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Behring L, Ruiz-Gómez G, Trapp C, Morales M, Wodtke R, Köckerling M, Kopka K, Pisabarro MT, Pietzsch J, Löser R. Dipeptide-Derived Alkynes as Potent and Selective Irreversible Inhibitors of Cysteine Cathepsins. J Med Chem 2023; 66:3818-3851. [PMID: 36867428 PMCID: PMC10041539 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential of designing irreversible alkyne-based inhibitors of cysteine cathepsins by isoelectronic replacement in reversibly acting potent peptide nitriles was explored. The synthesis of the dipeptide alkynes was developed with special emphasis on stereochemically homogeneous products obtained in the Gilbert-Seyferth homologation for C≡C bond formation. Twenty-three dipeptide alkynes and 12 analogous nitriles were synthesized and investigated for their inhibition of cathepsins B, L, S, and K. Numerous combinations of residues at positions P1 and P2 as well as terminal acyl groups allowed for the derivation of extensive structure-activity relationships, which were rationalized by computational covalent docking for selected examples. The determined inactivation constants of the alkynes at the target enzymes span a range of >3 orders of magnitude (3-10 133 M-1 s-1). Notably, the selectivity profiles of alkynes do not necessarily reflect those of the nitriles. Inhibitory activity at the cellular level was demonstrated for selected compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Behring
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gloria Ruiz-Gómez
- BIOTEC, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Trapp
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Maryann Morales
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Wodtke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Köckerling
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - M Teresa Pisabarro
- BIOTEC, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Reik Löser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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2
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Ginnetti AT, Paone DV, Nanda KK, Li J, Busuek M, Johnson SA, Lu J, Soisson SM, Robinson R, Fisher J, Webber A, Wesolowski G, Ma B, Duong L, Carroll S, Burgey CS, Stachel SJ. Lead Optimization of Cathepsin K Inhibitors for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 74:128927. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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3
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Peptides and Peptidomimetics as Inhibitors of Enzymes Involved in Fibrillar Collagen Degradation. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14123217. [PMID: 34200889 PMCID: PMC8230458 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Collagen fibres degradation is a complex process involving a variety of enzymes. Fibrillar collagens, namely type I, II, and III, are the most widely spread collagens in human body, e.g., they are responsible for tissue fibrillar structure and skin elasticity. Nevertheless, the hyperactivity of fibrotic process and collagen accumulation results with joints, bone, heart, lungs, kidneys or liver fibroses. Per contra, dysfunctional collagen turnover and its increased degradation leads to wound healing disruption, skin photoaging, and loss of firmness and elasticity. In this review we described the main enzymes participating in collagen degradation pathway, paying particular attention to enzymes degrading fibrillar collagen. Therefore, collagenases (MMP-1, -8, and -13), elastases, and cathepsins, together with their peptide and peptidomimetic inhibitors, are reviewed. This information, related to the design and synthesis of new inhibitors based on peptide structure, can be relevant for future research in the fields of chemistry, biology, medicine, and cosmeceuticals.
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4
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Lu J, Wang M, Wang Z, Fu Z, Lu A, Zhang G. Advances in the discovery of cathepsin K inhibitors on bone resorption. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:890-904. [PMID: 29723068 PMCID: PMC6010086 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1465417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K (Cat K), highly expressed in osteoclasts, is a cysteine protease member of the cathepsin lysosomal protease family and has been of increasing interest as a target of medicinal chemistry efforts for its role in bone matrix degradation. Inhibition of the Cat K enzyme reduces bone resorption and thus, has rendered the enzyme as an attractive target for anti-resorptive osteoporosis therapy. Over the past decades, considerable efforts have been made to design and develop highly potent, excellently selective and orally applicable Cat K inhibitors. These inhibitors are derived from synthetic compounds or natural products, some of which have passed preclinical studies and are presently in clinical trials at different stages of advancement. In this review, we briefly summarised the historic development of Cat K inhibitors and discussed the relationship between structures of inhibitors and active sites in Cat K for the purpose of guiding future development of inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- a Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China.,b Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Maolin Wang
- a Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China.,b Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Ziyue Wang
- a Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Zhongqi Fu
- a Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Aiping Lu
- a Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China.,b Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Ge Zhang
- a Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases (TMBJ), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China.,b Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR , China
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5
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Applicability of in vitro-in vivo translation of cathepsin K inhibition from animal species to human with the use of free-drug hypothesis. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2017; 390:435-441. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-017-1356-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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6
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Papeo G, Posteri H, Borghi D, Busel AA, Caprera F, Casale E, Ciomei M, Cirla A, Corti E, D'Anello M, Fasolini M, Forte B, Galvani A, Isacchi A, Khvat A, Krasavin MY, Lupi R, Orsini P, Perego R, Pesenti E, Pezzetta D, Rainoldi S, Riccardi-Sirtori F, Scolaro A, Sola F, Zuccotto F, Felder ER, Donati D, Montagnoli A. Discovery of 2-[1-(4,4-Difluorocyclohexyl)piperidin-4-yl]-6-fluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole-4-carboxamide (NMS-P118): A Potent, Orally Available, and Highly Selective PARP-1 Inhibitor for Cancer Therapy. J Med Chem 2015. [PMID: 26222319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear protein poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) has a well-established role in the signaling and repair of DNA and is a prominent target in oncology, as testified by the number of candidates in clinical testing that unselectively target both PARP-1 and its closest isoform PARP-2. The goal of our program was to find a PARP-1 selective inhibitor that would potentially mitigate toxicities arising from cross-inhibition of PARP-2. Thus, an HTS campaign on the proprietary Nerviano Medical Sciences (NMS) chemical collection, followed by SAR optimization, allowed us to discover 2-[1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)piperidin-4-yl]-6-fluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindole-4-carboxamide (NMS-P118, 20by). NMS-P118 proved to be a potent, orally available, and highly selective PARP-1 inhibitor endowed with excellent ADME and pharmacokinetic profiles and high efficacy in vivo both as a single agent and in combination with Temozolomide in MDA-MB-436 and Capan-1 xenograft models, respectively. Cocrystal structures of 20by with both PARP-1 and PARP-2 catalytic domain proteins allowed rationalization of the observed selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Papeo
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Helena Posteri
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Borghi
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alina A Busel
- Chemical Diversity Research Institute , Rabochaya St. 2 Khimki, Moscow Region 114401, Russia
| | - Francesco Caprera
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Casale
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Ciomei
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cirla
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emiliana Corti
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo D'Anello
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Fasolini
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Forte
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Arturo Galvani
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Isacchi
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alexander Khvat
- Chemical Diversity Research Institute , Rabochaya St. 2 Khimki, Moscow Region 114401, Russia
| | - Mikhail Y Krasavin
- Chemical Diversity Research Institute , Rabochaya St. 2 Khimki, Moscow Region 114401, Russia
| | - Rosita Lupi
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Orsini
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Perego
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Pesenti
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Sonia Rainoldi
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Scolaro
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Sola
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Zuccotto
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Eduard R Felder
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Donati
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Montagnoli
- Oncology, Nerviano Medical Sciences Srl , Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano, Milan, Italy
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7
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Novel pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives targeting COXs and iNOS enzymes; design, synthesis and biological evaluation as potential anti-inflammatory agents. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 62:197-211. [PMID: 24907682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel set of 4-substituted-1-phenyl-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine and 5-substituted-1-phenyl-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as potential anti-inflammatory agents. The newly prepared compounds were assessed through the examination of their in vitro inhibition of four targets; cyclooxygenases subtypes (COX-1 and COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Compounds 8a, 10c and 13c were the most potent and selective ligands against COX-2 with inhibition percentages of 79.6%, 78.7% and 78.9% at a concentration of 2 μM respectively, while compound 13c significantly inhibited both COX subtypes. On the other hand, fourteen compounds showed high iNOS inhibitory activities with IC50 values in the range of 0.22-8.5μM where the urea derivative 11 was the most active compound with IC50 value of 0.22 μM. Most of the tested compounds were found to be devoid of inhibitory activity against NF-kB. Moreover, almost all compounds were not cytotoxic, (up to 25 μg/ml), against a panel of normal and cancer cell lines. The in silico docking results were in agreement with the in vitro inhibitory activities against COXs and iNOS enzymes. The results of in vivo anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive studies were consistent with that of in vitro studies which confirmed that compounds 8a, 10c and 13c have significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities comparable to that of the control, ketorolac. Taken together, dual inhibition of COXs and iNOS with novel pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives is a valid strategy for the development of anti-inflammatory/analgesic agents with the probability of fewer side effects.
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9
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Funel JA, Abele S. Industrial Applications of the Diels-Alder Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:3822-63. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201201636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Choy JW, Bryant C, Calvet CM, Doyle PS, Gunatilleke SS, Leung SSF, Ang KKH, Chen S, Gut J, Oses-Prieto JA, Johnston JB, Arkin MR, Burlingame AL, Taunton J, Jacobson MP, McKerrow JM, Podust LM, Renslo AR. Chemical-biological characterization of a cruzain inhibitor reveals a second target and a mammalian off-target. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:15-25. [PMID: 23400640 PMCID: PMC3566858 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the Trypanosoma cruzi cysteine protease cruzain has been proposed as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of Chagas’ disease. Among the best-studied cruzain inhibitors to date is the vinylsulfone K777 (1), which has proven effective in animal models of Chagas’ disease. Recent structure–activity studies aimed at addressing potential liabilities of 1 have now produced analogues such as N-[(2S)-1-[[(E,3S)-1-(benzenesulfonyl)-5-phenylpent-1-en-3-yl]amino]-3-(4-methylphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]pyridine-4-carboxamide (4), which is trypanocidal at ten-fold lower concentrations than for 1. We now find that the trypanocidal activity of 4 derives primarily from the inhibition of T. cruzi 14-α-demethylase (TcCYP51), a cytochrome P450 enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of ergosterol in the parasite. Compound 4 also inhibits mammalian CYP isoforms but is trypanocidal at concentrations below those required to significantly inhibit mammalian CYPs in vitro. A chemical-proteomics approach employing an activity-based probe derived from 1 was used to identify mammalian cathepsin B as a potentially important off-target of 1 and 4. Computational docking studies and the evaluation of truncated analogues of 4 reveal structural determinants for TcCYP51 binding, information that will be useful in further optimization of this new class of inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Choy
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, 1700 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA ; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, 1700 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA ; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, 1700 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
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11
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Sund C, Belda O, Borkakoti N, Lindberg J, Derbyshire D, Vrang L, Hamelink E, Åhgren C, Woestenenk E, Wikström K, Eneroth A, Lindström E, Kalayanov G. Design and synthesis of potent hydroxyethylamine (HEA) BACE-1 inhibitors carrying prime side 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzazole and 4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyridinoazole templates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6721-7. [PMID: 23010268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.08.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A set of low molecular weight compounds containing a hydroxyethylamine (HEA) core structure with different prime side alkyl substituted 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzazoles and one 4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyridinoazole was synthesized. Striking differences were observed on potencies in the BACE-1 enzymatic and cellular assays depending on the nature of the heteroatoms in the bicyclic ring, from the low active compound 4 to inhibitor 6, displaying BACE-1 IC(50) values of 44 nM (enzyme assay) and 65 nM (cell-based assay).
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12
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Abstract
Bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) share common progenitors with osteoclasts and are critical components of bone-tumor microenvironment; however, their function in prostate tumor growth in the skeleton has not been explored. BMMs are the major source of inflammatory factors and proteases, including cysteine protease cathepsin K (CTSK). In this study, utilizing mice deficient in CTSK, we demonstrate the critical involvement of this potent collagenase in tumor progression in bone. We present the evidence that tumor growth and progression in the bone are impaired in the absence of CTSK. Most importantly, we show for the first time that BMM-supplied CTSK may be involved in CCL2- and COX-2-driven pathways that contribute to tumor progression in bone. Together, our data unravel novel roles for CTSK in macrophage-regulated processes, and provide evidence for close interplay between inflammatory, osteolytic and tumor cell-driven events in the bone-tumor microenvironment.
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Wijkmans J, Gossen J. Inhibitors of cathepsin K: a patent review (2004 – 2010). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:1611-29. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.616283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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14
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Future of anticathepsin K drugs: dual therapy for skeletal disease and atherosclerosis? Future Med Chem 2011; 1:21-34. [PMID: 20126511 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Until fairly recently, cathepsin K was recognized solely as a bone-resorbing enzyme expressed selectively in the osteoclast. Evidence of its requirement for normal bone remodeling has resulted in this protease receiving considerable attention from the pharmaceutical industry. In the last decade, intense research efforts were aimed at development of cathepsin K inhibitors for treatment of osteoporosis and other skeletal disorders associated with pathological bone loss. Emerging new evidence suggests that in addition to bone resorption, cathepsin K is involved in the turnover of extracellular matrix proteins in organs, such as the lung, thyroid and skin, and plays important roles in cardiovascular disease, inflammation and obesity. DISCUSSION This review highlights the physiological and pathophysiological implications of this potent protease, with a focus on recent developments in the design and use of cathepsin K inhibitors to target skeletal pathologies. Therapeutic implications of anticathepsin K drugs in the context of common links between bone disease and atherosclerosis are also discussed. CONCLUSION The association of cathepsin K with skeletal and cardiovascular disorders offers intriguing future applications for inhibitors of this potent protease.
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Koide M, Kinugawa S, Takahashi N, Udagawa N. Osteoclastic bone resorption induced by innate immune responses. Periodontol 2000 2010; 54:235-46. [PMID: 20712643 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2010.00355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Bones play many roles in the body, providing structure, protecting organs, anchoring muscles and storing calcium. Over 100 million people worldwide suffer from bone diseases, mainly osteoporosis, cancer-related bone loss, osteoarthritis and inflammatory arthritis. Osteoporosis itself has no specific symptoms, and the main consequence is the increased risk of bone fractures. Therefore, the prevention of bone diseases is important to maintain the quality of life in the human society. However, treatment options are still insufficient. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review article gives a summary of the low molecular mass modulators of bone diseases targets disclosed in patent applications and articles, mainly during the last 5 years. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Readers will rapidly gain an overview of these modulators not only for historical targets, but also of emerging and re-visited targets. Readers will also be able to see the current research trend and the main players in this field. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Drug discovery for bone diseases has made progress in the last years. The research area has dynamically shifted from historical targets (bisphosphonate, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin) to newly confirmed targets or targets re-visited which were biologically validated in the past. Cathepsin K inhibitors should be very close to launching in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Masuya
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
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Allen JG, Fotsch C, Babij P. Emerging Targets in Osteoporosis Disease Modification. J Med Chem 2010; 53:4332-53. [PMID: 20218623 DOI: 10.1021/jm9018756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John G. Allen
- Chemistry Research and Discovery, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Christopher Fotsch
- Chemistry Research and Discovery, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
| | - Philip Babij
- Metabolic Disorders, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320
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18
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Cantley MD, Smith MD, Haynes DR. Pathogenic bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis: mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2217/ijr.09.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Design and synthesis of dipeptidyl nitriles as potent, selective, and reversible inhibitors of cathepsin C. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5392-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.07.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Elders N, Ruijter E, de Kanter FJJ, Janssen E, Lutz M, Spek AL, Orru RVA. A multicomponent reaction towards N-(cyanomethyl)amides. Chemistry 2009; 15:6096-9. [PMID: 19462390 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Elders
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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