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13
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Yamano MM, Knapp RR, Ngamnithiporn A, Ramirez M, Houk KN, Stoltz BM, Garg NK. Cycloadditions of Oxacyclic Allenes and a Catalytic Asymmetric Entryway to Enantioenriched Cyclic Allenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5653-5657. [PMID: 30811080 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of strained cyclic alkynes has undergone a renaissance over the past two decades. However, a related species, strained cyclic allenes, especially heterocyclic derivatives, have only recently resurfaced and represent another class of valuable intermediates. We report a mild and facile means to generate the parent 3,4-oxacyclic allene from a readily accessible silyl triflate precursor, and then trap it in (4+2), (3+2), and (2+2) reactions to provide a variety of cycloadducts. In addition, we describe a catalytic, decarboxylative asymmetric allylic alkylation performed on an α-silylated substrate, to ultimately permit access to an enantioenriched allene. Generation and trapping of the enantioenriched cyclic allene occurs with complete transfer of stereochemical information in a Diels-Alder cycloaddition through a point-chirality, axial-chirality, point-chirality transfer process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Yamano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Rachel R Knapp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Aurapat Ngamnithiporn
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Melissa Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Brian M Stoltz
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Neil K Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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14
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Chari JV, Ippoliti FM, Garg NK. Concise Approach to Cyclohexyne and 1,2-Cyclohexadiene Precursors. J Org Chem 2019; 84:3652-3655. [PMID: 30840455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b03223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Silyl triflate precursors to cyclic alkynes and allenes serve as valuable synthetic building blocks. We report a concise and scalable synthetic approach to prepare the silyl triflate precursors to cyclohexyne and 1,2-cyclohexadiene. The strategy involves a retro-Brook rearrangement of an easily accessible cyclohexanone derivative, followed by triflation protocols. This simple, yet controlled, method should enable the further study of strained alkynes and allenes in chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason V Chari
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Francesca M Ippoliti
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Neil K Garg
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
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15
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Li DY, Huang ZL, Liu PN. Heterobicyclic Core Retained Hydroarylations through C-H Activation: Synthesis of Epibatidine Analogues. Org Lett 2018; 20:2028-2032. [PMID: 29558151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The heterobicyclic core retained hydroarylation of oxa/azabenzonorbornadienes with quinoline N-oxides has been achieved under rhodium catalysis, giving quinoline N-oxide substituted heterobicyclic structures with excellent regioselectivity and in good yields. As the first example of the direct introduction of quinoline N-oxides onto heterobicyclic structures, the strained heterobicyclic core was well retained in the reaction. The products could be successfully transformed into a series of useful compounds, including epibatidine analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Yuan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Lab for Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science & Technology , Meilong Road 130 , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Zheng-Lu Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Lab for Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science & Technology , Meilong Road 130 , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Pei-Nian Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Lab for Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering , East China University of Science & Technology , Meilong Road 130 , Shanghai 200237 , China
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16
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Medina JM, Jackl MK, Susick RB, Garg NK. Synthetic studies pertaining to the 2,3-pyridyne and 4,5-pyrimidyne. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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El-Sayed R. Synthesis and Heteroannulation of Pyridine and Related Heterocyclic Systems Having Surface and Biological Activities. J Oleo Sci 2015; 64:761-74. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess15011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Refat El-Sayed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University
- Chemistry Department, College of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University
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18
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Lopchuk JM, Gribble GW. The reaction of arynes with münchnones: synthesis of isoindoles and azaisoindoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Wauters I, De Blieck A, Muylaert K, Heugebaert TSA, Stevens CV. Synthesis of Epibatidine Analogues Having a 2-Substituted 2-Azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane Skeleton. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Goetz AE, Garg NK. Regioselective reactions of 3,4-pyridynes enabled by the aryne distortion model. Nat Chem 2012; 5:54-60. [PMID: 23247178 PMCID: PMC3531798 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The pyridine heterocycle continues to play a vital role in the development of human medicines. More than 100 currently-marketed drugs contain this privileged unit, which remains highly sought after synthetically. We report an efficient means to access di- and tri-substituted pyridines in an efficient and highly controlled manner using transient 3,4-pyridyne intermediates. Previous efforts to employ 3,4-pyridynes for the construction of substituted pyridines have been hampered by a lack of regiocontrol or the inability to later manipulate an adjacent directing group. The newly developed strategy relies on the use of proximal halide or sulfamate substituents to perturb pyridyne distortion, which in turn governs regioselectivities in nucleophilic addition and cycloaddition reactions. Following trapping of in situ-generated pyridynes, the neighboring directing groups may be removed or exploited using versatile metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. This methodology now renders 3,4-pyridynes useful synthetic building blocks for the creation of highly decorated derivatives of the medicinally privileged pyridine heterocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam E Goetz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Jana GK, Sinha S. Reductive Heck coupling: an efficient approach toward the iboga alkaloids. Synthesis of ibogamine, epiibogamine and iboga analogs. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.01.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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22
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Jiang L, Yu X, Fang B, Wu J. Silver triflate-catalyzed tandem reaction of N′-(2-alkynylbenzylidene)hydrazide with pyridyne. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:8102-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26379c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Rau NJ, Wenthold PG. Experimental investigation of the absolute enthalpies of formation of 2,3-, 2,4-, and 3,4-pyridynes. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:10353-62. [PMID: 21812461 DOI: 10.1021/jp2051068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The absolute enthalpies of formation of 3,4-, 2,3-, and/or 2,4-didehydropyridines (3,4-, 2,3- and 2,4-pyridynes) have been determined by using energy-resolved collision-induced dissociation of deprotonated 2- and 3-chloropyridines. Bracketing experiments find the gas-phase acidities of 2- and 3-chloropyridines to be 383 ± 2 and 378 ± 2 kcal/mol, respectively. Whereas deprotonation of 3-chloropyridine leads to formation of a single ion isomer, deprotonation of the 2-chloro isomer results in a nearly 60:40 mixture of regioisomers. The enthalpy of formation of 3,4-pyridyne is measured to be 121 ± 3 kcal/mol by using the chloride dissociation energy for deprotonated 3-chloropyridine. The structure of the product formed upon dissociation of the ion from 2-chloropyridine cannot be unequivocally assigned because of the isomeric mixture of reactant ions and the fact that the potential neutral products (2,3-pyridyne and 2,4-pyridyne) are predicted by high level spin-flip coupled-cluster calculations to be nearly the same in energy. Consequently, the enthalpies of formation for both neutral products are assigned to be 130 ± 3 kcal/mol. Comparison of the enthalpies of dehydrogenation of benzene and pyridine indicates that the nitrogen in the pyridine ring does not have any effect on the stability of the aryne triple bond in 3,4-pyridyne, destabilizes the aryne triple bond in 2,3-pyridyne, and stabilizes the 1,3-interaction in 2,4-pyridyne compared to that in m-benzyne. Natural bond order calculations show that the effects on the 2,3- and 2,4-pyridynes result from polarization of the electrons caused by interaction with the lone pair. The polarization in 2,4-pyridyne is stabilizing because it creates a 1,2-interaction between the nitrogen and dehydrocarbons that is stronger than the 1,3-interaction between the dehydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Rau
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA
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Atkinson AP, Planchat A, Graton J, Renault E, Grégoire G, Le Questel JY. Structural features and protonation site of epibatidine in the gas phase: an investigation through infrared multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy and computational chemistry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:2272-7. [PMID: 21135942 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01605e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The gas phase structures of epibatidine, one of the most potent agonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), are determined by means of infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy and quantum chemistry calculations. Comparison of the experimental and theoretical spectra provides evidence that about 15% of epibatidine is protonated on the Nsp(2) nitrogen in the gas phase. In contrast, the computational study of deschloroepibatidine shows that in the gas phase, the molecule is present only protonated on the Nsp(2) nitrogen. The main minima of the Nsp(2) protonated forms of the two molecules are strongly stabilized by intramolecular CH···Nsp(3) hydrogen bonds. The fundamental insights obtained in the present study on these two important nAChRs agonists show how subtle chemical modifications can have a deep impact on important physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre P Atkinson
- Laboratoire CEISAM, UMR CNRS 6230, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes, 2, rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, Nantes F-44322 Cedex 3, France
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Enamorado MF, Ondachi PW, Comins DL. A five-step synthesis of (S)-macrostomine from (S)-nicotine. Org Lett 2011; 12:4513-5. [PMID: 20860394 DOI: 10.1021/ol101887b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A concise synthesis of (S)-macrostomine has been accomplished in five steps from natural nicotine in 19% overall yield via a pyridyne Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction as the key step. A Kumada cross-coupling reaction on a 1-chloroisoquinoline intermediate provided the natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica F Enamorado
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA
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Olson LC, Hong D, Conell-Price JS, Cheng S, Flood P. A transdermal nicotine patch is not effective for postoperative pain management in smokers: a pilot dose-ranging study. Anesth Analg 2009; 109:1987-91. [PMID: 19923530 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181bd1612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine has an antinociceptive effect in animal models. The analgesic effect in humans has been examined, but studies have had mixed results. A proposed etiology is variability in chronic nicotine exposure because of differences in tobacco smoking rates and second-hand smoke exposure. In this study, we examined the postoperative analgesic effect of a transdermal nicotine patch in smokers in a parallel design to a previous study in nonsmokers. METHODS We conducted a randomized, double-blind, prospective, placebo-controlled trial of 28 patients undergoing abdominal or pelvic surgery who required patient-controlled analgesia and an overnight hospital stay. Before anesthetic induction, a transdermal nicotine patch was applied (0, 5, 10, or 15 mg). The primary outcome variable was postoperative pain reported over the first hour and over the next 5 days using a standard numerical rating scale. Secondary outcome variables were pain medication use, hemodynamic values, nausea, and sedation. RESULTS Patients treated with nicotine reported higher pain scores than those treated with placebo over the first hour after surgery (P < 0.01, average numerical rating scale increase = 0.67) and there was no difference between groups in the subsequent 5 days (P > 0.05). There was no significant dose effect. Diastolic blood pressure in the first hour was higher in the placebo group compared with the nicotine-treated group (P < 0.01, average increase = 11 mm Hg). There was no difference in nausea or sedation. CONCLUSIONS Transdermal nicotine, 5-15 mg, failed to relieve postoperative pain or reduce opioid use in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke C Olson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Gómez E, Marco-Contelles J, Soriano E, Jimeno ML. N-Arylmethyl-7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane derivatives: synthesis and reaction mechanisms. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Soriano E, Marco-Contelles J. Mechanistic analysis of intramolecular free radical reactions toward synthesis of 7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane derivatives. J Org Chem 2009; 74:4061-7. [PMID: 19402620 DOI: 10.1021/jo900225f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms for the formation of conformationally constrained epibatidine analogues by intramolecular free radical processes have been computationally addressed by means of DFT methods. The mechanism and the critical effect of the 7-nitrogen protecting group on the outcome of these radical-mediated cyclizations are discussed. Theoretical findings account for unexpected experimental results and can assist in the selection of proper precursors for a successful cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Soriano
- Laboratorio de Radicales Libres y Química Computacional, IQOG (CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Carroll FI. EPIBATIDINE ANALOGS SYNTHESIZED FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF NICOTINIC PHARMACOPHORES-A REVIEW. HETEROCYCLES 2009; 79:99-120. [PMID: 25530665 DOI: 10.3987/rev-08-sr(d)1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In 1992 Daly and co-workers reported the isolation of a new natural product, epibatidine. Future studies showed that epibatidine was an nAChR ligand with analgesic potency 200-400 times greater than that of morphine. However, its potential as a new drug was limited by its toxic side effects, probably resulting from its activity at a number of nAChR subtypes. Epibatidine's unique structure and potent activity made it an ideal lead structure for the development of nAChR ligands with reduced side effects and better nAChR subtype selectivity. This review presents the synthetic methods we have used to synthesize a number of epibatidine agonists, antagonists, and mixed agonists/antagonists to better characterize the α4β2 nAChR pharmacophore and hopefully provide compounds that have potential for treating nicotine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ivy Carroll
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Iwayama T, Sato Y. Nickel(0)-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition of diynes and 3,4-pyridynes: novel synthesis of isoquinoline derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:5245-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b912022j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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