1
|
Yuan J, Zhang X, Yang C. Regioselective Pd-catalyzed α-alkylation of furans using alkyl iodides. RSC Adv 2021; 11:13832-13838. [PMID: 35423913 PMCID: PMC8697702 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01522b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A practical and regioselective strategy to synthesize α-alkylfurans via Pd-catalyzed direct C–H alkylation using alkyl iodides was developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Chunhao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang J, Hu J, Peng K, Song W, Zhi S, Yang E, Zhao J, Hou H. Chemical biology suggests pleiotropic effects for a novel hexanuclear copper(ii) complex inducing apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:11944-11947. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05995d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new hexanuclear copper(ii) complex proved potential chemotherapeutic applicability in inducing apoptosis in cancer calls by acting on multiple targets and signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junshuai Zhang
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering
- Henan University of Urban Construction
- Henan 467036
- P. R. China
| | - Jiyong Hu
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering
- Henan University of Urban Construction
- Henan 467036
- P. R. China
| | - Kun Peng
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Wuerzburg
- Bavaria 97074
- Germany
| | - Wei Song
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering
- Henan University of Urban Construction
- Henan 467036
- P. R. China
| | - Shuangcheng Zhi
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering
- Henan University of Urban Construction
- Henan 467036
- P. R. China
| | - Endian Yang
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering
- Henan University of Urban Construction
- Henan 467036
- P. R. China
| | - Jin’an Zhao
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering
- Henan University of Urban Construction
- Henan 467036
- P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
| | - Hongwei Hou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Resveratrol Prevents the Cellular Damages Induced by Monocrotophos via PI3K Signaling Pathway in Human Cord Blood Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2018. [PMID: 29526017 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0986-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of resveratrol (RV) as a neuroprotectant is well recognized, and cellular molecules involved in imparting the physiological effect have been well illustrated. However, some ambiguity still prevails as the specific receptor, and downstream signaling molecules are not yet clearly stated. So, we investigated the signaling pathway(s) involved in its cellular protection in the human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cell (hUCB-MSC) derived neuronal cells. The mesenchymal stem cells were exposed to various concentrations (10, 100, 1000 μM) of monocrotophos (MCP), a known developmental neurotoxic organophosphate pesticide, for a period of 24 h. The MAPK signaling pathways (JNK, p38, and ERK) known to be associated with MCP-induced damages were also taken into consideration to identify the potential connection. The biological safe dose of RV (10 μM) shows a significant restoration in the MCP-induced alterations. Under the specific growth conditions, RV exposure was found to promote neuronal differentiation in the hUCB-MSCs. The exposure of cells to a specific pharmacological inhibitor (LY294002) of PI3K confirms the significant involvement of PI3K-mediated pathway in the ameliorative responses of RV against MCP exposure. Our data identifies the substantial role of RV in the restoration of MCP-induced cellular damages, thus proving to have a therapeutic potential against organophosphate pesticide-induced neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
4
|
(18-Crown-6)potassium(I) Trichlorido[28-acetyl-3-(tris-(hydroxylmethyl)amino-ethane)betulinic ester-κN]platinum(II): Synthesis and In Vitro Antitumor Activity. INORGANICS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics5030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
|
5
|
Edeler D, Bensing C, Schmidt H, Kaluđerović GN. Preparation and in vitro
investigations of triphenyl[ω-(tetrahydro-2 H
-pyran-2-yloxy)alkyl]tin(IV) compounds. Appl Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Edeler
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry; Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry; Weinberg 3 D-06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
- Institute of Chemistry; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2 D-06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Christian Bensing
- Institute of Chemistry; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2 D-06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Harry Schmidt
- Institute of Chemistry; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2 D-06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Goran N. Kaluđerović
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry; Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry; Weinberg 3 D-06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pantelić N, Zmejkovski BB, Kolundžija B, Crnogorac MĐ, Vujić JM, Dojčinović B, Trifunović SR, Stanojković TP, Sabo TJ, Kaluđerović GN. In vitro antitumor activity, metal uptake and reactivity with ascorbic acid and BSA of some gold(III) complexes with N,N'-ethylenediamine bidentate ester ligands. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 172:55-66. [PMID: 28433833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Four novel gold(III) complexes of general formulae [AuCl2{(S,S)-R2eddl}]PF6 (R2eddl=O,O'-dialkyl-(S,S)-ethylenediamine-N,N'-di-2-(4-methyl)pentanoate, R=n-Pr, n-Bu, n-Pe, i-Bu; 1-4, respectively), were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, UV/Vis, IR, and NMR spectroscopy, as well as high resolution mass spectrometry. Density functional theory calculations pointed out that (R,R)-N,N'-configuration diastereoisomers were energetically the most favorable. Duo to high cytotoxic activity complex 3 was chosen for stability study in DMSO, no decomposition occurs within 24h, and for the reaction with ascorbic acid in which was reduced immediately. Additionally, 3 interacts with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as proven by UV/Vis spectroscopy. In vitro antitumor activity was determined against human cervix adenocarcinoma (HeLa), human myelogenous leukemia (K562), and human melanoma (Fem-x) cancer cell lines, as well as against non-cancerous human embryonic lung fibroblast cells MRC-5. The highest activity was observed against K562 cells (IC50: 5.04-6.51μM). Selectivity indices showed that these complexes are less toxic than cisplatin. 3 had a similar viability kinetics on HeLa cells as cisplatin. Drug accumulation studies in HeLa cells showed that the total gold uptake increased much faster than that of cisplatin pointing out that 3 more efficiently enters the cells than cisplatin. Furthermore, morphological and cell cycle analysis reveal that gold(III) complexes induced apoptosis in time- and dose-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nebojša Pantelić
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, Belgrade, Zemun, Serbia
| | - Bojana B Zmejkovski
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | - Jelena M Vujić
- Faculty of Agronomy, University of Kragujevac, Cara Dušana 34, 32000 Čačak, Serbia
| | - Biljana Dojčinović
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Srećko R Trifunović
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Kragujevac, R. Domanovica 12, P. O. Box 60, 34 000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | | | - Tibor J Sabo
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 158, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran N Kaluđerović
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang FY, Xi QY, Huang KB, Tang XM, Chen ZF, Liu YC, Liang H. Crystal structure, cytotoxicity and action mechanism of Zn(II)/Mn(II) complexes with isoquinoline ligands. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 169:23-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
8
|
Resistance for Genotoxic Damage in Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Is Increased by Hypoxia but Not Generally Dependent on p53-Regulated Cell Cycle Arrest. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169921. [PMID: 28081228 PMCID: PMC5231334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells including multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) acquire a high amount of DNA-damage due to their prolonged lifespan. MSC may exert specific mechanisms of resistance to avoid loss of functional activity. We have previously shown that resistance of MSC is associated with an induction of p53 and proliferation arrest upon genotoxic damage. Hypoxia may also contribute to resistance in MSC due to the low oxygen tension in the niche. In this study we characterized the role of p53 and contribution of hypoxia in resistance of MSC to genotoxic damage. MSC exhibited increased resistance to cisplatin induced DNA-damage. This resistance was associated with a temporary G2/M cell cycle arrest, induction of p53- and p21-expression and reduced cyclin B / cdk1-levels upon subapoptotic damage. Resistance of MSC to cisplatin was increased at hypoxic conditions i. e. oxygen <0.5%. However, upon hypoxia the cisplatin-induced cell cycle arrest and expression of p53 and p21 were abrogated. MSC with shRNA-mediated p53 knock-down showed a reduced cell cycle arrest and increased cyclin B / cdk1 expression. However, this functional p53 knock down did not alter the resistance to cisplatin. In contrast to cisplatin, functional p53-knock-down increased the resistance of MSC to etoposide. We conclude that resistance of MSC to genotoxic damage is influenced by oxygen tension but is not generally dependent on p53. Thus, p53-dependent and p53-independent mechanisms of resistance are likely to contribute to the life-long functional activity of MSC in vivo. These findings indicate that hypoxia and different resistance pathways contribute to the phenotype that enables the prolonged lifespan of MSC.
Collapse
|
9
|
Isoquinoline derivatives Zn(II)/Ni(II) complexes: Crystal structures, cytotoxicity, and their action mechanism. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 100:68-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
10
|
Huang KB, Chen ZF, Liu YC, Li ZQ, Wei JH, Wang M, Xie XL, Liang H. Platinum(II) complexes containing aminophosphonate esters: Synthesis, characterization, cytotoxicity and action mechanism. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 64:554-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
11
|
Zou T, Lok CN, Fung YME, Che CM. Luminescent organoplatinum(ii) complexes containing bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) ligands selectively target the endoplasmic reticulum and induce potent photo-toxicity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:5423-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc40953h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
12
|
Kaluđerović GN, Dietrich A, Kommera H, Kuntsche J, Mäder K, Mueller T, Paschke R. Liposomes as vehicles for water insoluble platinum-based potential drug: 2-(4-(Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)-undecyl)-propane-1,3-diamminedichloroplatinum(II). Eur J Med Chem 2012; 54:567-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
13
|
Kaluđerović GN, Mijatović SA, Zmejkovski BB, Bulatović MZ, Gómez-Ruiz S, Mojić MK, Steinborn D, Miljković DM, Schmidt H, Stošić-Grujičić SD, Sabo TJ, Maksimović-Ivanić DD. Platinum(ii/iv) complexes containing ethylenediamine-N,N′-di-2/3-propionate ester ligands induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in cisplatin-resistant colon cancer cells. Metallomics 2012; 4:979-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c2mt20058a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
14
|
Biersack B, Dietrich A, Zoldakova M, Kalinowski B, Paschke R, Schobert R, Mueller T. Lipophilic Pt(II) complexes with selective efficacy against cisplatin-resistant testicular cancer cells. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:1630-7. [PMID: 22071088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A series of dichloridoplatinum(II) complexes with selective and high cytotoxicity [IC(90)(96h)≤3 μM] against cisplatin-resistant 1411HP testicular cancer cells were identified. They bear stationary 6-aminomethylnicotinate or 2,4-diaminobutyrate ligands esterified with lipophilic terpenyl residues, i.e., (-)/(+)-menthyl, (+)-cedrenyl, (-)-menthoxypropyl, or with a decyl-tethered 1,1,2-triphenylethene. They accumulated to a larger extent in 1411HP cells than in cells of the cisplatin-sensitive H12.1 germ cell tumour. Their mechanism of apoptosis induction differed from that of cisplatin by being independent of p53 and of caspase-3 activation and by an early loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential. The new complexes are promising candidates for the treatment of cisplatin-resistant testicular tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Biersack
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Scholz M, Kaluđerović GN, Kommera H, Paschke R, Will J, Sheldrick WS, Hey-Hawkins E. Carbaboranes as pharmacophores: Similarities and differences between aspirin and asborin. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:1131-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
16
|
Kaluđerović MR, Kaluđerović GN, Gómez-Ruiz S, Paschke R, Hemprich A, Kühling J, Remmerbach TW. Organogallium(III) complexes as apoptosis promoting anticancer agents for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:164-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 10/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
17
|
Vetter C, Kaluđerović GN, Paschke R, Kluge R, Schmidt J, Steinborn D. Synthesis, characterization and in vitro cytotoxicity studies of platinum(IV) complexes with thiouracil ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2010.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
18
|
Kaluđerović GN, Kommera H, Hey-Hawkins E, Paschke R, Gómez-Ruiz S. Synthesis and biological applications of ionic triphenyltin(IV) chloride carboxylate complexes with exceptionally high cytotoxicity. Metallomics 2010; 2:419-28. [PMID: 21072389 DOI: 10.1039/c0mt00007h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of N-phthaloylglycine (P-GlyH), N-phthaloyl-l-alanine (P-AlaH), and 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic 1,2-anhydride (BTCH) with triethylamine led to the formation of the corresponding ammonium salts [NHEt(3)][P-Gly] (1), [NHEt(3)][P-Ala] (2) and [NHEt(3)][BTC] (3) in very high yields. The subsequent reaction of 1-3 with triphenyltin(iv) chloride (1 : 1) yielded the compounds [NHEt(3)][SnPh(3)Cl(P-Gly)] (4), [NHEt(3)][SnPh(3)Cl(P-Ala)] (5), and [NHEt(3)][SnPh(3)Cl(BTC)] (6), respectively. The molecular structure of 4 was determined by X-ray diffraction studies. The cytotoxic activity of the ammonium salts (1-3) and the triphenyltin(iv) chloride derivatives (4-6) were tested against human tumor cell lines from five different histogenic origins: 8505C (anaplastic thyroid cancer), A253 (head and neck cancer), A549 (lung carcinoma), A2780 (ovarian cancer) and DLD-1 (colon cancer). Triphenyltin(iv) chloride derivatives (4-6) show very high activity against these cell lines while the ammonium salts of the corresponding carboxylic acids (1-3) are totally inactive. The most active compound is 4 which is 50 times more active than cisplatin. Compound 4 is found to induce apoptosis via extrinsic pathways on DLD-1 cell lines, probably by accumulation of caspases 2, 3 and 8. Furthermore, compound 4 seems to cause disturbances in G1 and G2/M phases in cell cycle of DLD-1 cell line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Goran N Kaluđerović
- Biozentrum, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, Halle, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cytotoxicity, apoptosis and study of the DNA-binding properties of bi- and tetranuclear gallium(III) complexes with heterocyclic thiolato ligands. Invest New Drugs 2010; 29:932-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-010-9449-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
20
|
In vitro anticancer studies of α- and β-d-glucopyranose betulin anomers. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 185:128-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
21
|
Kommera H, Kaluđerović GN, Kalbitz J, Paschke R. Lupane triterpenoids--betulin and betulinic acid derivatives induce apoptosis in tumor cells. Invest New Drugs 2009; 29:266-72. [PMID: 19957199 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-009-9358-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present investigation the antiproliferative activity of thirteen derivatives of betulinic acid and betulin was tested against five different tumor cell lines. The toxicity against normal human fibroblasts (WWO70327) and the mode of cell death on HT-29 (colon cancer) as well as caspase activity induced by the most active compounds, 9 (3-O-chloroacetylbetulinic acid) and 15 (28-O-chloroacetylbetulin) were determined. Investigated derivatives exerted a dose dependent antiproliferative action at micromolar concentrations toward target tumor cell lines. Treatment of HT-29 cells for 24 h with 9 and 15 induced apoptosis, as observed by dye exclusion test (trypan blue) and confirmed by the appearance of a typical ladder pattern in the DNA fragmentation assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harish Kommera
- Biozentrum, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|