1
|
Zheng S, Zhu Y, Liu C, Zhang S, Yu M, Xiang Z, Fan W, Wang S, Zhao A. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Biosynthesis of Melatonin and Its Isomer in Mulberry. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:708752. [PMID: 34691094 PMCID: PMC8526549 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.708752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves and fruit are traditional Chinese medicinal materials with anti-inflammatory, immune regulatory, antiviral and anti-diabetic properties. Melatonin performs important roles in the regulation of circadian rhythms and immune activities. We detected, identified and quantitatively analyzed the melatonin contents in leaves and mature fruit from different mulberry varieties. Melatonin and three novel isoforms were found in the Morus plants. Therefore, we conducted an expression analysis of melatonin and its isomer biosynthetic genes and in vitro enzymatic synthesis of melatonin and its isomer to clarify their biosynthetic pathway in mulberry leaves. MaASMT4 and MaASMT20, belonging to class II of the ASMT gene family, were expressed selectively in mulberry leaves, and two recombinant proteins that they expressed catalyzed the conversion of N-acetylserotonin to melatonin and one of three isomers in vitro. Unlike the ASMTs of Arabidopsis and rice, members of the three ASMT gene families in mulberry can catalyze the conversion of N-acetylserotonin to melatonin. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying melatonin and its isomers biosynthesis and expands our knowledge of melatonin isomer biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sha Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, China
| | - Yingxue Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Changying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Maode Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhonghuai Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuchang Wang
- Institute of Environment and Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Aichun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Aichun Zhao, ;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lopes Jesus AJ, Rosado MTS, Fausto R, Reva I. UV-induced radical formation and isomerization of 4-methoxyindole and 5-methoxyindole. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:22943-22955. [PMID: 33026378 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04354k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Monomers of 4-methoxyindole and 5-methoxyindole trapped in low-temperature xenon matrices (15-16 K) were characterized by IR spectroscopy, in separate experiments. Each compound was shown to adopt the most stable 1H-tautomeric form. The photochemistry of the matrix-isolated compounds was then investigated by exciting the matrices with narrowband UV light with λ ≤ 305 nm. Two main photoproducts, similar for each compound, have been detected: (1) 4-methoxy- or 5-methoxy-indolyl radical, resulting from cleavage of the N-H bond; (2) 3H-tautomers (4-methoxy- or 5-methoxy-) with the released hydrogen atom reconnected at the C3 ring carbon atom. The presence of the two types of photoproducts in the UV-irradiated matrices was confirmed by comparison of their B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) calculated IR spectra with the experimental spectra emerging upon the irradiations. The mechanism of the observed phototransformations was elucidated by Natural Bond Orbital and Natural Resonance Theory computations on the methoxy-substituted indolyl radicals resulting from the N-H bond cleavage. The highest natural atomic spin densities were predicted at the C3 and N1 positions of the indolyl ring, corresponding to a predominance of the resonance structures with the radical centres located at these two atoms. As a whole, the obtained experimental and theoretical data allowed establishing a general pattern for the photochemistry of methoxyindoles under matrix-isolation conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Lopes Jesus
- University of Coimbra, CQC, Department of Chemistry, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Boutin JA, Witt-Enderby PA, Sotriffer C, Zlotos DP. Melatonin receptor ligands: A pharmaco-chemical perspective. J Pineal Res 2020; 69:e12672. [PMID: 32531076 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptor ligands have been vigorously explored for the last 4 decades. Inspection of approximately 80 publications in the field revealed that most melatonergic ligands were structural analogues of melatonin combining three essential features of the parent compound: an aromatic ring bearing a methoxy group and an amide side chain in a relative arrangement similar to that present in melatonin. While several series of MT2 -selective agents-agonists, antagonists, or partial agonists-were reported, the field was lacking MT1 -selective agents. Herein, we describe various approaches toward the development of melatonergic ligands, keeping in mind that most of the molecules/pharmacophores obtained were essentially melatonin copies, even though diverse tri- or tetra-cyclic compounds were explored. In addition to lack of structural diversity, only few studies examined the activity of the reported melatonergic ligands in vivo. Moreover, an extensive pharmacological characterization including biopharmaceutical stability, pharmacokinetic properties, specificity toward other major receptors to name a few remained scarce. For example, many of the antagonists described were not stable in vivo, were not selective for the melatonin receptor subtype of interest, and were not fully characterized from a pharmacological standpoint. Indeed, virtual screening of large compound libraries has led to the recent discovery of potent and selective melatonin receptor agonists and partial agonists of new chemotypes. Having said this, the melatonergic field is still lacking subtype-selective melatonin receptor antagonists "active" in vivo, which are critical to our understanding of melatonin and melatonin receptors' role in basic physiology and disease.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Humans
- Ligands
- Melatonin/chemistry
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/chemistry
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/chemistry
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean A Boutin
- Institut de Recherches Internationales SERVIER, Suresnes, France
| | - Paula A Witt-Enderby
- School of Pharmacy & Graduate School of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburg, PA, USA
| | - Christoph Sotriffer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Darius P Zlotos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Que Z, Ma T, Shang Y, Ge Q, Zhang Q, Xu P, Zhang J, Francoise U, Liu X, Sun X. Microorganisms: Producers of Melatonin in Fermented Foods and Beverages. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4799-4811. [PMID: 32248679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin has recently been detected in fermented beverages and foods, in which microorganism metabolism is highly important. The existing literature knowledge discusses the direction for future studies in this review. Evidence shows that many species of microorganisms could synthesize melatonin. However, the actual concentrations of melatonin in fermented foods and beverages range from picograms per milliliter to nanograms per milliliter. Different types of microorganisms, different raw materials, different culture environments, the presence or absence of precursors, high or low alcohol content, and different detection methods are all possible reasons for the huge difference of melatonin levels. Thus far, there have been relatively few studies on the melatonin synthesis pathway microorganisms. Thus, referring to the synthetic pathway of plants and animals, the putative melatonin biosynthesis pathway of microorganisms is presented. It will be significant to discuss whether all species of microorganisms have the capacity to synthesize melatonin and what the biological functions of melatonin are in microorganisms. Melatonin plays a lot of important roles in microorganisms, particularly in enhancing the tolerance of environment stress. Also, the loss of melatonin concentration in commercially available fermented foods and beverages is a ubiquitous trend, and how to solve this problem is a new field to be further explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiluo Que
- College of Enology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Heyang Viti-viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Ma
- College of Enology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Heyang Viti-viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Shang
- College of Enology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Heyang Viti-viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Ge
- College of Enology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Heyang Viti-viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
- Quality Standards and Testing Institute of Agricultural Technology, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750002, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianwen Zhang
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Pingkang Xu
- College of Science, Department of Chemistry, Food Science and Technology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Junxiang Zhang
- School of Wine, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Uwamahoro Francoise
- College of Enology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Heyang Viti-viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Liu
- College of Enology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Heyang Viti-viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Sun
- College of Enology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Heyang Viti-viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang SY, Shi XC, Laborda P. Indole-based melatonin analogues: Synthetic approaches and biological activity. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 185:111847. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
6
|
Baltatu OC, Senar S, Campos LA, Cipolla-Neto J. Cardioprotective Melatonin: Translating from Proof-of-Concept Studies to Therapeutic Use. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184342. [PMID: 31491852 PMCID: PMC6770816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review we summarized the actual clinical data for a cardioprotective therapeutic role of melatonin, listed melatonin and its agonists in different stages of development, and evaluated the melatonin cardiovascular target tractability and prediction using machine learning on ChEMBL. To date, most clinical trials investigating a cardioprotective therapeutic role of melatonin are in phase 2a. Selective melatonin receptor agonists Tasimelteon, Ramelteon, and combined melatonergic-serotonin Agomelatine, and other agonists with registered structures in CHEMBL were not yet investigated as cardioprotective or cardiovascular drugs. As drug-able for these therapeutic targets, melatonin receptor agonists have the benefit over melatonin of well-characterized pharmacologic profiles and extensive safety data. Recent reports of the X-ray crystal structures of MT1 and MT2 receptors shall lead to the development of highly selective melatonin receptor agonists. Predictive models using machine learning could help to identify cardiovascular targets for melatonin. Selecting ChEMBL scores > 4.5 in cardiovascular assays, and melatonin scores > 4, we obtained 284 records from 162 cardiovascular assays carried out with 80 molecules with predicted or measured melatonin activity. Melatonin activities (agonistic or antagonistic) found in these experimental cardiovascular assays and models include arrhythmias, coronary and large vessel contractility, and hypertension. Preclinical proof-of-concept and early clinical studies (phase 2a) suggest a cardioprotective benefit from melatonin in various heart diseases. However, larger phase 3 randomized interventional studies are necessary to establish melatonin and its agonists’ actions as cardioprotective therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu
- Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE), School of Health Sciences at Anhembi Morumbi University, Laureate International Universities, Sao Jose dos Campos 12247-016, Brazil.
| | | | - Luciana Aparecida Campos
- Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE), School of Health Sciences at Anhembi Morumbi University, Laureate International Universities, Sao Jose dos Campos 12247-016, Brazil.
| | - José Cipolla-Neto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mendoza-Figueroa H, Martínez-Gudiño G, Villanueva-Luna JE, Trujillo-Serrato JJ, Morales-Ríos MS. Pharmacophore modeling and conformational analysis in the gas phase and in aqueous solution of regioisomeric melatonin analogs. A theoretical and experimental study. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
8
|
Lopes Jesus A, Reva I, Fausto R. UV-induced transformations in matrix-isolated 6‐methoxyindole. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
9
|
Ramakrishnam Raju A, Venkata Reddy R, Mallikarjuna Rao V, Venkata Naresh V, Venkateswara Rao A. I 2 –DMSO promoted metal free oxidative cyclization for the synthesis of substituted Indoles and pyrroles. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
10
|
Lopes Jesus AJ, Reva I, Araujo-Andrade C, Fausto R. Conformational changes in matrix-isolated 6-methoxyindole: Effects of the thermal and infrared light excitations. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:124306. [PMID: 27036447 DOI: 10.1063/1.4944528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Conformational changes induced thermally or upon infrared excitation of matrix-isolated 6-methoxyindole were investigated. Narrowband near-infrared excitation of the first overtone of the N-H stretching vibration of each one of the two identified conformers is found to induce a selective large-scale conversion of the pumped conformer into the other one. This easily controllable bidirectional process consists in the intramolecular reorientation of the methoxy group and allowed a full assignment of the infrared spectra of the two conformers. Matrices with different conformational compositions prepared by narrow-band irradiations were subsequently used to investigate the effects of both thermal and broadband infrared excitations on the conformational mixtures. Particular attention is given to the influence of the matrix medium (Ar vs. Xe) and conformational effects of exposition of the sample to the spectrometer light source during the measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Lopes Jesus
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - I Reva
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - C Araujo-Andrade
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - R Fausto
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Villuri BK, Kotipalli T, kavala V, Ichake SS, Bandi V, Kuo CW, Yao CF. Synthesis of spiro isoindolinone-indolines and 1,2-disubstituted indoles from 2-iodobenzamide derivatives. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15002k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper catalyzed C-terminal and N-terminal attack of 2-alkynylanilines to 2-iodobenzamides afforded isoindolinones and 1,2-disubstituted indoles, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Veerababurao kavala
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan Normal University
- Taipei
- Republic of China
| | - Sachin S. Ichake
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan Normal University
- Taipei
- Republic of China
| | - Vijayalakshmi Bandi
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan Normal University
- Taipei
- Republic of China
| | - Chun-Wei Kuo
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan Normal University
- Taipei
- Republic of China
| | - Ching-Fa Yao
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan Normal University
- Taipei
- Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Gao J, Shao Y, Zhu J, Zhu J, Mao H, Wang X, Lv X. One-Pot Approach to 1,2-Disubstituted Indoles via Cu(II)-Catalyzed Coupling/Cyclization under Aerobic Conditions and Its Application for the Synthesis of Polycyclic Indoles. J Org Chem 2014; 79:9000-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501250u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jilong Gao
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingying Shao
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Mao
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Lv
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tan DX, Zheng X, Kong J, Manchester LC, Hardeland R, Kim SJ, Xu X, Reiter RJ. Fundamental issues related to the origin of melatonin and melatonin isomers during evolution: relation to their biological functions. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:15858-90. [PMID: 25207599 PMCID: PMC4200856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150915858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin and melatonin isomers exist and/or coexist in living organisms including yeasts, bacteria and plants. The levels of melatonin isomers are significantly higher than that of melatonin in some plants and in several fermented products such as in wine and bread. Currently, there are no reports documenting the presence of melatonin isomers in vertebrates. From an evolutionary point of view, it is unlikely that melatonin isomers do not exist in vertebrates. On the other hand, large quantities of the microbial flora exist in the gut of the vertebrates. These microorganisms frequently exchange materials with the host. Melatonin isomers, which are produced by these organisms inevitably enter the host's system. The origins of melatonin and its isomers can be traced back to photosynthetic bacteria and other primitive unicellular organisms. Since some of these bacteria are believed to be the precursors of mitochondria and chloroplasts these cellular organelles may be the primary sites of melatonin production in animals or in plants, respectively. Phylogenic analysis based on its rate-limiting synthetic enzyme, serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT), indicates its multiple origins during evolution. Therefore, it is likely that melatonin and its isomer are also present in the domain of archaea, which perhaps require these molecules to protect them against hostile environments including extremely high or low temperature. Evidence indicates that the initial and primary function of melatonin and its isomers was to serve as the first-line of defence against oxidative stress and all other functions were acquired during evolution either by the process of adoption or by the extension of its antioxidative capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dun-Xian Tan
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, the University of Texas, Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jin Kong
- Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Lucien C Manchester
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, the University of Texas, Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Ruediger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany.
| | - Seok Joong Kim
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, the University of Texas, Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Xiaoying Xu
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, the University of Texas, Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, the University of Texas, Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Synthetic melatoninergic ligands: achievements and prospects. ISRN BIOCHEMISTRY 2014; 2014:843478. [PMID: 25937968 PMCID: PMC4393004 DOI: 10.1155/2014/843478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Pineal hormone melatonin is widely used in the treatment of disorders of circadian rhythms. The presence of melatonin receptors in various animal tissues motivates the use of this hormone in some other diseases. For this reason, in recent years investigators continued the search for synthetic analogues of melatonin which are metabolically stable and selective to receptors. This review includes recent information about the most famous melatonin analogues, their structure, properties, and physiological features of the interaction with melatonin receptors.
Collapse
|
16
|
Zlotos DP, Jockers R, Cecon E, Rivara S, Witt-Enderby PA. MT1 and MT2 Melatonin Receptors: Ligands, Models, Oligomers, and Therapeutic Potential. J Med Chem 2013; 57:3161-85. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401343c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darius. P. Zlotos
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Inserm, U1016,
Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR
8104, Paris, France
- Univ. Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - Erika Cecon
- Department
of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area
delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Paula A. Witt-Enderby
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, 421 Mellon Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Vitalini S, Gardana C, Simonetti P, Fico G, Iriti M. Melatonin, melatonin isomers and stilbenes in Italian traditional grape products and their antiradical capacity. J Pineal Res 2013; 54:322-33. [PMID: 23171152 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although polyphenols represent the paradigm of the health-promoting effects ascribed to grape products, recently, attention has been paid to dietary melatonin, significantly present in Mediterranean foods. In this work, we measured melatonin, its isomers, stilbenes (trans- and cis-resveratrol and their glucosides, piceids) and total polyphenols in some different grape products (red, white and dessert wines, grape juices and Modena balsamic vinegars) of distinct Italian areas. We also evaluated their antiradical activity by DPPH(·) and ABTS(·+) assays. For indoleamine analysis, the separation was carried out on a 1.7-μm C18 BEH column and the detection performed by means of mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization in positive ion mode with multiple reaction monitoring. The confirmation of the peak identity was accomplished by injection into the high-resolution system (Orbitrap) using accurate mass measurements (error below 1.0 ppm). Mass spectrometry analyses revealed, for the first time, the presence of melatonin in dessert wines and balsamic vinegars, as well as the occurrence of three different melatonin isomers in grape products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Vitalini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tan DX, Hardeland R, Manchester LC, Rosales-Corral S, Coto-Montes A, Boga JA, Reiter RJ. Emergence of naturally occurring melatonin isomers and their proposed nomenclature. J Pineal Res 2012; 53:113-21. [PMID: 22332602 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2012.00979.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin was considered to be the sole member of this natural family. The emergence of naturally occurring melatonin isomers (MIs) has opened an exciting new research area. Currently, several MIs have been identified in wine, and these molecules are believed to be synthesized by either yeasts or bacteria. A tentative nomenclature for the MIs is proposed in this article. It will be important to explore whether all organisms have the capacity to synthesize MIs, especially under the conditions of environmental stress. These isomers probably share many of the biological functions of melatonin, but their activities seem to exceed those of melatonin. On basis of the limited available information, it seems that MIs differ in their biosynthetic pathways from melatonin. Especially in those compounds in which the aliphatic side chain is not attached to ring atom 3, the starting material may not be tryptophan. Also, the metabolic pathways of MIs remain unknown. This, therefore, is another promising area of research to explore. It is our hypothesis that MIs would increase the performance of yeasts and probiotic bacteria during the processes of fermentation. Therefore, yeasts producing elevated levels of these isomers might have a superior alcohol tolerance and be able to produce higher levels of alcohol. This can be tested by comparing existing yeast strains differing in alcohol tolerance. Selection for MIs may become a strategy for isolating more resistant yeast and Lactobacillus strains, which can be of interest for industrial alcohol production and quality improvements in bacterially fermented foods such as kimchi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dun-Xian Tan
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas, Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
New quinoxaline derivatives as potential MT₁ and MT₂ receptor ligands. Molecules 2012; 17:7737-57. [PMID: 22732886 PMCID: PMC6269071 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17077737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever since the idea arose that melatonin might promote sleep and resynchronize circadian rhythms, many research groups have centered their efforts on obtaining new melatonin receptor ligands whose pharmacophores include an aliphatic chain of variable length united to an N-alkylamide and a methoxy group (or a bioisostere), linked to a central ring. Substitution of the indole ring found in melatonin with a naphthalene or quinoline ring leads to compounds of similar affinity. The next step in this structural approximation is to introduce a quinoxaline ring (a bioisostere of the quinoline and naphthalene rings) as the central nucleus of future melatoninergic ligands.
Collapse
|
20
|
Gomez FJV, Raba J, Cerutti S, Silva MF. Monitoring melatonin and its isomer in Vitis vinifera cv. Malbec by UHPLC-MS/MS from grape to bottle. J Pineal Res 2012; 52:349-55. [PMID: 22225625 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2011.00949.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown the presence of melatonin and related compounds in grapes and wines. The latter provides evidence of the possibility to enhance the nutraceutical properties of premium wines. However, there are many external factors that can influence the levels of this indolamine in grape and wines. In this study, the monitoring of melatonin and its tentatively identified isomer was carried out during the entire winemaking process in Vitis vinifera cv. Malbec by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Laboratory and pilot studies were carried out to elucidate the role of grape, yeasts, and tryptophan in the evolution of the indolamines during the fermentation process. Melatonin was detected in grape extract within the range 120-160 ng/g while its isomer was found in musts and finished wines. Our results demonstrate that Saccaromyces cervisiae plays a decisive role in contributing to the content of melatonin and its isomer in wine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico José Vicente Gomez
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Spadoni G, Bedini A, Rivara S, Mor M. Melatonin receptor agonists: new options for insomnia and depression treatment. CNS Neurosci Ther 2012; 17:733-41. [PMID: 21554566 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian nature of melatonin (MLT) secretion, coupled with the localization of MLT receptors to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, has led to numerous studies of the role of MLT in modulation of the sleep-wake cycle and circadian rhythms in humans. Although much more needs to be understood about the various functions exerted by MLT and its mechanisms of action, three therapeutic agents (ramelteon, prolonged-release MLT, and agomelatine) are already in use, and MLT receptor agonists are now appearing as new promising treatment options for sleep and circadian-rhythm related disorders. In this review, emphasis has been placed on medicinal chemistry strategies leading to MLT receptor agonists, and on the evidence supporting therapeutic efficacy of compounds undergoing clinical evaluation. A wide range of clinical trials demonstrated that ramelteon, prolonged-release MLT and tasimelteon have sleep-promoting effects, providing an important treatment option for insomnia and transient insomnia, even if the improvements of sleep maintenance appear moderate. Well-documented effects of agomelatine suggest that this MLT agonist offers an attractive alternative for the treatment of depression, combining efficacy with a favorable side effect profile. Despite a large number of high affinity nonselective MLT receptor agonists, only limited data on MT₁ or MT₂ subtype-selective compounds are available up to now. Administration of the MT₂-selective agonist IIK7 to rats has proved to decrease NREM sleep onset latency, suggesting that MT₂ receptor subtype is involved in the acute sleep-promoting action of MLT; rigorous clinical studies are needed to demonstrate this hypothesis. Further clinical candidates based on selective activation of MT₁ or MT₂ receptors are expected in coming years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Spadoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco e della Salute, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino (PU), Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jeanty M, Suzenet F, Delagrange P, Nosjean O, Boutin JA, Caignard DH, Guillaumet G. Design and synthesis of 1-(2-alkanamidoethyl)-6-methoxy-7-azaindole derivatives as potent melatonin agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2316-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.02.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
23
|
Radogna F, Paternoster L, De Nicola M, Cerella C, Ammendola S, Bedini A, Tarzia G, Aquilano K, Ciriolo M, Ghibelli L. Rapid and transient stimulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species by melatonin in normal and tumor leukocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 239:37-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
24
|
Suzuki N, Somei M, Kitamura KI, Reiter RJ, Hattori A. Novel bromomelatonin derivatives suppress osteoclastic activity and increase osteoblastic activity: implications for the treatment of bone diseases. J Pineal Res 2008; 44:326-34. [PMID: 18339128 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2007.00533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The teleost scale is a calcified tissue that contains osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and bone matrix, all of which are similar to those found in mammalian membrane bone. Using the goldfish scale, we recently developed a new in vitro assay system and previously demonstrated that melatonin suppressed both osteoclastic and osteoblastic activities in this assay system. In mammals, 2-bromomelatonin possesses a higher affinity for the melatonin receptor than does melatonin. Using a newly developed synthetic method, we synthesized 2-bromomelatonin, 2,4,6-tribromomelatonin and novel bromomelatonin derivatives (1-allyl-2,4,6-tribromomelatonin, 1-propargyl-2,4,6-tribromomelatonin, 1-benzyl-2,4,6-tribromomelatonin, and 2,4,6,7-tetrabromomelatonin) and then examined the effects of these chemicals on osteoclasts and osteoblasts. All bromomelatonin derivatives, as well as melatonin, had an inhibitory action on osteoclasts. In particular, 1-benzyl-2,4,6-tribromomelatonin (benzyl-tribromomelatonin) possessed a stronger activity than melatonin. At an in vitro concentration of 10(-10) m, benzyl-tribromomelatonin still suppressed osteoclastic activity after 6 hr of incubation. In reference to osteoblasts, all bromomelatonin derivatives had a stimulatory action, although melatonin inhibited osteoblastic activity. In addition, estrogen receptor mRNA expression (an osteoblastic marker) was increased in benzyl-tribromomelatonin (10(-7) m)-treated scales. Taken together, the present results strongly suggest that these novel melatonin derivatives have significant potential for use as beneficial drug for bone diseases such as osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Housu-gun, Ishikawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tsotinis A, Afroudakis PA, Davidson K, Prashar A, Sugden D. Design, Synthesis, and Melatoninergic Activity of New Azido- and Isothiocyanato-Substituted Indoles. J Med Chem 2007; 50:6436-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jm7010723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tsotinis
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece, and Division of Reproduction and Endocrinology, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Pandelis A. Afroudakis
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece, and Division of Reproduction and Endocrinology, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Kathryn Davidson
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece, and Division of Reproduction and Endocrinology, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Anjali Prashar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece, and Division of Reproduction and Endocrinology, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - David Sugden
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupoli-Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece, and Division of Reproduction and Endocrinology, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London Bridge, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Elsner J, Boeckler F, Davidson K, Sugden D, Gmeiner P. Bicyclic melatonin receptor agonists containing a ring-junction nitrogen: Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling of the putative bioactive conformation. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:1949-58. [PMID: 16290939 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2005] [Revised: 10/19/2005] [Accepted: 10/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Employing 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition for the synthesis of the 7a-azaindole nucleus, analogues of melatonin have been synthesized and tested against human and amphibian melatonin receptors. Introducing a phenyl substituent in position 2 of the heterocyclic moiety significantly increased binding affinity to both the MT1 and MT2 receptors. Shifting the methoxy group from position 5 to 2 of the 7a-azaindole ring led to a substantial reduction of MT1 binding when MT2 recognition was maintained. We theoretically investigated the hypothesis whether the 2-methoxy function of the azamelatonin analogue 27 is able to mimic the 5-methoxy group of the neurohormone by directing its 2-methoxy function toward the methoxy binding site. DFT calculations and experimental binding differences of analogue compounds indicate that the energy gained by forming the methoxy-specific hydrogen-bond interaction should exceed the energy required for adopting an alternative conformation.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding, Competitive/drug effects
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Humans
- Melatonin/analogs & derivatives
- Melatonin/chemistry
- Melatonin/pharmacology
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Conformation
- Molecular Structure
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Nitrogen/chemistry
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/chemistry
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/genetics
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/chemistry
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/genetics
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Xenopus
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Elsner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Melatonin is a hormone exerting its multiple actions mainly through two G-protein-coupled receptors MT(1) and MT(2). Exploring the physiological role of each of these subtypes requires subtype selective MT(1) and MT(2) ligands. While several MT(2)-selective ligands were developed in the 1990s, no selective agonists and antagonists for the MT(1) subtype were described. The present article reviews mela toninergic ligands developed in the current millennium focusing on subtype selective agents and on drug candidates. Notable compounds are the MT(1)-selective agonists 35 and 134, MT(1)-selective antagonists 117 and 131, MT(2)-selective agonists 58, 70, 79, 97 and 125, MT(2)-selective antagonists 27, 73 and 119, and the highly potent non-selective agonist 120. The non-selective agonists agomelatine 2, and ramelteon 87 are drug candidates as antidepressive agent and for the treatment of insomnia and circadian rhythm disfunction, respectively.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/methods
- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/trends
- Humans
- Ligands
- Molecular Structure
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/chemistry
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/physiology
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/agonists
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/chemistry
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/physiology
Collapse
|
28
|
Rivara S, Mor M, Silva C, Zuliani V, Vacondio F, Spadoni G, Bedini A, Tarzia G, Lucini V, Pannacci M, Fraschini F, Plazzi PV. Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship studies on selected MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptor ligands: requirements for subtype selectivity and intrinsic activity modulation. J Med Chem 2003; 46:1429-39. [PMID: 12672242 DOI: 10.1021/jm020982d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship comparative molecular field analysis (3D-QSAR CoMFA) approach was applied to some classes of melatonin (MLT) membrane receptor ligands, with the principal aim of exploring the correlation between their steric features and MT(2)-selective antagonism. Binding data obtained from cloned MT(1) and MT(2) receptor subtypes were used to develop 3D-QSAR models for agonists and for antagonists at the two receptor subtypes, looking for the structural requirements for receptor subtype selectivity. In particular, we superposed the compounds showing antagonist activity, or very low intrinsic activity at the GTPgammaS test, following the hypothesis that the occupation of an additional pocket positioned out of the plane of MLT is one of the major determinants for MT(2) selectivity; the statistical models obtained confirmed this hypothesis. Structure-intrinsic activity relationship studies, applied to a set of compounds homogeneously tested, allowed the identification of the structural features whose modulation shifts the behavior from that of the agonist to that of the antagonist. The pocket out of the plane of MLT was identified as one of the key features for obtaining selective MT(2) antagonists. The reliability of our statistical models was further confirmed by the correct prediction of the pharmacological behavior of some N-substituted melatonin derivatives, which were prepared and tested on cloned receptor subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Charton I, Suzenet F, Boutin JA, Audinot V, Delagrange P, Bennejean C, Renard P, Guillaumet G. Synthesis of 5-substituted-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzoxathiins: biological evaluation as melatonin receptors ligands. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2003; 18:187-93. [PMID: 12943203 DOI: 10.1080/1475636032000096855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of benzoxathiins bearing a retroamide function is described from 8-hydroxythiochroman, the key step involving the synthesis of the benzoxathiin ring through a sulfonium salt. These new melatonin analogues were evaluated on human receptors MT1 and MT2 and have a similar affinity to that of melatonin itself.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Charton
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UMR-CNRS 6005, Université d'Orléans, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans Cedex 02, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mor M, Spadoni G, Diamantini G, Bedini A, Tarzia G, Silva C, Vacondio F, Rivara M, Plazzi PV, Franceschini D, Zusso M, Giusti P. Antioxidant and cytoprotective activity of indole derivatives related to melatonin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 527:567-75. [PMID: 15206775 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0135-0_65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin (MLT) is known for its radical scavenger activity, which had been related to its ability to protect neuronal cells from different kinds of oxidative stress. In particular, MLT protects rat cerebellum granular cells from kainate-induced necrosis at concentrations higher than 100 microM, and is able to reduce lipoperoxidation induced by radical stress in rat brain homogenate at similar concentrations. On the other hand, MLT has nanomolar affinity for its membrane receptors (MT1 and MT2), and these are completely saturated at the high concentrations employed when the cytoprotective effect is observed. Other indole derivatives are also known to possess antioxidant and cytoprotective activity. In order to dissociate the cytoprotective effect of MLT from its receptor affinity, and to investigate the structure-activity relationships (SAR) between this effect and some potentially relevant chemical properties, we prepared a series of indole derivatives, where the structure of MLT was gradually modulated, varying the 5-methoxy group nature and position, the acylaminoethyl chain position, and by the introduction of lipophilic groups. These modifications resulted in a set of compounds having different receptor affinity and intrinsic activity, different lipophilicity, and different substitution at the indole nucleus. The compounds were tested for their antioxidant potency by the ABTS test and by inhibition of rat brain homogenate lipoperoxidation; their cytoprotective effect was also estimated from the inhibition of kainate-induced cellular death on rat cerebellum granular cells, and the results were evaluated by SAR comparison and QSAR analysis. An isomer of MLT resulted more potent and effective than MLT itself in the cytoprotection test, although it showed similar potency in the peroxidation test, and it was devoid of the ability to stimulate MT1 and MT2 receptors. This compound was selected as the lead compound for a further SAR study, devoted to the optimization of the cytoprotective effect and to the investigation on its mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mor
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, I-43100 Parma.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Viaud-Massuard MC, Van de Poël H, Guillaumet G. Synthesis of Melatonin Analogues Derived from Furo[2,3-b]- and [2,3-c]pyridines by Use of a Palladium-Copper Catalyst System. HETEROCYCLES 2002. [DOI: 10.3987/com-01-9363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
32
|
Mor M, Spadoni G, Di Giacomo B, Diamantini G, Bedini A, Tarzia G, Plazzi PV, Rivara S, Nonno R, Lucini V, Pannacci M, Fraschini F, Stankov BM. Synthesis, pharmacological characterization and QSAR studies on 2-substituted indole melatonin receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:1045-57. [PMID: 11354661 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00322-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A number of 6-methoxy-1-(2-propionylaminoethyl)indoles, carrying properly selected substituents at the C-2 indole position, were prepared and tested as melatonin receptor ligands. Affinities and intrinsic activities for the human cloned mt1 and MT2 receptors were examined and compared with those of some 2-substituted melatonin derivatives recently described by us. A quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) study of the sixteen 2-substituted indole compounds, 5a-k, 1, 8-11, using partial least squares (PLS) and multiple regression analysis (MRA) revealed the existence of an optimal range of lipophilicity for the C2 indole substituent. There are also indications that planar, electron-withdrawing substituents contribute to the affinity by establishing additional interactions with the binding pocket. No mt1/MT2 subtype selectivity was observed, with the relevant exception of the 2-phenethyl derivative 5e, which exhibited the highest selectivity for the h-MT2 receptor among all the compounds tested (MT2/mt1 ratio of ca. 50). Conformational analysis and superposition of 5e to other reported selective MT2 ligands revealed structural and conformational similarities that might account for the MT2/mt1 selectivity of 5e.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Mor
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Spadoni G, Balsamini C, Diamantini G, Tontini A, Tarzia G, Mor M, Rivara S, Plazzi PV, Nonno R, Lucini V, Pannacci M, Fraschini F, Stankov BM. 2-N-acylaminoalkylindoles: design and quantitative structure-activity relationship studies leading to MT2-selective melatonin antagonists. J Med Chem 2001; 44:2900-12. [PMID: 11520198 DOI: 10.1021/jm001125h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several indole analogues of melatonin (MLT) were obtained by moving the MLT side chain from C(3) to C(2) of the indole ring. Binding and in vitro functional assays were performed on cloned human MT1 and MT2 receptors, stably transfected in NIH3T3 cells. Quantitative structure-activity relationship studies showed that 4-methoxy-2-(N-acylaminomethyl)indoles, with a benzyl group in position 1, were selective MT2 antagonists and, in particular, N-[(1-p-chlorobenzyl-4-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl]propanamide (12) behaved as a pure antagonist at MT1 and MT2 receptors, with a 148-fold selectivity for MT2. We present a topographical model that suggests a lipophilic group, located out of the plane of the indole ring of MLT, as the key feature of the MT2 selective antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Spadoni
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Urbino, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Avalos M, Mak C, Randall PK, Trzeciakowski JP, Abell C, Kwan SW, Wilcox RE. Nonlinear analysis of partial dopamine agonist effects on cAMP in C6 glioma cells. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2001; 45:17-37. [PMID: 11489662 DOI: 10.1016/s1056-8719(01)00118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Most drugs have some efficacy so that improved methods to determine the relative intrinsic efficacy of partial agonists should be of benefit to preclinical and clinical investigators. We examined the effects of partial D(1) or partial D(2) dopamine agonists using a partial agonist interaction model. The dependent variable was the modulation of the dopamine-receptor-mediated cAMP response in C6 glioma cells selectively and stably expressing either D(1) or D(2) recombinant dopamine receptors. The dissociation constant (K(B)) and relative intrinsic efficacy (E(r)) for each partial agonist were calculated using a partial agonist interaction null model in which the effects of fixed concentrations of each partial agonist on the dopamine dose-response curve were evaluated. This model is an extension of the competitive antagonist null model to drugs with efficacy and assumes only that the log-dose--response curve is monotonic. Generally, the partial agonist interaction model fit the data, as well as fits of the independent logistic curves. Furthermore, the partial agonist K(B) values could be shared across partial agonist concentrations without worsening the model fit (by increasing the residual variance). K(B) values were also similar to drug affinities reported in the literature. The model was validated in three ways. First, we assumed a common tissue stimulus parameter (beta) and calculated the E(r) values. This provided a qualitative check on the interaction model results. Second, we calculated new relative efficacy values, E(r)(beta), using the beta estimate. Third, we calculated relative efficacy using relative maxima times midpoint shift ratios (J. Theor. Biol. 198 (1999) 347.). All three methods indicated that the present model yielded reasonable estimates of affinity and relative efficacy for the set of compounds studied. Our results provide a quick and convenient method of quantification of partial agonist efficacy. Special applications and limitations of the model are discussed. In addition, the present results are the first report of the relative intrinsic efficacy values for this set of D(2) ligands.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/pharmacology
- Azepines/pharmacology
- Clozapine/pharmacology
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Dopamine Agonists/chemistry
- Dopamine Agonists/classification
- Dopamine Agonists/pharmacology
- Dopamine Antagonists/chemistry
- Dopamine Antagonists/classification
- Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Fenoldopam/pharmacology
- Glioma/metabolism
- Haloperidol/pharmacology
- Humans
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Kinetics
- Lisuride/analogs & derivatives
- Lisuride/pharmacology
- Models, Statistical
- Monte Carlo Method
- Nonlinear Dynamics
- Oxindoles
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Quinolines/pharmacology
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/agonists
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/agonists
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism
- Spiro Compounds/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Avalos
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712-1074, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
The goal of the article is to provide a clearer understanding of how melatonin and its related analogs interact with melatonin receptors with the hope of developing important tools and agents of significant clinical and scientific importance. The review provides a compilation of the currently published melatonergic ligands and their relative affinities for melatonin receptors and discusses the importance of developing reversible, high-affinity, and subtype selective melatonin receptor antagonists. In addition, the review discusses the utility of developing high-affinity charged melatonergic ligands and irreversible ligands. Finally, the review discusses some of the problems associated with the current models used to study receptor pharmacology and function. As the availability of tools increases in the melatonin receptor field, a great body of knowledge is also gained about the structure of the melatonin receptor and the role that specific melatonin receptor subtypes have in physiologic processes. Further design, synthesis, and application of melatonergic ligands will lead us to a clearer understanding of the role that melatonin and its receptors play in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Witt-Enderby
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of the Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tarzia G, Diamantini G, Mor M, Spadoni G. Design and synthesis of melatonin receptors agonists and antagonists. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 2000; 55:184-7. [PMID: 10919077 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(00)00017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We review our work towards the design and synthesis of high-affinity melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) agonist and antagonist compounds. High affinity melatonergic agonists were obtained by shifting the melatonin side chain from C3 to N1 of the indole ring system. Conversely, by moving the side chain from C3 to C2 it was possible to obtain melatonin antagonist compounds, albeit of moderate affinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Tarzia
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Urbino, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Charton I, Mamai A, Bennejean C, Renard P, Howell EH, Guardiola-Lemaître B, Delagrange P, Morgan PJ, Viaud MC, Guillaumet G. Substituted oxygenated heterocycles and thio-analogues: synthesis and biological evaluation as melatonin ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:105-14. [PMID: 10968269 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00265-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A new series of substituted oxygenated heterocycles and thio-analogues were synthesized and evaluated as melatonin receptor ligands. The replacement of the indolic moiety of melatonin by heterocyclic skeleton such as 1,4-benzodioxin, 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin, chroman, 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzoxathiin, thiochroman, carrying the amidic chain on the aromatic ring, leads to compounds showing a weak affinity for melatonin receptors, except for the compounds 1cb and 1hb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Charton
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, associé au CNRS, Université d'Orléans, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mor M, Rivara S, Silva C, Bordi F, Plazzi PV, Spadoni G, Diamantini G, Balsamini C, Tarzia G, Fraschini F, Lucini V, Nonno R, Stankov BM. Melatonin receptor ligands: synthesis of new melatonin derivatives and comprehensive comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) study. J Med Chem 1998; 41:3831-44. [PMID: 9748358 DOI: 10.1021/jm9810093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The CoMFA methodology was applied to melatonin receptor ligands in order to establish quantitative structure-affinity relationships. One hundred thirty-three compounds were considered: they were either collected from literature or newly synthesized in order to gain information about the less explored positions. To this end, various melatonin derivatives were prepared and their affinity for quail optic tecta melatonin receptor was tested. Compounds were aligned on the putative active conformation of melatonin proposed by our previously reported pharmacophore search, and their relative affinities were calculated from the displacement of 2-[125I]-iodomelatonin on different tissues expressing aMT receptors. Compounds were grouped into three sets according to their topology. Subset A: melatonin-like compounds; subset B: N-acyl-2-amino-8-methoxytetralins and related compounds; subset C:N-acyl-phenylalkylamines and related compounds. CoMFA models were derived for each set, using the steric, electrostatic, and lipophilic fields as structural descriptors; the PLS analyses were characterized by good statistical parameters, taking into account the heterogeneity of the binding data, obtained with different experimental protocols. From the CoMFA model for the melatonin-like compounds, besides the well-known positive effect of 2-substitution, a low steric tolerance for substituents in 1, 6, and 7, and a negative effect of electron-rich 4-substituents were observed; the information provided by the newly synthesized compounds was essential for these results. Moreover, a comprehensive model for the 133 compounds, accounting for a common alignment and a common mode of interaction at the melatonin receptor, was derived (Q2 = 0.769, R2 = 0.905). This model validates our previously reported pharmacophore search and offers a clear depiction of the structure-affinity relationships for the melatonin receptor ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Mor
- Cattedra di Chemioterapia, Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Vanvitelli 32, I-20129 Milano, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Spadoni G, Balsamini C, Bedini A, Diamantini G, Di Giacomo B, Tontini A, Tarzia G, Mor M, Plazzi PV, Rivara S, Nonno R, Pannacci M, Lucini V, Fraschini F, Stankov BM. 2-[N-Acylamino(C1-C3)alkyl]indoles as MT1 melatonin receptor partial agonists, antagonists, and putative inverse agonists. J Med Chem 1998; 41:3624-34. [PMID: 9733487 DOI: 10.1021/jm970721h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of several novel indole melatonin analogues substituted at the 2-position with acylaminomethyl (8-11), acylaminoethyl (5a-k), or acylaminopropyl (13) side chains is reported. On the basis of a novel in vitro functional assay (specific binding of [35S]GTPgammaS), which can discriminate agonist from partial agonist, antagonist, and inverse agonist ligands, 5a,g, h,j and 13 were shown to be partial agonists, 5d,e and 8-11 competitive antagonists, and 5b,c,k putative inverse agonists. Binding and functional assays were performed on cloned human MT1 receptor. Structure-activity relationship considerations indicate that N-[1-aryl-2-(4-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl)(C1-C2)alkyl]alkanamides represent a lead structure for this type of ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Spadoni
- Cattedra di Chemioterapia, Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanvitelli, 32, I-20129 Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Nonno R, Lucini V, Pannacci M, Mazzucchelli C, Angeloni D, Fraschini F, Stankov BM. Pharmacological characterization of the human melatonin Mel1a receptor following stable transfection into NIH3T3 cells. Br J Pharmacol 1998; 124:485-92. [PMID: 9647472 PMCID: PMC1565415 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0701860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Mouse fibroblasts (NIH3T3) transfected with the full-length coding region of the Mel1a melatonin receptor stably expressed the receptor, coupled to a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein(s) and exhibiting high affinity and adequate pharmacological profile. 2. The receptor protein had the tendency of a strong coupling to the G-protein and therefore low-affinity state was induced by uncoupling the receptor from its G-protein in presence of high concentrations of NaCl (500-700 mM) and/or GTPgammaS (100 microM). Thereafter, the affinity of a series of melatonin analogues was determined to both, high- and low-affinity receptor states, thus providing a basis for the prediction of their efficacy, according to the ternary complex model. 3. The cells were subsequently used to study the agonist-induced G-protein activation, determined by calculating the rate of GDP-GTP exchange measured in presence of 35S-labelled GTPgammaS. The natural ligand melatonin induced a significant increase in the GDP-GTP exchange rate, the presence of GDP and NaCl being necessary to observe this effect. 4. The full agonists 2-phenylmelatonin, 2-bromomelatonin and 6-chloromelatonin equally induced an increase of the GDP-GTP exchange. 5-Hydroxy-N-acetyltryptamine activated the GTP-GDP exchange to a much lesser extent (53%) than melatonin, thus behaving as a partial agonist. As predicted by the model, the melatonin antagonist (N-[(2-phenyl-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]cyclobutanecarboxamide) was without effect on basal G protein activation. Coincubation of this compound with melatonin induced a dose-dependent rightward shift in the melatonin concentration-effect curve, thus exhibiting the behaviour of a competitive and surmountable antagonist. 5. Using the equation proposed by Venter (1997) we were able to determine that there were no 'spare' receptors in the system. Therefore, the approach proposed in the present work can be successfully used for the determination of 'drug action' at the level of the human Mel1a melatonin receptor and evaluation of the efficacy of new selective melatonin analogues.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 3T3 Cells
- Animals
- Binding, Competitive/drug effects
- Cell Membrane/drug effects
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA/biosynthesis
- GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)/metabolism
- Humans
- Ligands
- Melatonin/analogs & derivatives
- Melatonin/metabolism
- Mice
- Pertussis Toxin
- Receptors, Cell Surface/agonists
- Receptors, Cell Surface/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cell Surface/drug effects
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/agonists
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/drug effects
- Receptors, Melatonin
- Thermodynamics
- Transfection
- Virulence Factors, Bordetella/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Nonno
- Cattedra di Chemioterapia, Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|