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Gatazka MR, McFee EC, Ng CH, Wearing ER, Schindler CS. New strategies for the synthesis of 1- and 2-azetines and their applications as value-added building blocks. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:9052-9068. [PMID: 36354381 PMCID: PMC10321053 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01812h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Four-membered nitrogen-containing heterocycles are highly desirable functional groups with synthetic and biological applications. Unsaturated four-membered N-heterocycles, 1- and 2-azetines, are historically underexplored, but have recently been gaining interest due to the development of new synthetic methods to access these compounds, and to their potential as reactive intermediates. This review covers both the synthesis and applications of azetines, with a focus on synthetic methods to access azetines developed since 2018, and a comprehensive review of the reactivity and applications of azetines as starting materials or intermediates to access both other heterocycles and complex products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Gatazka
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Elvis C McFee
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Cody H Ng
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Emily R Wearing
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Corinna S Schindler
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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2
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Synthesis of pentacyclic compounds via intramolecular [3 + 2] photocycloaddition of cycloalkene linked naphthalenes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Intramolecular 10,10a-[2+2] photocycloaddition reactions of phenanthrenes with linked styrene. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Kuznetsov DM, Mukhina OA, Kutateladze AG. Photoassisted Synthesis of Complex Molecular Architectures: Dearomatization of Benzenoid Arenes with Aza-o-xylylenes via an Unprecedented [2+4] Reaction Topology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:6988-91. [PMID: 27097759 PMCID: PMC4943229 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A new method was developed for the photoinduced dearomatization of arenes through an intramolecular cycloaddition with aza-o-xylylenes generated by excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) in the readily available photoprecursors. The [2+4] topology of this cycloaddition is unprecedented for photo-dearomatizations of benzenoid aromatic carbocycles. It provides rapid access to novel heterocycles, cyclohexadieno-oxazolidino-quinolinols, as valuable synthons for a broad range of post-photochemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry M Kuznetsov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, 2190 E. Iliff Ave., Denver, CO, 80208, USA
| | - Olga A Mukhina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, 2190 E. Iliff Ave., Denver, CO, 80208, USA
| | - Andrei G Kutateladze
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, 2190 E. Iliff Ave., Denver, CO, 80208, USA.
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Kuznetsov DM, Mukhina OA, Kutateladze AG. Photoassisted Synthesis of Complex Molecular Architectures: Dearomatization of Benzenoid Arenes with Aza-o-xylylenes via an Unprecedented [2+4] Reaction Topology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry M. Kuznetsov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Denver; 2190 E. Iliff Ave. Denver CO 80208 USA
| | - Olga A. Mukhina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Denver; 2190 E. Iliff Ave. Denver CO 80208 USA
| | - Andrei G. Kutateladze
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Denver; 2190 E. Iliff Ave. Denver CO 80208 USA
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Hoffmann N. Photochemical reactions of aromatic compounds and the concept of the photon as a traceless reagent. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 11:1613-41. [PMID: 22732723 DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25074h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Electronic excitation significantly changes the reactivity of chemical compounds. Compared to ground state reactions, photochemical reactions considerably enlarge the application spectrum of a particular functional group in organic synthesis. Multistep syntheses may be simplified and perspectives for target oriented synthesis (TOS) and diversity oriented synthesis (DOS) are developed. New compound families become available or may be obtained more easily. In contrast to common chemical reagents, photons don't generate side products resulting from the transformation of a chemical reagent. Therefore, they are considered as a traceless reagent. Consequently, photochemical reactions play a central role in the methodology of sustainable chemistry. This aspect has been recognized since the beginning of the 20th century. As with many other photochemical transformations, photochemical reactions of aromatic, benzene-like compounds illustrate well the advantages in this context. Photochemical cycloadditions of aromatic compounds have been investigated for a long time. Currently, they are applied in various fields of organic synthesis. They are also studied in supramolecular structures. The phenomena of reactivity and stereoselectivity are investigated. During recent years, photochemical electron transfer mediated reactions are particularly focused. Such transformations have likewise been performed with aromatic compounds. Reactivity and selectivity as well as application to organic synthesis are studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Hoffmann
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR 7312 CNRS et Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Equipe de Photochimie, UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, F-51687 Reims, cedex 02, France.
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Huang C, Zheng M, Xu J, Zhang Y. Photo-induced cycloaddition reactions of α-diketones and transformations of the photocycloadducts. Molecules 2013; 18:2942-66. [PMID: 23459304 PMCID: PMC6270630 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18032942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photocycloaddition, along with subsequent transformation of the photocycloadducts, provides expeditious ways to construct various structures. The photo-induced reactions of α-diketones have been reported to proceed via different reaction pathways with the involvement of one or two of the carbonyl groups. Photoinduced reactions of cyclic α-diketones including N-acetylisatin, phenanthrenequinone and isoquinolinetrione with different C=C containing compounds could take place via [2 + 2], [4 + 2] or [4 + 4] photocycloaddition pathways. We have investigated the photoreactions of these cyclic α-diketones with different types of alkenes and alkynes, with a focus on the unusual cascade reactions initiated by the photocycloaddition reactions of these cyclic α-diketones and the applications of these photocycloaddition reactions along with the transformation of the photocycloadducts. In this paper, we discuss the diverse photo-cycloaddition pathways found in the photocycloaddition of o-diones leading to various photocycloadducts and the potential applications of these reactions via further transformation reactions of the adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianhua Xu
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (J.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (J.X.); (Y.Z.)
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Wang L, Huang YC, Liu Y, Fun HK, Zhang Y, Xu JH. Photoinduced [4 + 4], [4 + 2], and [2 + 2] Cycloadditions of o-Quinones with Oxazoles: Chemo-, Regio-, and Diastereoselectivity. J Org Chem 2010; 75:7757-68. [PMID: 21028907 DOI: 10.1021/jo101764f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Cheng Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Hoong-Kun Fun
- X-ray Crystallography Unit, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Penang, Malaysia
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Hua Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Ministry of Education of China, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People's Republic of China
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Maeda H, Matsukawa N, Shirai K, Mizuno K. Photoalkylation of 2,3-dicyanonaphthalene by methoxy-substituted 1,2-diarylcyclopropanes. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Zhang Y, Wang L, Zhang M, Fun HK, Xu JH. Photoinduced [4 + 4] Cycloadditions of o-Quinones with Oxazoles. Org Lett 2004; 6:4893-5. [PMID: 15606093 DOI: 10.1021/ol048028t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Photocycloadditions of 9,10-phenanthraquinone (PQ) with oxazoles (1a and 1b) gave [4 + 4] products 2 with the O=C-C=O functionality in PQ and the 2-azadiene moiety in oxazole as 4pi addends. Photoreactions of 1-acetylisatin (IS) with 1a, 1c, and 1d gave [4 + 4] product A, which underwent further [2 + 2] reactions with another (3)IS to furnish 5. These regioselective and diastereoselective [4 + 4] photocycloadditions are rationalized by the intervening of the key conformers for ISC and bond formation of the most stable 1,6-diradical intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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Kohmoto S, Kobayashi T, Minami J, Ying X, Yamaguchi K, Karatsu T, Kitamura A, Kishikawa K, Yamamoto M. Trapping of 1,8-biradical intermediates by molecular oxygen in photocycloaddition of naphthyl-N-(naphthylcarbonyl)carboxamides; formation of novel 1,8-epidioxides and evidence of stepwise aromatic cycloaddition. J Org Chem 2001; 66:66-73. [PMID: 11429931 DOI: 10.1021/jo0010227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The photocycloaddition reaction of naphthyl-N-(naphthylcarbonyl)carboxamides (1) was examined under argon and oxygen atmospheres. In addition to the [2 + 2] and [4 + 4] cycloadducts, 3 and 4, respectively, novel 1,8-epidioxides (5) were formed under oxygen atmosphere. The transient absorption at lambda max of 360 nm with the lifetime of 360 ns was observed by laser flash photolysis of 1c and was interpreted as the absorption of biradical intermediate 2. On the basis of the anti stereochemistry of 5, which was different from that of the major [4 + 4] cycloadducts, syn-4, it was deduced that equilibrium between biradical intermediates syn-2 and anti-2 would exist. Retro [2 + 2] cycloaddition of 3 was responsible for the efficient trapping of the biradical intermediate with molecular oxygen. The photocycloaddition of the anthryl derivatives, 9-anthryl-N-(methylethyl)-N-(naphthylcarbonyl)carboxamides (7), afforded the [4 + 4] cycloadducts (8) exclusively in a quantitative yield even under oxygen atmosphere. The absence of trapping with molecular oxygen was interpreted to be due to the lack of retro [4 + 4] cycloaddition of 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kohmoto
- Department of Materials Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Chemical Analysis Center, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehee Noh
- Department of Chemistry Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Daekyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Yong-Jae Kim
- Department of Chemistry Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
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15
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The photochemical reaction between 1-naphthalenecarbonitrile and some arylalkenes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(91)87082-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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