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Wei Y, Zhong S, Yang H, Wang X, Lv B, Bian Y, Pei Y, Xu C, Zhao Q, Wu Y, Luo D, Wang F, Sun H, Chen Y. Current therapy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): A review on past and future therapeutic strategies. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 272:116496. [PMID: 38759454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects the first and second motoneurons (MNs), associated with muscle weakness, paralysis and finally death. The exact etiology of the disease still remains unclear. Currently, efforts to develop novel ALS treatments which target specific pathomechanisms are being studied. The mechanisms of ALS pathogenesis involve multiple factors, such as protein aggregation, glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, inflammation etc. Unfortunately, to date, there are only two FDA-approved drugs for ALS, riluzole and edavarone, without curative treatment for ALS. Herein, we give an overview of the many pathways and review the recent discovery and preclinical characterization of neuroprotective compounds. Meanwhile, drug combination and other therapeutic approaches are also reviewed. In the last part, we analyze the reasons of clinical failure and propose perspective on the treatment of ALS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Sheng Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huajing Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bingbing Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yaoyao Bian
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Center of TCM External Medication Researching and Industrializing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuqiong Pei
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chunlei Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qun Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yulan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Daying Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Fan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Elmansy MF, Reidl CT, Rahaman M, Özdinler PH, Silverman RB. Small molecules targeting different cellular pathologies for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:2260-2302. [PMID: 37243319 PMCID: PMC10592673 DOI: 10.1002/med.21974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease in which the motor neuron circuitry displays progressive degeneration, affecting mostly the motor neurons in the brain and in the spinal cord. There are no effective cures, albeit three drugs, riluzole, edaravone, and AMX0035 (a combination of sodium phenylbutyrate and taurursodiol), have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration, with limited improvement in patients. There is an urgent need to build better and more effective treatment strategies for ALS. Since the disease is very heterogenous, numerous approaches have been explored, such as targeting genetic mutations, decreasing oxidative stress and excitotoxicity, enhancing mitochondrial function and protein degradation mechanisms, and inhibiting neuroinflammation. In addition, various chemical libraries or previously identified drugs have been screened for potential repurposing in the treatment of ALS. Here, we review previous drug discovery efforts targeting a variety of cellular pathologies that occur from genetic mutations that cause ALS, such as mutations in SOD1, C9orf72, FUS, and TARDP-43 genes. These mutations result in protein aggregation, which causes neuronal degeneration. Compounds used to target cellular pathologies that stem from these mutations are discussed and comparisons among different preclinical models are presented. Because the drug discovery landscape for ALS and other motor neuron diseases is changing rapidly, we also offer recommendations for a novel, more effective, direction in ALS drug discovery that could accelerate translation of effective compounds from animals to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F. Elmansy
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Department of Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Cory T. Reidl
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Mizzanoor Rahaman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - P. Hande Özdinler
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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3
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Merjane J, Chung R, Patani R, Lisowski L. Molecular mechanisms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as broad therapeutic targets for gene therapy applications utilizing adeno-associated viral vectors. Med Res Rev 2023. [PMID: 36786126 DOI: 10.1002/med.21937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite the devastating clinical outcome of the neurodegenerative disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), its etiology remains mysterious. Approximately 90% of ALS is characterized as sporadic, signifying that the patient has no family history of the disease. The development of an impactful disease modifying therapy across the ALS spectrum has remained out of grasp, largely due to the poorly understood mechanisms of disease onset and progression. Currently, ALS is invariably fatal and rapidly progressive. It is hypothesized that multiple factors can lead to the development of ALS, however, treatments are often focused on targeting specific familial forms of the disease (10% of total cases). There is a strong need to develop disease modifying treatments for ALS that can be effective across the full ALS spectrum of familial and sporadic cases. Although the onset of disease varies significantly between patients, there are general disease mechanisms and progressions that can be seen broadly across ALS patients. Therefore, this review explores the targeting of these widespread disease mechanisms as possible areas for therapeutic intervention to treat ALS broadly. In particular, this review will focus on targeting mechanisms of defective protein homeostasis and RNA processing, which are both increasingly recognized as design principles of ALS pathogenesis. Additionally, this review will explore the benefits of gene therapy as an approach to treating ALS, specifically focusing on the use of adeno-associated virus (AAV) as a vector for gene delivery to the CNS and recent advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Merjane
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roger Chung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rickie Patani
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.,The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
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Liao J, Xu J, Wu Y, Hou Y, GUO H. 4‐(Dimethylamino)pyridine‐Catalyzed (3+2) Annulation of Pyrazoledione‐Derived Morita–Baylis–Hillman Carbonates with 2‐Arylideneindane‐1,3‐diones: An Access to Dispirocyclic Compounds. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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5
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Wang W, Bao X, Wei S, Nawaz S, Qu J, Wang B. Asymmetric sequential annulation/aldol process of 4-isothiocyanato pyrazolones and allenones: access to novel spiro[pyrrole-pyrazolones] and spiro[thiopyranopyrrole-pyrazolones]. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:363-366. [PMID: 33319884 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07113g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A catalytic asymmetric sequential annulation/aldol reaction of 4-isothiocyanato pyrazolones and allenyl ketones has been developed, which furnished a series of spiro[pyrrole-pyrazolone] heterocycles and structurally novel spiro[thiopyranopyrrole-pyrazolone] derivatives in good yields with high to excellent enantioselectivities. Notably, parallel resolution of racemic spiro[pyrrole-pyrazolones] was achieved by a catalyst-controlled asymmetric intramolecular vinylogous aldol process. Structure diversity of the product was further enhanced by ready transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China.
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Batista GMF, de Castro PP, Dos Santos HF, de Oliveira KT, Amarante GW. Electron-Donor–Acceptor Complex-Enabled Flow Methodology for the Hydrotrifluoromethylation of Unsaturated β-Keto Esters. Org Lett 2020; 22:8598-8602. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel M. F. Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Martelos, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora-MG, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Campus São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos-SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro P. de Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Martelos, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora-MG, Brazil
| | - Hélio F. Dos Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Martelos, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora-MG, Brazil
| | - Kleber T. de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Campus São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos-SP, Brazil
| | - Giovanni W. Amarante
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Martelos, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora-MG, Brazil
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Zhang QD, Zhao BL, Li BY, Du DM. Squaramide-catalyzed asymmetric Mannich reactions between 3-fluorooxindoles and pyrazolinone ketimines. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:7182-7191. [PMID: 31322164 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01350d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An enantioselective Mannich reaction between 3-fluorooxindoles and pyrazolinone ketimines has been developed for the construction of amino-pyrazolone-oxindoles containing stereogenic C-F units. Based on this new protocol that allows for the generation of two adjacent tetrasubstituted stereocenters, a variety of structurally diverse fluorinated amino-pyrazolone-oxindoles were obtained in good to excellent yields with excellent diastereoselectivities and enantioselectivities (up to 98% yield, >20 : 1 dr and >99% ee). What's more, good yield and high stereoselectivities were obtained in the gram-scale reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Da Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Bo-Liang Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Bing-Yu Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Da-Ming Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
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Kobayashi M, Ainai T. An Efficient and Practical Synthesis of Remogliflozin Etabonate, a Potent Inhibitor of Low-Affinity Na+-Dependent Glucose Co-Transporter (SGLT2). HETEROCYCLES 2018. [DOI: 10.3987/com-18-13881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zheng J, Li P, Gu M, Lin A, Yao H. Synthesis of Spiropentadiene Pyrazolones by Rh(III)-Catalyzed Formal sp3 C–H Activation/Annulation. Org Lett 2017; 19:2829-2832. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural
Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of
Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Panpan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural
Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of
Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Meng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural
Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of
Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Aijun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural
Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of
Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hequan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural
Medicines (SKLNM) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of
Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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10
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Webster CP, Smith EF, Shaw PJ, De Vos KJ. Protein Homeostasis in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Therapeutic Opportunities? Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:123. [PMID: 28512398 PMCID: PMC5411428 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein homeostasis (proteostasis), the correct balance between production and degradation of proteins, is essential for the health and survival of cells. Proteostasis requires an intricate network of protein quality control pathways (the proteostasis network) that work to prevent protein aggregation and maintain proteome health throughout the lifespan of the cell. Collapse of proteostasis has been implicated in the etiology of a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the most common adult onset motor neuron disorder. Here, we review the evidence linking dysfunctional proteostasis to the etiology of ALS and discuss how ALS-associated insults affect the proteostasis network. Finally, we discuss the potential therapeutic benefit of proteostasis network modulation in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Webster
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - Emma F Smith
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - Kurt J De Vos
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
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Lichitskii BV, Osipov AO, Komogortsev AN, Dudinov AA, Krayushkin MM. Multicomponent condensation of 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one derivatives with carbonyl compounds and Meldrum´s acid. Russ Chem Bull 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-015-0982-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Zhang Y, Zhao KT, Fox SG, Kim J, Kirsch DR, Ferrante RJ, Morimoto RI, Silverman RB. Tertiary Amine Pyrazolones and Their Salts as Inhibitors of Mutant Superoxide Dismutase 1-Dependent Protein Aggregation for the Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. J Med Chem 2015; 58:5942-9. [PMID: 26186011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Pyrazolone derivatives have previously been found to be inhibitors of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1)-dependent protein aggregation, which extended survival of an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mouse model. On the basis of ADME analysis, we describe herein a new series of tertiary amine-containing pyrazolones and their structure-activity relationships. Further conversion to the conjugate salts greatly improved their solubility. Phosphate compound 17 exhibited numerous benefits both to cellular activity and to CNS-related drug-like properties in vitro and in vivo, including microsomal stability, tolerated toxicity, and blood-brain barrier permeation. These results indicate that tertiary amine pyrazolones comprise a valuable class of ALS drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Zhang
- †Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Kevin Tianmeng Zhao
- †Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Susan G Fox
- ‡Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3500, United States
| | - Jinho Kim
- §Neurological Surgery, Neurology, and Neurobiology Departments, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,∥Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center (00-GR-H), V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, 7180 Highland Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15206, United States
| | - Donald R Kirsch
- ⊥Cambria Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Robert J Ferrante
- §Neurological Surgery, Neurology, and Neurobiology Departments, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,∥Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center (00-GR-H), V.A. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, 7180 Highland Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15206, United States
| | - Richard I Morimoto
- ‡Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3500, United States
| | - Richard B Silverman
- †Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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Schurgers B, Van Lommen G, Verniest G. Synthesis and SelectiveN,O-Functionalization of Pyrazolone-Fused 3-Aminoazepinones. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Komogortsev AN, Lichitskii BV, Krylov KS, Dudinov AA, Krayushkin MM. Synthesis of 2-alkyl-5-phenylaminomethyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-ones based on 2-alkyl-6-phenyl-6,7-dihydro-3H-imidazo-[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazole-3,5(2H)-diones. Russ Chem Bull 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-014-0636-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Komogortsev AN, Lichitsky BV, Krylov KS, Dudinov AA, Purygin PP, Krayushkin MM. Recyclization of 1-aryl-4-iminoimidazolidin-2-ones on treatment with hydrazine: Synthesis of 5-arylaminomethyl-2,4-dihydro[1,2,4]triazol-3-ones. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Han X, Yao W, Wang T, Tan YR, Yan Z, Kwiatkowski J, Lu Y. Asymmetric Synthesis of Spiropyrazolones through Phosphine-Catalyzed [4+1] Annulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201311214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Han X, Yao W, Wang T, Tan YR, Yan Z, Kwiatkowski J, Lu Y. Asymmetric Synthesis of Spiropyrazolones through Phosphine-Catalyzed [4+1] Annulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:5643-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201311214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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