1
|
Kovada V, Withers-Martinez C, Bobrovs R, Ce̅rule H, Liepins E, Grinberga S, Hackett F, Collins CR, Kreicberga A, Jiménez-Díaz MB, Angulo-Barturen I, Rasina D, Suna E, Jaudzems K, Blackman MJ, Jirgensons A. Macrocyclic Peptidomimetic Plasmepsin X Inhibitors with Potent In Vitro and In Vivo Antimalarial Activity. J Med Chem 2023; 66:10658-10680. [PMID: 37505188 PMCID: PMC10424242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The Plasmodium falciparum aspartic protease plasmepsin X (PMX) is essential for the egress of invasive merozoite forms of the parasite. PMX has therefore emerged as a new potential antimalarial target. Building on peptidic amino alcohols originating from a phenotypic screening hit, we have here developed a series of macrocyclic analogues as PMX inhibitors. Incorporation of an extended linker between the S1 phenyl group and S3 amide led to a lead compound that displayed a 10-fold improved PMX inhibitory potency and a 3-fold improved half-life in microsomal stability assays compared to the acyclic analogue. The lead compound was also the most potent of the new macrocyclic compounds in in vitro parasite growth inhibition. Inhibitor 7k cleared blood-stage P. falciparum in a dose-dependent manner when administered orally to infected humanized mice. Consequently, lead compound 7k represents a promising orally bioavailable molecule for further development as a PMX-targeting antimalarial drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vadims Kovada
- Latvian
Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | | | - Raitis Bobrovs
- Latvian
Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Hele̅na Ce̅rule
- Latvian
Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Edgars Liepins
- Latvian
Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | | | - Fiona Hackett
- Malaria
Biochemistry Laboratory, The Francis Crick
Institute, London NW1 1AT, United
Kingdom
| | - Christine R. Collins
- Malaria
Biochemistry Laboratory, The Francis Crick
Institute, London NW1 1AT, United
Kingdom
| | | | - María Belén Jiménez-Díaz
- The
Art of Discovery SL, Biscay Science and Technology Park, Derio, 48160 Bizkaia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Iñigo Angulo-Barturen
- The
Art of Discovery SL, Biscay Science and Technology Park, Derio, 48160 Bizkaia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Dace Rasina
- Latvian
Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Edgars Suna
- Latvian
Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | | | - Michael J. Blackman
- Malaria
Biochemistry Laboratory, The Francis Crick
Institute, London NW1 1AT, United
Kingdom
- Faculty
of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London
School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
E. S, R. M, D. C, Ch. R, J. NLL, M. V. BR. Low Molecular Weight Non-Peptidyl Antimalarial Leads: Lichen Metabolite, Usnic Acid and Its Analogues. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1920985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susithra E.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Pallavaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Meena R.
- Department Med Chem College of Pharmacy-Girls, Shaqra University (Al Dawadmi campus), Shaqra, KSA
| | - Chamundeeswari D.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajasekhar Ch.
- Department of Chemistry, Sathyabama University, Jeppiaar Nagar, Chennai, India
| | - Naveena Lavanya Latha J.
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Krishna University, Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sharma S, Bhatia V. Appraisal of the Role of In silico Methods in Pyrazole Based Drug Design. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:204-216. [PMID: 32875985 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666200901184146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pyrazole and its derivatives are a pharmacologically and significantly active scaffolds that have innumerable physiological and pharmacological activities. They can be very good targets for the discovery of novel anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, anti-tubercular, antiviral, antioxidant, antidepressant, anti-convulsant and neuroprotective drugs. This review focuses on the importance of in silico manipulations of pyrazole and its derivatives for medicinal chemistry. The authors have discussed currently available information on the use of computational techniques like molecular docking, structure-based virtual screening (SBVS), molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR), comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) to drug design using pyrazole moieties. Pyrazole based drug design is mainly dependent on the integration of experimental and computational approaches. The authors feel that more studies need to be done to fully explore the pharmacological potential of the pyrazole moiety and in silico method can be of great help.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Miranda House, University of Delhi, India
| | - Vinayak Bhatia
- ICARE Eye Hospital and Postgraduate Institute, U.P., Noida, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Alebachew Y, Bisrat D, Tadesse S, Asres K. In vivo anti-malarial activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of rhizomes of Kniphofia foliosa and its constituents. Malar J 2021; 20:3. [PMID: 33386079 PMCID: PMC7777528 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03552-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kniphofia foliosa is a flamboyant robust perennial herb which has dense clumps and tick upright rhizomes with leaves at the base. In Ethiopia, it has several vernacular names including Abelbila, Ashenda, Amelmela, Yeznjero Ageda, Shemetmetie and Yezinjero Ageda. The plant is endemic to Ethiopian highlands, where its rhizomes are traditionally used for the treatment of malaria, abdominal cramps and wound healing. In the present study, the 80% methanol extract of K. foliosa rhizomes and its constituents are tested against Plasmodium berghei in mice. METHODS Isolation was carried out using column and preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC). The chemical structures of the compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods (ESI-MS, 1D and 2D-NMR). Peters' 4-day suppressive test against P. berghei in mice was utilized for in vivo anti-malarial evaluation of the test substances. RESULTS Two compounds, namely knipholone and dianellin were isolated from the 80% methanolic extract of K. foliosa rhizomes, and characterized. The hydroalcoholic extract (400 mg/kg) and knipholone (200 mg/kg) showed the highest activity with chemosuppression values of 61.52 and 60.16%, respectively. From the dose-response plot, the median effective (ED50) doses of knipholone and dianellin were determined to be 81.25 and 92.31 mg/kg, respectively. Molecular docking study revealed that knipholone had a strong binding affinity to Plasmodium falciparum l-lactate dehydrogenase (pfLDH) target. CONCLUSION Results of the current study support the traditional use of the plant for the treatment of malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Alebachew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Bisrat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Tadesse
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kaleab Asres
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Click Inspired Synthesis of Novel Cinchonidine Glycoconjugates as Promising Plasmepsin Inhibitors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3586. [PMID: 32108142 PMCID: PMC7046651 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59477-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Among all the malaria parasites, P. falciparum is the most predominant species which has developed drug resistance against most of the commercial anti-malarial drugs. Thus, finding a new molecule for the inhibition of enzymes of P. falciparum is the pharmacological challenge in present era. Herein, ten novel molecules have been designed with an amalgamation of cinchonidine, carbohydrate moiety and triazole ring by utilizing copper-catalyzed click reaction of cinchonidine-derived azide and clickable glycosyl alkynes. The molecular docking of developed molecules showed promising results for plasmepsin inhibition in the form of effective binding with target proteins.
Collapse
|
6
|
Cheuka PM, Dziwornu G, Okombo J, Chibale K. Plasmepsin Inhibitors in Antimalarial Drug Discovery: Medicinal Chemistry and Target Validation (2000 to Present). J Med Chem 2020; 63:4445-4467. [PMID: 31913032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Plasmepsins represent novel antimalarial drug targets. However, plasmepsin-based antimalarial drug discovery efforts in the past 2 decades have generally suffered some drawbacks including lack of translatability of target inhibition to potent parasite inhibition in vitro and in vivo as well as poor selectivity over the related human aspartic proteases. Most studies reported in this period have over-relied on the use of hemoglobinase plasmepsins I-IV (particularly I and II) as targets for the new inhibitors even though these are known to be nonessential at the asexual stage of parasite development. Therefore, future antimalarial drug discovery efforts seeking to identify plasmepsin inhibitors should focus on incorporating non-hemoglobinase plasmepsins such as V, IX, and X in their screening in order to maximize chances of success. Additionally, there is need to go beyond just target enzymatic activity profiling to establishing cellular activity, physicochemical as well as drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics properties and finally in vivo proof-of-concept while ensuring selectivity over related human host proteases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mubanga Cheuka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zambia, Great East Road Campus, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Godwin Dziwornu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - John Okombo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.,Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.,South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zogota R, Kinena L, Withers-Martinez C, Blackman MJ, Bobrovs R, Pantelejevs T, Kanepe-Lapsa I, Ozola V, Jaudzems K, Suna E, Jirgensons A. Peptidomimetic plasmepsin inhibitors with potent anti-malarial activity and selectivity against cathepsin D. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 163:344-352. [PMID: 30529637 PMCID: PMC6336538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Following up the open initiative of anti-malarial drug discovery, a GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) phenotypic screening hit was developed to generate hydroxyethylamine based plasmepsin (Plm) inhibitors exhibiting growth inhibition of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum at nanomolar concentrations. Lead optimization studies were performed with the aim of improving Plm inhibition selectivity versus the related human aspartic protease cathepsin D (Cat D). Optimization studies were performed using Plm IV as a readily accessible model protein, the inhibition of which correlates with anti-malarial activity. Guided by sequence alignment of Plms and Cat D, selectivity-inducing structural motifs were modified in the S3 and S4 sub-pocket occupying substituents of the hydroxyethylamine inhibitors. This resulted in potent anti-malarials with an up to 50-fold Plm IV/Cat D selectivity factor. More detailed investigation of the mechanism of action of the selected compounds revealed that they inhibit maturation of the P. falciparum subtilisin-like protease SUB1, and also inhibit parasite egress from erythrocytes. Our results indicate that the anti-malarial activity of the compounds is linked to inhibition of the SUB1 maturase plasmepsin subtype Plm X. Peptidomimimetic plasmepsin inhibitors are developed using Plm IV as a model enzyme. Up to 50-fold selectivity against Cathepsin D is reached. Compounds show growth inhibition of P. falciparum at nanomolar concentrations. Inhibition of SUB1 maturation and parasite egress imply (co)inhibition of Plm X.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rimants Zogota
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga, LV, 1006, Latvia
| | - Linda Kinena
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga, LV, 1006, Latvia
| | | | - Michael J Blackman
- Malaria Biochemistry Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Raitis Bobrovs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga, LV, 1006, Latvia
| | - Teodors Pantelejevs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga, LV, 1006, Latvia
| | - Iveta Kanepe-Lapsa
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga, LV, 1006, Latvia
| | - Vita Ozola
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga, LV, 1006, Latvia
| | - Kristaps Jaudzems
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga, LV, 1006, Latvia
| | - Edgars Suna
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga, LV, 1006, Latvia.
| | - Aigars Jirgensons
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga, LV, 1006, Latvia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kumar Singh A, Rajendran V, Singh S, Kumar P, Kumar Y, Singh A, Miller W, Potemkin V, Poonam, Grishina M, Gupta N, Kempaiah P, Durvasula R, Singh BK, Dunn BM, Rathi B. Antiplasmodial activity of hydroxyethylamine analogs: Synthesis, biological activity and structure activity relationship of plasmepsin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:3837-3844. [PMID: 29983285 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Malaria, particularly in endemic countries remains a threat to the human health and is the leading the cause of mortality in the tropical and sub-tropical areas. Herein, we explored new C2 symmetric hydroxyethylamine analogs as the potential inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum; 3D7) in in-vitro cultures. All the listed compounds were also evaluated against crucial drug targets, plasmepsin II (Plm II) and IV (Plm IV), enzymes found in the digestive vacuole of the P. falciparum. Analog 10f showed inhibitory activities against both the enzymes Plm II and Plm IV (Ki, 1.93 ± 0.29 µM for Plm II; Ki, 1.99 ± 0.05 µM for Plm IV). Among all these analogs, compounds 10g selectively inhibited the activity of Plm IV (Ki, 0.84 ± 0.08 µM). In the in vitro screening assay, the growth inhibition of P. falciparum by both the analogs (IC50, 2.27 ± 0.95 µM for 10f; IC50, 3.11 ± 0.65 µM for 10g) displayed marked killing effect. A significant growth inhibition of the P. falciparum was displayed by analog 12c with IC50 value of 1.35 ± 0.85 µM, however, it did not show inhibitory activity against either Plms. The hemolytic assay suggested that the active compounds selectively inhibit the growth of the parasite. Further, potent analogs (10f and 12c) were evaluated for their cytotoxicity towards mammalian HepG2 and vero cells. The selectivity index (SI) values were noticed greater than 10 for both the analogs that suggested their poor toxicity. The present study indicates these analogs as putative lead structures and could serve as crucial for the development of new drug molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Vinoth Rajendran
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Snigdha Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India; Laboratory for Translational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Yogesh Kumar
- Laboratory for Translational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Archana Singh
- Department of Botany, Hansraj College University Enclave, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Whelton Miller
- Department of Chemistry & Physics, Lincoln University, Lincoln University, PA 19352, USA; Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Vladimir Potemkin
- South Ural State University, Laboratory of Computational Modeling of Drugs, 454080, Russia
| | - Poonam
- South Ural State University, Laboratory of Computational Modeling of Drugs, 454080, Russia; Department of Chemistry, Miranda House University Enclave, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007 India
| | - Maria Grishina
- South Ural State University, Laboratory of Computational Modeling of Drugs, 454080, Russia
| | - Nikesh Gupta
- Special Centre for Nanosciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Prakasha Kempaiah
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Ravi Durvasula
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | | | - Ben M Dunn
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, P.O. Box 100245, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brijesh Rathi
- Laboratory for Translational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India; South Ural State University, Laboratory of Computational Modeling of Drugs, 454080, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kumar S, Bhardwaj TR, Prasad DN, Singh RK. Drug targets for resistant malaria: Historic to future perspectives. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 104:8-27. [PMID: 29758416 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
New antimalarial targets are the prime need for the discovery of potent drug candidates. In order to fulfill this objective, antimalarial drug researches are focusing on promising targets in order to develop new drug candidates. Basic metabolism and biochemical process in the malaria parasite, i.e. Plasmodium falciparum can play an indispensable role in the identification of these targets. But, the emergence of resistance to antimalarial drugs is an escalating comprehensive problem with the progress of antimalarial drug development. The development of resistance has highlighted the need for the search of novel antimalarial molecules. The pharmaceutical industries are committed to new drug development due to the global recognition of this life threatening resistance to the currently available antimalarial therapy. The recent developments in the understanding of parasite biology are exhilarating this resistance issue which is further being ignited by malaria genome project. With this background of information, this review was aimed to highlights and provides useful information on various present and promising treatment approaches for resistant malaria, new progresses, pursued by some innovative targets that have been explored till date. This review also discusses modern and futuristic multiple approaches to antimalarial drug discovery and development with pictorial presentations highlighting the various targets, that could be exploited for generating promising new drugs in the future for drug resistant malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Kumar
- School of Pharmacy and Emerging Sciences, Baddi University of Emerging Sciences & Technology, Baddi, Dist. Solan, 173205, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - T R Bhardwaj
- School of Pharmacy and Emerging Sciences, Baddi University of Emerging Sciences & Technology, Baddi, Dist. Solan, 173205, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - D N Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shivalik College of Pharmacy, Nangal, Dist. Rupnagar, 140126, Punjab, India
| | - Rajesh K Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shivalik College of Pharmacy, Nangal, Dist. Rupnagar, 140126, Punjab, India.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rasina D, Stakanovs G, Borysov OV, Pantelejevs T, Bobrovs R, Kanepe-Lapsa I, Tars K, Jaudzems K, Jirgensons A. 2-Aminoquinazolin-4(3H)-one based plasmepsin inhibitors with improved hydrophilicity and selectivity. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:2488-2500. [PMID: 29636223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
2-Aminoquinazolin-4(3H)-ones were previously discovered as perspective leads for antimalarial drug development targeting the plasmepsins. Here we report the lead optimization studies with the aim to reduce inhibitor lipophilicity and increase selectivity versus the human aspartic protease Cathepsin D. Exploiting the solvent exposed area of the enzyme provides an option to install polar groups (R1) the 5-position of 2-aminoquinazolin-4(3H)-one to inhibitors such as carboxylic acid without scarifying enzymatic potency. Moreover, introduction of R1 substituents increased selectivity factors of compounds in this series up to 100-fold for Plm II, IV vs CatD inhibition. The introduction of flap pocket substituent (R2) at 7-postion of 2-aminoquinazolin-4(3H)-one allows to remove Ph group from THF ring without notably impairing Plm inhibitory potency. Based on these findings, inhibitors were developed, which show Plm II and IV inhibitory potency in low nanomolar range and remarkable selectivity against Cathepsin D along with decreased lipophilicity and increased solubility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dace Rasina
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Georgijs Stakanovs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Oleksandr V Borysov
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Teodors Pantelejevs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Raitis Bobrovs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Iveta Kanepe-Lapsa
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Kaspars Tars
- Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1, Riga LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Kristaps Jaudzems
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Aigars Jirgensons
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ohashi N, Kobayashi R, Nomura W, Kobayakawa T, Czikora A, Herold BK, Lewin NE, Blumberg PM, Tamamura H. Synthesis and Evaluation of Dimeric Derivatives of Diacylglycerol-Lactones as Protein Kinase C Ligands. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:2135-2144. [PMID: 28671468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) mediates a central cellular signal transduction pathway involved in disorders such as cancer and Alzheimer's disease. PKC is regulated by binding of the second messenger sn-1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) to its tandem C1 domains, designated C1a and C1b, leading both to PKC activation and to its translocation to the plasma membrane and to internal organelles. Depending on the isoform, there may be differences in the ligand selectivity of the C1a and C1b domains, and there is different spacing between the C1 domains of the conventional and novel PKCs. Bivalent ligands have the potential to exploit these differences between isoforms, yielding isoform selectivity. In the present study, we describe the synthesis of a series of dimeric derivatives of conformationally constrained diacylglycerol (DAG) analogs (DAG-lactones). We characterize the derivatives in vitro for their binding affinities, both to a single C1 domain (the C1b domain of PKCδ) as well as to the conventional PKCα isoform and the novel PKCδ isoform, and we measure their abilities to cause translocation of PKCδ and PKCε in intact cells. The dimeric compound with the 10-carbon linker was modestly more effective for the isolated PKCδ C1b domain than was the monomeric compound. For the intact PKCα and PKCδ, the shortest DAG-lactone dimer had similar affinity to the monomer and affinity decreased progressively up to the 16-carbon linker. The dimeric derivatives did not cause the Golgi accumulation of PKCδ. The present results provide important insights into the development of new chemical tools for biological studies on PKC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nami Ohashi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University , 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kobayashi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University , 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Wataru Nomura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University , 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayakawa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University , 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Agnes Czikora
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Brienna K Herold
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Nancy E Lewin
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Peter M Blumberg
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University , 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Roy KK. Targeting the active sites of malarial proteases for antimalarial drug discovery: approaches, progress and challenges. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2017; 50:287-302. [PMID: 28668681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease causing vast mortality and morbidity worldwide. Although antimalarial drugs are effective in several parts of the world, there is a serious threat to malaria control as malaria parasites are continuously developing widespread resistance against currently available antimalarial drugs, including artemisinin. Such widespread antimalarial drug resistance confirms the need to improve the efficacy of existing or new drugs as well as to develop alternative treatments through the identification of novel drug targets and the development of candidate drugs. Similar to proteases in other parasitic diseases such as leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, Chagas disease and African sleeping sickness, malarial proteases constitute the major virulence factors in malaria. Malarial proteases belong to several classes and many of them have been targeted for the design and discovery of antimalarial agents. This review summarises the approaches, progress and challenges in the design of small-molecule inhibitors as antimalarial drugs targeting the inhibition of various malarial proteases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep K Roy
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hamada Y, Kiso Y. New directions for protease inhibitors directed drug discovery. Biopolymers 2016; 106:563-79. [PMID: 26584340 PMCID: PMC7161749 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteases play crucial roles in various biological processes, and their activities are essential for all living organisms-from viruses to humans. Since their functions are closely associated with many pathogenic mechanisms, their inhibitors or activators are important molecular targets for developing treatments for various diseases. Here, we describe drugs/drug candidates that target proteases, such as malarial plasmepsins, β-secretase, virus proteases, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4. Previously, we reported inhibitors of aspartic proteases, such as renin, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease, human T-lymphotropic virus type I protease, plasmepsins, and β-secretase, as drug candidates for hypertension, adult T-cell leukaemia, human T-lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy, malaria, and Alzheimer's disease. Our inhibitors are also described in this review article as examples of drugs that target proteases. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 106: 563-579, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Hamada
- Medicinal Chemistry LaboratoryKobe Pharmaceutical University, MotoyamakitaHigashinada‐kuKobe658‐8558Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kiso
- Laboratory of Peptide Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio‐Science and TechnologyTamura‐choNagahama526‐0829Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rasina D, Otikovs M, Leitans J, Recacha R, Borysov OV, Kanepe-Lapsa I, Domraceva I, Pantelejevs T, Tars K, Blackman MJ, Jaudzems K, Jirgensons A. Fragment-Based Discovery of 2-Aminoquinazolin-4(3H)-ones As Novel Class Nonpeptidomimetic Inhibitors of the Plasmepsins I, II, and IV. J Med Chem 2015; 59:374-87. [PMID: 26670264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
2-Aminoquinazolin-4(3H)-ones were identified as a novel class of malaria digestive vacuole plasmepsin inhibitors by using NMR-based fragment screening against Plm II. Initial fragment hit optimization led to a submicromolar inhibitor, which was cocrystallized with Plm II to produce an X-ray structure of the complex. The structure showed that 2-aminoquinazolin-4(3H)-ones bind to the open flap conformation of the enzyme and provided clues to target the flap pocket. Further improvement in potency was achieved via introduction of hydrophobic substituents occupying the flap pocket. Most of the 2-aminoquinazolin-4(3H)-one based inhibitors show a similar activity against digestive Plms I, II, and IV and >10-fold selectivity versus CatD, although varying the flap pocket substituent led to one Plm IV selective inhibitor. In cell-based assays, the compounds show growth inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 with IC50 ∼ 1 μM. Together, these results suggest 2-aminoquinazolin-4(3H)-ones as perspective leads for future development of an antimalarial agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dace Rasina
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis , Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Martins Otikovs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis , Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Janis Leitans
- Biomedical Research and Study Centre , Ratsupites 1, Riga LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Rosario Recacha
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis , Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Oleksandr V Borysov
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis , Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Iveta Kanepe-Lapsa
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis , Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Ilona Domraceva
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis , Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Teodors Pantelejevs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis , Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Kaspars Tars
- Biomedical Research and Study Centre , Ratsupites 1, Riga LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Michael J Blackman
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory , The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, U.K
| | - Kristaps Jaudzems
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis , Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Aigars Jirgensons
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis , Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Structural basis for plasmepsin V inhibition that blocks export of malaria proteins to human erythrocytes. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2015. [PMID: 26214367 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Plasmepsin V, an essential aspartyl protease of malaria parasites, has a key role in the export of effector proteins to parasite-infected erythrocytes. Consequently, it is an important drug target for the two most virulent malaria parasites of humans, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. We developed a potent inhibitor of plasmepsin V, called WEHI-842, which directly mimics the Plasmodium export element (PEXEL). WEHI-842 inhibits recombinant plasmepsin V with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 0.2 nM, efficiently blocks protein export and inhibits parasite growth. We obtained the structure of P. vivax plasmepsin V in complex with WEHI-842 to 2.4-Å resolution, which provides an explanation for the strict requirements for substrate and inhibitor binding. The structure characterizes both a plant-like fold and a malaria-specific helix-turn-helix motif that are likely to be important in cleavage of effector substrates for export.
Collapse
|
16
|
Singh AK, Rajendran V, Pant A, Ghosh PC, Singh N, Latha N, Garg S, Pandey KC, Singh BK, Rathi B. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of functionalized phthalimides: A new class of antimalarials and inhibitors of falcipain-2, a major hemoglobinase of malaria parasite. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1817-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
17
|
New paradigm of an old target: an update on structural biology and current progress in drug design towards plasmepsin II. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 95:324-48. [PMID: 25827401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is one of the major parasitic disease whose rapid spreading and mortality rate affects all parts of the world especially several parts of Asia as well as Africa. The emergence of multi-drug resistant strains hamper the progress of current antimalarial therapy and displayed an urgent need for new antimalarials by targeting novel drug targets. Until now, several promising targets were explored in order to develop a promising Achilles hill to counter malaria. Plasmepsin, an aspartic protease, which is involved in the hemoglobin breakdown into smaller peptides emerged as a crucial target to develop new chemical entities to counter malaria. Due to early crystallographic evidence, plasmepsin II (Plm II) emerged as well explored target to develop novel antimalarials as well as a starting point to develop inhibitors targeting some other subtypes of plasmepsins i.e. Plm I, II, IV and V. With the advancements in drug discovery, several computational and synthetic approaches were employed in order to develop novel inhibitors targeting Plm II. Strategies such as fragment based drug design, molecular dynamics simulation, double drug approach etc. were employed in order to develop new chemical entities targeting Plm II. But majority of Plm II inhibitors suffered from poor selectivity over cathepsin D as well as other subtypes of plasmepsins. This review highlights an updated account of drug discovery efforts targeting plasmepsin II from a medicinal chemistry perspective.
Collapse
|
18
|
Mahindra A, Gangwal RP, Bansal S, Goldfarb NE, Dunn BM, Sangamwar AT, Jain R. Antiplasmodial activity of short peptide-based compounds. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra00779h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three series of short peptide-based compounds were synthesized, which upon evaluation against chloroquine-sensitive (D6) and chloroquine-resistant (W2) strains ofPlasmodium falciparum in vitro, produced IC50values ranging between 1.4–4.7 μg mL−1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Mahindra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- India
| | - Rahul P. Gangwal
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- India
| | - Sunil Bansal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- India
| | - Nathan E. Goldfarb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
- USA
| | - Ben M. Dunn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
- USA
| | - Abhay T. Sangamwar
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- India
| | - Rahul Jain
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jaudzems K, Tars K, Maurops G, Ivdra N, Otikovs M, Leitans J, Kanepe-Lapsa I, Domraceva I, Mutule I, Trapencieris P, Blackman MJ, Jirgensons A. Plasmepsin inhibitory activity and structure-guided optimization of a potent hydroxyethylamine-based antimalarial hit. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:373-7. [PMID: 24900843 DOI: 10.1021/ml4004952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimalarial hit 1 SR (TCMDC-134674) identified in a GlaxoSmithKline cell based screening campaign was evaluated for inhibitory activity against the digestive vacuole plasmepsins (Plm I, II, and IV). It was found to be a potent Plm IV inhibitor with no selectivity over Cathepsin D. A cocrystal structure of 1 SR bound to Plm II was solved, providing structural insight for the design of more potent and selective analogues. Structure-guided optimization led to the identification of structurally simplified analogues 17 and 18 as low nanomolar inhibitors of both, plasmepsin Plm IV activity and P. falciparum growth in erythrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristaps Jaudzems
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Kaspars Tars
- Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1, Riga LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Gundars Maurops
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Natalija Ivdra
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Martins Otikovs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Janis Leitans
- Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1, Riga LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Iveta Kanepe-Lapsa
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Ilona Domraceva
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Ilze Mutule
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | | | - Michael J. Blackman
- Division
of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill, Hill, London NW7 1AA, U.K
| | - Aigars Jirgensons
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Transition-state inhibitors of purine salvage and other prospective enzyme targets in malaria. Future Med Chem 2014; 5:1341-60. [PMID: 23859211 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a leading cause of human death within the tropics. The gradual generation of drug resistance imposes an urgent need for the development of new and selective antimalarial agents. Kinetic isotope effects coupled to computational chemistry have provided the relevant details on geometry and charge of enzymatic transition states to facilitate the design of transition-state analogs. These features have been reproduced into chemically stable mimics through synthetic chemistry, generating inhibitors with dissociation constants in the pico- to femto-molar range. Transition-state analogs are expected to contribute to the control of malaria.
Collapse
|
21
|
McConnell RM, Inapudi K, Kadasala N, Yarlagadda K, Velusamy P, McConnell MS, Green A, Trana C, Sayyar K, McConnell JS. New cathepsin D inhibitor library utilizing hydroxyethyl isosteres with cyclic tertiary amines. Med Chem 2013; 8:1146-54. [PMID: 22830497 DOI: 10.2174/1573406411208061146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of hydroxyethylamine isosteres as inhibitors of cathepsin D based on SAR data have been accomplished. A library of 96 of these hydroxyethylamine isosteres are described and many have proven to be very potent inhibitors of human cathepsin D activity as measured using a fluorometric assay technique, via peptide substrate Ac-Glu-Glu(Edans)-Lys-Pro-Ile-Cys-Phe-Phe-Arg-Leu-Gly-Lys(Methyl Red)-Glu-NH(2). Compounds showing strongest inhibition of cathepsin D activity were those that contain a hydroxyethyl-N'-2- or N'-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazine moiety (IC(50) values range from 0.55 to 8.5 nM), with N'-(2-pyrimidyl)piperizine (IC(50) values range from 0.5 to 21.6 nM), with N-N'- L-piperazinocolinamide (IC(50) values range from 0.001 - 0.25 nM), or N-N'-L-piperazinocolin-N-methylamide (IC(50) values range from 0.015 - 7.3 nM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rose M McConnell
- Department of Chemistry, Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL 61455, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Song Y, Jin H, Liu X, Zhu L, Huang J, Li H. Discovery of non-peptide inhibitors of Plasmepsin II by structure-based virtual screening. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2078-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
23
|
Novel in vivo active anti-malarials based on a hydroxy-ethyl-amine scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 23:658-62. [PMID: 23260352 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.11.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of anti-malarials, based on a hydroxy-ethyl-amine scaffold, initially identified as peptidomimetic protease inhibitors is described. Combination of the hydroxy-ethyl-amine anti-malarial phramacophore with the known Mannich base pharmacophore of amodiaquine (57) resulted in promising in vivo active novel derivatives.
Collapse
|
24
|
Cai H, Zhou Z, Gu J, Wang Y. Comparative Genomics and Systems Biology of Malaria Parasites Plasmodium.. Curr Bioinform 2012; 7. [PMID: 24298232 DOI: 10.2174/157489312803900965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a serious infectious disease that causes over one million deaths yearly. It is caused by a group of protozoan parasites in the genus Plasmodium. No effective vaccine is currently available and the elevated levels of resistance to drugs in use underscore the pressing need for novel antimalarial targets. In this review, we survey omics centered developments in Plasmodium biology, which have set the stage for a quantum leap in our understanding of the fundamental processes of the parasite life cycle and mechanisms of drug resistance and immune evasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Cai
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pérez-Picaso L, Olivo HF, Argotte-Ramos R, Rodríguez-Gutiérrez M, Rios MY. Linear and cyclic dipeptides with antimalarial activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7048-51. [PMID: 23084276 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several natural and synthetic polypeptides possess important antimalarial activity. Shorter peptides with potent antimalarial activity have also been described, among them linear di-, tri-, tetra- and pentapeptides and their cyclic analogs. In an attempt to find dipeptides with antimalarial activities we show that linear and cyclic dipeptides, the latter known as diketopiperazines, still retain the fundamental core to preserve antimalarial activity. Thirteen linear dipeptides and ten diketopiperazines were investigated. Eight linear dipeptides showed IC(50) values between 2.78 and 7.07 μM, while eight diketopiperazines were also active with IC(50) values between 2.26 and 4.26 μM on Plasmodium berghei schizont cultures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lemuel Pérez-Picaso
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cai H, Kuang R, Gu J, Wang Y. Proteases in malaria parasites - a phylogenomic perspective. Curr Genomics 2012; 12:417-27. [PMID: 22379395 PMCID: PMC3178910 DOI: 10.2174/138920211797248565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 07/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria continues to be one of the most devastating global health problems due to the high morbidity and mortality it causes in endemic regions. The search for new antimalarial targets is of high priority because of the increasing prevalence of drug resistance in malaria parasites. Malarial proteases constitute a class of promising therapeutic targets as they play important roles in the parasite life cycle and it is possible to design and screen for specific protease inhibitors. In this mini-review, we provide a phylogenomic overview of malarial proteases. An evolutionary perspective on the origin and divergence of these proteases will provide insights into the adaptive mechanisms of parasite growth, development, infection, and pathogenesis.B
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Cai
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sugar–amino acid cyclic conjugates as novel conformationally constrained hydroxyethylamine transition-state isosteres. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
28
|
Dali B, Keita M, Megnassan E, Frecer V, Miertus S. Insight into Selectivity of Peptidomimetic Inhibitors with Modified Statine Core for Plasmepsin II of Plasmodium falciparum over Human Cathepsin D. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 79:411-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
29
|
New benzimidazole derivatives as antiplasmodial agents and plasmepsin inhibitors: synthesis and analysis of structure-activity relationships. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 22:1282-6. [PMID: 22204908 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The newly synthesized benzimidazole compounds were suggested to be inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum plasmepsin II and human cathepsin D by virtual screening of an internal library of synthetic compounds. This was confirmed by enzyme inhibition studies that gave IC(50) values in the low micromolar range (2-48μM). Ligand docking studies with plasmepsin II predicted binding of benzimidazole compounds at the center of the extended substrate-binding cleft. According to the plausible mode of binding, the pyridine ring of benzimidazole compounds interacted with S1' subsite residues whereas the acetophenone moiety was in contact with S1-S3 subsites of plasmepsin II active center. The benzimidazole derivatives were evaluated for capacity to inhibit the growth of intraerythrocytic P. falciparum in culture. Four benzimidazole compounds inhibited parasite growth at ⩽3μM. The most active compound 10, 1-(4-phenylphenyl)-2[2-(pyridinyl-2-yl)-1,3-benzdiazol-1-yl]ethanone showed an IC(50) of 160nM. The substitution of a phenyl group and a chlorine atom at the para position of the acetophenone moiety were shown to be crucial for antiplasmodial activity.
Collapse
|
30
|
Computational perspectives into plasmepsins structure-function relationship: implications to inhibitors design. J Trop Med 2011; 2011:657483. [PMID: 21760810 PMCID: PMC3134243 DOI: 10.1155/2011/657483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of efficient and selective antimalariais remains a challenge for the pharmaceutical industry. The aspartic proteases plasmepsins, whose inhibition leads to parasite death, are classified as targets for the design of potent drugs. Combinatorial synthesis is currently being used to generate inhibitor libraries for these enzymes, and together with computational methodologies have been demonstrated capable for the selection of lead compounds. The high structural flexibility of plasmepsins, revealed by their X-ray structures and molecular dynamics simulations, made even more complicated the prediction of putative binding modes, and therefore, the use of common computational tools, like docking and free-energy calculations. In this review, we revised the computational strategies utilized so far, for the structure-function relationship studies concerning the plasmepsin family, with special focus on the recent advances in the improvement of the linear interaction estimation (LIE) method, which is one of the most successful methodologies in the evaluation of plasmepsin-inhibitor binding affinity.
Collapse
|
31
|
Matter H, Sotriffer C. Applications and Success Stories in Virtual Screening. METHODS AND PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527633326.ch12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
32
|
Computational analysis of aspartic protease plasmepsin II complexed with EH58 inhibitor: a QM/MM MD study. J Mol Model 2011; 17:2631-8. [PMID: 21264482 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-0963-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Plasmepsin (PM) II is one of four enzymes in the food vacuole of Plasmodium falciparum. It has become an attractive target for combating malaria through research regarding its importance in the P. falciparum metabolism and life cycle, making it the target of choice for structure-based drug design. This paper reports the results of hybrid quantum mechanics / molecular mechanics (QM/MM) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations employed to study the details of the interactions established between PM II and N-(3-{(2-benzo[1, 3]dioxol-5-yl-ethyl)[3-(1-methyl-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-isoindol-2-yl) propionyl]-amino}-1-benzyl-2-(hydroxyl-propyl)-4-benzyloxy-3,5dimethoxy-benzamide (EH58), a well-known potent inhibitor for this enzyme. Electrostatic binding free energy and energy terms decomposition have been computed for PM II complexed with the EH58 inhibitor. The results reveal that there is a strong interaction between Asp34, Val78, Ser79, Tyr192 and Asp214 residues and the EH58 inhibitor. In addition, we have computed the potential of the mean force (PMF) profile in order to assign the protonation state of the two catalytic aspartates in PM II-EH58 complex. The results indicate that the protonation of Asp214 favors a stable active site structure, which is consistent with our electrostatic binding free energy calculation and with previous published works.
Collapse
|
33
|
Thirupathi B, Srinivas R, Prasad AN, Kumar JKP, Reddy BM. Green Progression for Synthesis of Regioselective β-Amino Alcohols and Chemoselective Alkylated Indoles. Org Process Res Dev 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/op1002177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boningari Thirupathi
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad - 500 607, India
| | - Rapelli Srinivas
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad - 500 607, India
| | - Avvari N. Prasad
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad - 500 607, India
| | - J. K. Prashanth Kumar
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad - 500 607, India
| | - Benjaram M. Reddy
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad - 500 607, India
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ahmed W, Rani M, Khan IA, Iqbal A, Khan KM, Haleem MA, Azim MK. Characterisation of hydrazides and hydrazine derivatives as novel aspartic protease inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 25:673-8. [DOI: 10.3109/14756360903508430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Ahmed
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal Urdu University, Karachi-75300, Pakistan
| | - Mubeen Rani
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Ishtiaq A. Khan
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Asif Iqbal
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Khalid M. Khan
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - M. A. Haleem
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - M. Kamran Azim
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Li F, Patra KP, Yowell CA, Dame JB, Chin K, Vinetz JM. Apical surface expression of aspartic protease Plasmepsin 4, a potential transmission-blocking target of the plasmodium ookinete. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:8076-83. [PMID: 20056606 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.063388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To invade its definitive host, the mosquito, the malaria parasite must cross the midgut peritrophic matrix that is composed of chitin cross-linked by chitin-binding proteins and then develop into an oocyst on the midgut basal lamina. Previous evidence indicates that Plasmodium ookinete-secreted chitinase is important in midgut invasion. The mechanistic role of other ookinete-secreted enzymes in midgut invasion has not been previously examined. De novo mass spectrometry sequencing of a protein obtained by benzamidine affinity column of Plasmodium gallinaceum ookinete axenic culture supernatant demonstrated the presence of an ookinete-secreted plasmepsin, an aspartic protease previously only known to be present in the digestive vacuole of asexual stage malaria parasites. This plasmepsin, the ortholog of Plasmodium falciparum plasmepsin 4, was designated PgPM4. PgPM4 and PgCHT2 (the P. gallinaceum ortholog of P. falciparum chitinase PfCHT1) are both localized on the ookinete apical surface, and both are present in micronemes. Aspartic protease inhibitors (peptidomimetic and natural product), calpain inhibitors, and anti-PgPM4 monoclonal antibodies significantly reduced parasite infectivity for mosquitoes. These results suggest that plasmepsin 4, previously known only to function in the digestive vacuole of asexual blood stage Plasmodium, plays a role in how the ookinete interacts with the mosquito midgut interactions as it becomes an oocyst. These data are the first to delineate a role for an aspartic protease in mediating Plasmodium invasion of the mosquito and demonstrate the potential for plasmepsin 4 as a malaria transmission-blocking vaccine target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengwu Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Pérez-Picaso L, Velasco-Bejarano B, Aguilar-Guadarrama AB, Argotte-Ramos R, Rios MY. Antimalarial activity of ultra-short peptides. Molecules 2009; 14:5103-14. [PMID: 20032878 PMCID: PMC6254971 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14125103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultra-short peptides 1-9 were designed and synthesized with phenylalanine, ornithine and proline amino acid residues and their effect on antimalarial activity was analyzed. On the basis of the IC50 data for these compounds, the effects of nature, polarity, and amino acid sequence on Plasmodium berghei schizont cultures were analyzed too. Tetrapeptides Phe-Orn-Phe-Orn (4) and Lys-Phe-Phe-Orn (5) showed a very important activity with IC50 values of 3.31 and 2.57 μM, respectively. These two tetrapeptides are candidates for subsequent in vivo assays and SARS investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lemuel Pérez-Picaso
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Benjamín Velasco-Bejarano
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - A. Berenice Aguilar-Guadarrama
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Rocío Argotte-Ramos
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas (CISEI), Avenida Universidad 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, 62100 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - María Yolanda Rios
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +52-777-329-7000 ext. 6024; Fax: +52-777-329-7997
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Philippe C, Milcent T, Nguyen Thi Ngoc T, Crousse B, Bonnet-Delpon D. Synthesis of New Trifluoromethylated Hydroxyethylamine-Based Scaffolds. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
38
|
Role of Plasmodium falciparum digestive vacuole plasmepsins in the specificity and antimalarial mode of action of cysteine and aspartic protease inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:4968-78. [PMID: 19752273 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00882-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb) degradation is essential for the growth of the intraerythrocytic stages of malarial parasites. This process, which occurs inside an acidic digestive vacuole (DV), is thought to involve the action of four aspartic proteases, termed plasmepsins (PMs). These enzymes have received considerable attention as potential antimalarial drug targets. Leveraging the availability of a set of PM-knockout lines generated in Plasmodium falciparum, we report here that a wide range of previously characterized or novel aspartic protease inhibitors exert their antimalarial activities independently of their effect on the DV PMs. We also assayed compounds previously shown to inhibit cysteine proteases residing in the DV. The most striking observation was a ninefold increase in the potency of the calpain inhibitor N-acetyl-leucinyl-leucinyl-norleucinal (ALLN) against parasites lacking all four DV PMs. Genetic ablation of PM III or PM IV also decreased the level of parasite resistance to the beta-hematin binding antimalarial chloroquine. On the basis of the findings of drug susceptibility and isobologram assays, as well as the findings of studies of the inhibition of Hb degradation, morphological analyses, and stage specificity, we conclude that the DV PMs and falcipain cysteine proteases act cooperatively in Hb hydrolysis. We also identify several aspartic protease inhibitors, designed to target DV PMs, which appear to act on alternative targets early in the intraerythrocytic life cycle. These include the potent diphenylurea compound GB-III-32, which was found to be fourfold less potent against a P. falciparum line overexpressing plasmepsin X than against the parental nontransformed parasite line. The identification of the mode of action of these inhibitors will be important for future antimalarial drug discovery efforts focusing on aspartic proteases.
Collapse
|
39
|
Orrling KM, Marzahn MR, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H, Åqvist J, Dunn BM, Larhed M. α-Substituted norstatines as the transition-state mimic in inhibitors of multiple digestive vacuole malaria aspartic proteases. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:5933-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
40
|
Improved Ritter reaction with CF3-containing oxirane for an access to central units of protease inhibitors. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.09.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
41
|
Improved prediction of malaria degradomes by supervised learning with SVM and profile kernel. Genetica 2008; 136:189-209. [PMID: 19057851 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-008-9336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The spread of drug resistance through malaria parasite populations calls for the development of new therapeutic strategies. However, the seemingly promising genomics-driven target identification paradigm is hampered by the weak annotation coverage. To identify potentially important yet uncharacterized proteins, we apply support vector machines using profile kernels, a supervised discriminative machine learning technique for remote homology detection, as a complement to the traditional alignment based algorithms. In this study, we focus on the prediction of proteases, which have long been considered attractive drug targets because of their indispensable roles in parasite development and infection. Our analysis demonstrates that an abundant and complex repertoire is conserved in five Plasmodium parasite species. Several putative proteases may be important components in networks that mediate cellular processes, including hemoglobin digestion, invasion, trafficking, cell cycle fate, and signal transduction. This catalog of proteases provides a short list of targets for functional characterization and rational inhibitor design.
Collapse
|
42
|
Hidaka K, Kimura T, Ruben AJ, Uemura T, Kamiya M, Kiso A, Okamoto T, Tsuchiya Y, Hayashi Y, Freire E, Kiso Y. Antimalarial activity enhancement in hydroxymethylcarbonyl (HMC) isostere-based dipeptidomimetics targeting malarial aspartic protease plasmepsin. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:10049-60. [PMID: 18952439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plasmepsin (Plm) is a potential target for new antimalarial drugs, but most reported Plm inhibitors have relatively low antimalarial activities. We synthesized a series of dipeptide-type HIV protease inhibitors, which contain an allophenylnorstatine-dimethylthioproline scaffold to exhibit potent inhibitory activities against Plm II. Their activities against Plasmodium falciparum in the infected erythrocyte assay were largely different from those against the target enzyme. To improve the antimalarial activity of peptidomimetic Plm inhibitors, we attached substituents on a structure of the highly potent Plm inhibitor KNI-10006. Among the derivatives, we identified alkylamino compounds such as 44 (KNI-10283) and 47 (KNI-10538) with more than 15-fold enhanced antimalarial activity, to the sub-micromolar level, maintaining their potent Plm II inhibitory activity and low cytotoxicity. These results suggest that auxiliary substituents on a specific basic group contribute to deliver the inhibitors to the target Plm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koushi Hidaka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Frontier Research in Medicinal Science, 21st Century COE Program, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Azim MK, Ahmed W, Khan IA, Rao NA, Khan KM. Identification of acridinyl hydrazides as potent aspartic protease inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3011-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
44
|
Valiente PA, Batista PR, Pupo A, Pons T, Valencia A, Pascutti PG. Predicting functional residues in Plasmodium falciparum plasmepsins by combining sequence and structural analysis with molecular dynamics simulations. Proteins 2008; 73:440-57. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.22068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
45
|
|
46
|
A road less traveled by: exploring a decade of Ellman chemistry. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 17:1088-93. [PMID: 18343129 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.02.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2007] [Revised: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Ellman group has been one of the most influential in the development and widespread adoption of combinatorial chemistry techniques for biomedical research. Their work has included substantial methodological development for library synthesis with a particular focus on new scaffolds rationally targeted to biomolecules of interest and biologically relevant natural products. Herein we analyze a representative set of libraries from this group with respect to their biological and biomedical relevance in comparison to existing drugs and probe compounds. This analysis reveals that the Ellman group has not only provided new methodologies to the community but also provided libraries with unique potential for further biological study.
Collapse
|
47
|
Sathe M, Thavaselvam D, Srivastava AK, Kaushik MP. Synthesis and antimalarial evaluation of cyclic beta-amino acid-containing dipeptides. Molecules 2008; 13:432-43. [PMID: 18305429 PMCID: PMC6245466 DOI: 10.3390/molecules13020432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes an efficient synthesis and the antiparasitic evaluation of cyclic beta-amino acid-containing dipeptides 3.1-3.6 and 4.1-4.5. The antimalarial properties of all these dipeptides have been evaluated in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum and in vivo against Plasmodium berghai. Compounds 4.4 and 4.5 have been found to be very effective in this respect, with IC50 values of 3.87 and 3.64 microg/mL in the in vitro test, while 4.5 has also been found to be active in the in vivo evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Sathe
- Discovery Center, Defence R & D Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
|
49
|
Moose RE, Clemente JC, Jackson LR, Ngo M, Wooten K, Chang R, Bennett A, Chakraborty S, Yowell CA, Dame JB, Agbandje-McKenna M, Dunn BM. Analysis of binding interactions of pepsin inhibitor-3 to mammalian and malarial aspartic proteases. Biochemistry 2007; 46:14198-205. [PMID: 18004881 DOI: 10.1021/bi7014844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The nematode Ascaris suum primarily infects pigs, but also causes disease in humans. As part of its survival mechanism in the intestinal tract of the host, the worm produces a number of protease inhibitors, including pepsin inhibitor-3 (PI3), a 17 kDa protein. Recombinant PI3 expressed in E. coli has previously been shown to be a competitive inhibitor of a subgroup of aspartic proteinases: pepsin, gastricsin and cathepsin E. The previously determined crystal structure of the complex of PI3 with porcine pepsin (p. pepsin) showed that there are two regions of contact between PI3 and the enzyme. The first three N-terminal residues (QFL) bind into the prime side of the active site cleft and a polyproline helix (139-143) in the C-terminal domain of PI3 packs against residues 289-295 that form a loop in p. pepsin. Mutational analysis of both inhibitor regions was conducted to assess their contributions to the binding affinity for p. pepsin, human pepsin (h. pepsin) and several malarial aspartic proteases, the plasmepsins. Overall, the polyproline mutations have a limited influence on the Ki values for all the enzymes tested, with the values for p. pepsin remaining in the low-nanomolar range. The largest effect was seen with a Q1L mutant, with a 200-fold decrease in Ki for plasmepsin 2 from Plasmodium falciparum (PfPM2). Thermodynamic measurements of the binding of PI3 to p. pepsin and PfPM2 showed that inhibition of the enzymes is an entropy-driven reaction. Further analysis of the Q1L mutant showed that the increase in binding affinity to PfPM2 was due to improvements in both entropy and enthalpy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Moose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ersmark K, Samuelsson B, Hallberg A. Plasmepsins as potential targets for new antimalarial therapy. Med Res Rev 2007; 26:626-66. [PMID: 16838300 DOI: 10.1002/med.20082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is one of the major diseases in the world. Due to the rapid spread of parasite resistance to available antimalarial drugs there is an urgent need for new antimalarials with novel mechanisms of action. Several promising targets for drug intervention have been revealed in recent years. This review addresses the parasitic aspartic proteases termed plasmepsins (Plms) that are involved in the hemoglobin catabolism that occurs during the erythrocytic stage of the malarial parasite life cycle. Four Plasmodium species are responsible for human malaria; P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. falciparum. This review focuses on inhibitors of the haemoglobin-degrading plasmepsins of the most lethal species, P. falciparum; Plm I, Plm II, Plm IV, and histo-aspartic protease (HAP). Previously, Plm II has attracted the most attention. With the identification and characterization of new plasmepsins and the results from recent plasmepsin knockout studies, it now seems clear that in order to achieve high-antiparasitic activities in P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes it is necessary to inhibit several of the haemoglobin-degrading plasmepsins. Herein we summarize the structure-activity relationships of the Plm I, II, IV, and HAP inhibitors. These inhibitors represent all classes which, to the best of our knowledge, have been disclosed in journal articles to date. The 3D structures of inhibitor/plasmepsin II complexes available in the protein data bank are briefly discussed and compared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Ersmark
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|