1
|
Sparatore F, Sparatore A. 3,3-Disubstituted 3,4-Dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazines: Chemistry, Biological Activity, and Affinity to Sigma Receptors. Molecules 2023; 29:132. [PMID: 38202715 PMCID: PMC10780181 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
By reducing the 2-nitrophenylhydrazone of cyclohexanone with sodium dithionite, an unexpected yellow compound was obtained instead of the corresponding colorless amino derivative. Many years later, the structure of this compound, namely, cyclohexane-3-spiro-3,4-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazine, was demonstrated. From that time, the reduction of 2-nitrophenylhydrazones of different kinds of ketones, followed by air oxidation of the initially formed amino compounds, has represented a general way to synthesize a variety of 3,3-disubstituted 3,4-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazines. Many derivatives have been obtained so far by a single research group, and most of them have demonstrated interesting pharmacological activities, mainly antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic effects and other activities with lower diffusion. Moreover, 3,3-disubstituted 3,4-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazines represent a novel class of ligands for sigma receptors, with nanomolar affinity to the σ1 subtype. This property might promote the development of agents for cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and proliferative pathologies. The present commentary, by collecting compounds and biological results obtained so far, intends to celebrate the centennial of the discovery of the first member of this class of compounds and to promote further investigation in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Sparatore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Anna Sparatore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tasso B, Mattioli LB, Tonelli M, Boido V, Chiarini A, Sparatore F, Budriesi R. Further Quinolizidine Derivatives as Antiarrhythmic Agents- 3. Molecules 2023; 28:6916. [PMID: 37836759 PMCID: PMC10574513 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fourteen quinolizidine derivatives, structurally related to the alkaloids lupinine and cytisine and previously studied for other pharmacological purposes, were presently tested for antiarrhythmic, and other cardiovascular effects on isolated guinea pig heart tissues in comparison to well-established reference drugs. According to their structures, the tested compounds are assembled into three subsets: (a) N-(quinolizidinyl-alkyl)-benzamides; (b) 2-(benzotriazol-2-yl)methyl-1-(quinolizidinyl)alkyl-benzimidazoles; (c) N-substituted cytisines. All compounds but two displayed antiarrhythmic activity that was potent for compounds 4, 1, 6, and 5 (in ascending order). The last compound (N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)aminohomolupinane) was outstanding, exhibiting a nanomolar potency (EC50 = 0.017 µM) for the increase in the threshold of ac-arrhythmia. The tested compounds shared strong negative inotropic activity; however, this does not compromise the value of their antiarrhythmic action. On the other hand, only moderate or modest negative chronotropic and vasorelaxant activities were commonly observed. Compound 5, which has high antiarrhythmic potency, a favorable cardiovascular profile, and is devoid of antihypertensive activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats, represents a lead worthy of further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Tasso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (B.T.); (M.T.); (V.B.)
| | - Laura Beatrice Mattioli
- Food Chemistry and Nutraceutical Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.B.M.); (A.C.); (R.B.)
| | - Michele Tonelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (B.T.); (M.T.); (V.B.)
| | - Vito Boido
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (B.T.); (M.T.); (V.B.)
| | - Alberto Chiarini
- Food Chemistry and Nutraceutical Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.B.M.); (A.C.); (R.B.)
| | - Fabio Sparatore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (B.T.); (M.T.); (V.B.)
| | - Roberta Budriesi
- Food Chemistry and Nutraceutical Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy & Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.B.M.); (A.C.); (R.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Patrykei S, Korobko Y, Ogorodniichuk O, Garazd M, Polishchuk P, Džubák P, Gurská S, Hajdúch M, Lesyk R. Synthesis and evaluation of the anticancer activity of some semisynthetic derivatives of rutaecarpine and evodiamine. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2021.1919712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pavel Polishchuk
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine (IMTM), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Džubák
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine (IMTM), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Soňa Gurská
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine (IMTM), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marián Hajdúch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine (IMTM), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Lesyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
- Department of Public Health, Dietetics and Lifestyle Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Synthesis and analgesic activity of 1-[(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl]quinolizines based on the alkaloid lupinine. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-021-03000-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
5
|
Catalano A, Franchini C, Carocci A. Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blockers: Synthesis of Mexiletine Analogues and Homologues. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:1535-1548. [PMID: 32364065 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200504080530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mexiletine is an antiarrhythmic drug belonging to IB class, acting as sodium channel blocker. Besides its well-known activity on arrhythmias, its usefulness in the treatment of myotonia, myotonic dystrophy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is now widely recognized. Nevertheless, it has been retired from the market in several countries because of its undesired effects. Thus, several papers were reported in the last years about analogues and homologues of mexiletine being endowed with a wider therapeutic ratio and a more selectivity of action. Some of them showed sodium channel blocking activity higher than the parent compound. It is noteworthy that mexiletine is used in therapy as a racemate even though a difference in the activities of the two enantiomers was widely demonstrated, with (-)-(R)-enantiomer being more active: this finding led several research groups to study mexiletine and its analogues and homologues in their optically active forms. This review summarizes the different synthetic routes used to obtain these compounds. They could represent an interesting starting point to new mexiletine-like compounds without common side effects related to the use of mexiletine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Franchini
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Alessia Carocci
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Carocci A, Roselli M, Budriesi R, Micucci M, Desaphy JF, Altamura C, Cavalluzzi MM, Toma M, Passeri GI, Milani G, Lovece A, Catalano A, Bruno C, De Palma A, Corbo F, Franchini C, Habtemariam S, Lentini G. Synthesis and Evaluation of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blocking Pyrroline Derivatives Endowed with Both Antiarrhythmic and Antioxidant Activities. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:578-588. [PMID: 33015979 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Under the hypothesis that cardioprotective agents might benefit from synergism between antiarrhythmic activity and antioxidant properties, a small series of mexiletine analogues were coupled with the 2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline moiety, known for its antioxidant effect, in order to obtain dual-acting drugs potentially useful in the protection of the heart against post-ischemic reperfusion injury. The pyrroline derivatives reported herein were found to be more potent as antiarrhythmic agents than mexiletine and displayed antioxidant activity. The most interesting tetramethylpyrroline congener, a tert-butyl-substituted analogue, was at least 100 times more active as an antiarrhythmic than mexiletine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Carocci
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Roselli
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Budriesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Matteo Micucci
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Jean-François Desaphy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, piazza Giulio Cesare, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Concetta Altamura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, piazza Giulio Cesare, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Cavalluzzi
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Maddalena Toma
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Ilaria Passeri
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Gualtiero Milani
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Lovece
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessia Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Claudio Bruno
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa De Palma
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Filomena Corbo
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Franchini
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories & Herbal Analysis services UK, University of Greenwich, Chatham-Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Giovanni Lentini
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mironets RV, Garazd YL, Garazd MM. Synthesis of Conjugates of the Alkaloids Cytisine and Lupinine. Chem Nat Compd 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-019-02907-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
8
|
Li SS, Fu S, Wang L, Xu L, Xiao J. t-BuOK-Mediated Oxidative Dehydrogenative C(sp 3)-H Arylation of 2-Alkylazaarenes with Nitroarenes. J Org Chem 2017; 82:8703-8709. [PMID: 28737943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The first transition-metal free and regioselective C(sp3)-H arylation of 2-alkylazaarenes with nitroarenes has been achieved via t-BuOK-mediated dehydrogenative C(sp3)-C(sp2) coupling. This reaction provides an efficient access to the biologically important and synthetically useful 2-benzyl-substituted azaarenes under mild conditions without the need of prefunctionalization of 2-alkylazaarenes or using the specialized arylating agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Shuai Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Shiheng Fu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Liang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Lubin Xu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao 266109, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Boido V, Ercoli M, Tonelli M, Novelli F, Tasso B, Sparatore F, Cichero E, Fossa P, Dorigo P, Froldi G. New arylsparteine derivatives as positive inotropic drugs. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:588-599. [PMID: 28133984 PMCID: PMC6009970 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1279156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive inotropic agents are fundamental in the treatment of heart failure; however, their arrhythmogenic liability and the increased myocardial oxygen demand strongly limit their therapeutic utility. Pursuing our study on cardiovascular activities of lupin alkaloid derivatives, several 2-(4-substituted-phenyl)-2-dehydrosparteines and 2-(4-substituted-phenyl)sparteines were prepared and tested for inotropic and chronotropic activities on isolated guinea pig atria. Four compounds (6b, 6e, 7b, and 7f) exhibited significant inotropism that, at the higher concentrations, was followed by negative inotropism or toxicity. Compound 7e (2-(4-tolyl)sparteine) exhibited a steep dose-depending inotropic activity up to the highest concentration tested (300 µM) with an Emax of 116.5 ± 3.4% of basal force, proving less potent but much more active in comparison to the highest concentrations tested of digoxin and milrinone having Emax of 87.5 ± 3.1% and 52.2 ± 1.1%, respectively. Finally, docking studies suggested that the relevant sparteine derivatives could target the sigma-1 receptor, whose involvement in cardiac activity is well documented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vito Boido
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Marcella Ercoli
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Michele Tonelli
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | | | - Bruno Tasso
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Fabio Sparatore
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Elena Cichero
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Paola Fossa
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Paola Dorigo
- b Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Guglielmina Froldi
- b Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nikitina YA, Galaev AI, Garazd YL, Garazd MM, Kartsev VG. Modified Coumarins. 35. Synthesis of Coumarins Containing a Lupinine Moiety. Chem Nat Compd 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-016-1545-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
11
|
Modified Coumarins. 33. Synthesis of Furo- and Dihydropyranocoumarins Containing a Lupinine Moiety. Chem Nat Compd 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-015-1423-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
12
|
Tasso B, Novelli F, Tonelli M, Barteselli A, Basilico N, Parapini S, Taramelli D, Sparatore A, Sparatore F. Synthesis and Antiplasmodial Activity of Novel Chloroquine Analogues with Bulky Basic Side Chains. ChemMedChem 2015. [PMID: 26213237 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chloroquine is commonly used in the treatment and prevention of malaria, but Plasmodium falciparum, the main species responsible for malaria-related deaths, has developed resistance against this drug. Twenty-seven novel chloroquine (CQ) analogues characterized by a side chain terminated with a bulky basic head group, i.e., octahydro-2H-quinolizine and 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-1,5-methano-8H-pyrido[1,2-a][1,5]diazocin-8-one, were synthesized and tested for activity against D-10 (CQ-susceptible) and W-2 (CQ-resistant) strains of P. falciparum. Most compounds were found to be active against both strains with nanomolar or sub-micromolar IC50 values. Eleven compounds were found to be 2.7- to 13.4-fold more potent than CQ against the W-2 strain; among them, four cytisine derivatives appear to be of particular interest, as they combine high potency with low cytotoxicity against two human cell lines (HMEC-1 and HepG2) along with easier synthetic accessibility. Replacement of the 4-NH group with a sulfur bridge maintained antiplasmodial activity at a lower level, but produced an improvement in the resistance factor. These compounds warrant further investigation as potential drugs for use in the fight against malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Tasso
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16131 Genova (Italy).
| | - Federica Novelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16131 Genova (Italy)
| | - Michele Tonelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16131 Genova (Italy)
| | - Anna Barteselli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano (Italy)
| | - Nicoletta Basilico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano via C. Pascal 36, 20133 Milano (Italy)
| | - Silvia Parapini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano via C. Pascal, 36, 20133 Milano (Italy)
| | - Donatella Taramelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano via C. Pascal, 36, 20133 Milano (Italy)
| | - Anna Sparatore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano (Italy)
| | - Fabio Sparatore
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16131 Genova (Italy)
| |
Collapse
|