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Rajput VS, Runthala A, Khan IA. Shikimate Kinase Inhibitors: An Update on Promising Strategy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Curr Drug Targets 2023; 24:388-405. [PMID: 36752299 DOI: 10.2174/1389450124666230208102645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Humanity has been battling with tuberculosis (TB) for a long period, and despite the availability of drugs well-known to act against the deadly microbe, the menace is still very far from reaching its end. Moreover, problems related to TB chemotherapy, such as lengthy treatment periods leading to poor patient compliance, increasing drug resistance, and association with another deadlier disease HIV-AIDS, make the situation alarming, thereby pressing the need for the discovery of new potent drugs urgently. Therefore, a drug target that is essential for survival and exclusive to M. tuberculosis presents a promising platform to explore novel molecules against the microorganism for better pathogen clearance with minimal toxicity. The shikimate pathway that leads to the synthesis of essential aromatic amino acids is one such attractive target. Shikimate kinase, the fifth enzyme of this pathway, converts shikimate to shikimate-3-phosphate by using ATP as a cosubstrate. Targeting shikimate kinase could be an effective strategy in light of its essentiality and absence of any homologue in mammals. This review discusses different strategies adopted for discovering novel compounds or scaffolds targeting M. tuberculosis shikimate kinase (MtSK) in vitro. The application of substrate analogues, their structure, and ligand-based approach for screening a library of anti-mycobacterial compounds, marine-derived molecules, and commercially available libraries have yielded promising MtSK inhibitors exhibiting micro-molar activities. To develop these leads into future drugs with minimum off-target effects on the host microenvironment, the molecules need to be structurally optimized for improved activities against enzymes and whole-cell organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant Singh Rajput
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, 305817, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ashish Runthala
- Department of Bio-Technology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, AP, India
| | - Inshad Ali Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, 305817, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
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Trifonov L, Rothstein A, Korshin EE, Viskind O, Afri M, Leitus G, Palczewski K, Gruzman A. Straightforward Access to Terminally Disubstituted Electron‐Deficient Alkylidene Cyclopent‐2‐en‐4‐ones through Olefination with α‐Carbonyl and α‐Cyano Secondary Alkyl Sulfones. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Trifonov
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University Max and Anna Webb St. Ramat-Gan 5290002 Israel
| | - Ayelet Rothstein
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University Max and Anna Webb St. Ramat-Gan 5290002 Israel
| | - Edward E. Korshin
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University Max and Anna Webb St. Ramat-Gan 5290002 Israel
| | - Olga Viskind
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University Max and Anna Webb St. Ramat-Gan 5290002 Israel
| | - Michal Afri
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University Max and Anna Webb St. Ramat-Gan 5290002 Israel
| | - Gregory Leitus
- Department of Chemical Research Support the Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute Department of Ophthalmology and Departments of Physiology and Biophysics and Chemistry and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine CA 92697 USA
| | - Arie Gruzman
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University Max and Anna Webb St. Ramat-Gan 5290002 Israel
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Schoenenberger B, Wszolek A, Meier R, Brundiek H, Obkircher M, Wohlgemuth R. Recombinant AroL-Catalyzed Phosphorylation for the Efficient Synthesis of Shikimic Acid 3-Phosphate. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1700529. [PMID: 29697210 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Shikimic acid 3-phosphate, as a central metabolite of the shikimate pathway, is of high interest as enzyme substrate for 5-enolpyruvoyl-shikimate 3-phosphate synthase, a drug target in infectious diseases and a prime enzyme target for the herbicide glyphosate. As the important substrate shikimic acid 3-phosphate is only accessible via a chemical multi-step route, a new straightforward preparative one-step enzymatic phosphorylation of shikimate using a stable recombinant shikimate kinase has been developed for the selective phosphorylation of shikimate in the 3-position. Highly active shikimate kinase is produced by straightforward expression of a synthetic aroL gene in Escherichia coli. The time course of the shikimate kinase-catalyzed phosphorylation is investigated by 1 H- and 31 P-NMR, using the phosphoenolpyruvate/pyruvate kinase system for the regeneration of the ATP cofactor. This enables the development of a quantitative biocatalytic 3-phosphorylation of shikimic acid. After a standard workup procedure, a good yield of shikimic acid 3-phosphate, with high HPLC- and NMR purity, is obtained. This efficient biocatalytic synthesis of shikimic acid 3-phosphate is superior to any other method and has been successfully scaled up to multi-gram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agata Wszolek
- Enzymicals, Walther-Rathenau-Strasse 49a, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Roland Meier
- Sigma-Aldrich, Member of Merck Group, Industriestrasse 25, CH-9470, Buchs, Switzerland
| | - Henrike Brundiek
- Enzymicals, Walther-Rathenau-Strasse 49a, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Markus Obkircher
- Sigma-Aldrich, Member of Merck Group, Industriestrasse 25, CH-9470, Buchs, Switzerland
| | - Roland Wohlgemuth
- Sigma-Aldrich, Member of Merck Group, Industriestrasse 25, CH-9470, Buchs, Switzerland
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Merkushev AA, Strel'nikov VN, Uchuskin MG, Trushkov IV. A simple synthesis of benzofurans by acid-catalyzed domino reaction of salicyl alcohols with N -tosylfurfurylamine. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Screening of antitubercular compound library identifies novel shikimate kinase inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:5415-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kapnick SM, Zhang Y. New tuberculosis drug development: targeting the shikimate pathway. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 3:565-77. [PMID: 23484927 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.3.5.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, yet no new drugs have been developed in the last 40 years. OBJECTIVE The exceedingly lengthy TB chemotherapy and the increasing emergence of drug resistance complicated by HIV co-infection call for the development of new TB drugs. These problems are further compounded by a poor understanding of the biology of persister bacteria. METHODS New molecular tools have offered insights into potential new drug targets, particularly the enzymes of the shikimate pathway, which is the focus of this review. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Shikimate pathway enzymes, especially shikimate kinase, may offer attractive targets for new TB drug and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senta M Kapnick
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA +1 410 614 2975 ; +1 410 955 0105 ;
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Le Liepvre M, Ollivier J, Aitken DJ. Synthesis of Functionalized Bicyclo[3.2.0]heptanes - a Study of the [2+2] Photocycloaddition Reactions of 4-Hydroxycyclopent-2-enone Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Reactions of ethyl triphenylphosphoranylideneacetate with fluorinated β-ketoaldehyde derivatives. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.04.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
[reaction: see text] An expedient, enantioselective synthesis of a key precursor to (-)-quinic acid has been achieved from an ephedrine-derived morpholine-dione. The salient features of this approach are a highly diastereoselective conversion of the dione to a dialkenyl morpholinone and a subsequent ring-closing metathesis reaction. Removal of the ephedrine portion generates an enantiomerically enriched hydroxycyclohexene carboxamide that is readily converted to the quinic acid precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil V Pansare
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada.
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Eschenburg S, Priestman MA, Abdul-Latif FA, Delachaume C, Fassy F, Schönbrunn E. A novel inhibitor that suspends the induced fit mechanism of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase (MurA). J Biol Chem 2005; 280:14070-5. [PMID: 15701635 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m414412200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MurA (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase, EC 2.5.1.7) catalyzes the first committed step in the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. It is the target of the naturally occurring, broad-spectrum antibiotic fosfomycin. Fosfomycin, an epoxide, is a relatively poor drug because an ever-increasing number of bacteria have developed resistance to fosfomycin. Thus, there is a critical need for the development of novel drugs that target MurA by a different molecular mode of action. We have identified a new scaffold of potent MurA inhibitors, derivatives of 5-sulfonoxy-anthranilic acid, using high-throughput screening. T6361 and T6362 are competitive inhibitors of MurA with respect to the first substrate, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UNAG), with a K(i) of 16 microM. The crystal structure of the MurA.T6361 complex at 2.6 angstrom resolution, together with fluorescence data, revealed that the inhibitor targets a loop, Pro112 to Pro121, that is crucial for the structural changes of the enzyme during catalysis. Thus, this new class of MurA inhibitors is not active site-directed but instead obstructs the transition from the open (unliganded) to the closed (UNAG-liganded) enzyme form. The results provide evidence for the existence of a MurA.UNAG collision complex that may be specifically targeted by small molecules different from ground-state analogs of the enzymatic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Eschenburg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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El Khadem HS, Fatiadi AJ. HYDRAZINE DERIVATIVES OF CARBA SUGARS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2004; 59:135-73. [PMID: 15607765 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(04)59004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan S El Khadem
- Department of Chemistry, The American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
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Andrey O, Camuzat-Dedenis B, Chabaud L, Julienne K, Landais Y, Parra-Rapado L, Renaud P. Free-radical functionalisation of vinylcyclopropanes. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2003.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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