Complexation effects in the photochlorination of 2,3-dimethylbutane in the presence of fluorinated benzenes

Kinetics, mechanism, and thermochemistry of the gas-phase reaction of atomic chlorine with pyridine

A laser flash photolysis-resonance fluorescence technique has been employed to study the kinetics of the reaction of atomic chlorine with pyridine (C(5)H(5)N) as a function of temperature (215-435 K) and pressure (25-250 Torr) in nitrogen bath gas. At T> or = 299 K, measured rate coefficients are pressure independent and a significant H/D kinetic isotope effect is observed, suggesting that hydrogen abstraction is the dominant reaction pathway. The following Arrhenius expression adequately describes all kinetic data at 299-435 K for C(5)H(5)N: k(1a) = (2.08 +/- 0.47) x 10(-11) exp[-(1410 +/- 80)/T] cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) (uncertainties are 2sigma, precision only). At 216 K < or =T< or = 270 K, measured rate coefficients are pressure dependent and are much faster than computed from the above Arrhenius expression for the H-abstraction pathway, suggesting that the dominant reaction pathway at low temperature is formation of a stable adduct. Over the ranges of temperature, pressure, and pyridine concentration investigated, the adduct undergoes dissociation on the time scale of our experiments (10(-5)-10(-2) s) and establishes an equilibrium with Cl and pyridine. Equilibrium constants for adduct formation and dissociation are determined from the forward and reverse rate coefficients. Second- and third-law analyses of the equilibrium data lead to the following thermochemical parameters for the addition reaction: Delta(r)H = -47.2 +/- 2.8 kJ mol(-1), Delta(r)H = -46.7 +/- 3.2 kJ mol(-1), and Delta(r)S = -98.7 +/- 6.5 J mol(-1) K(-1). The enthalpy changes derived from our data are in good agreement with ab initio calculations reported in the literature (which suggest that the adduct structure is planar and involves formation of an N-Cl sigma-bond). In conjunction with the well-known heats of formation of atomic chlorine and pyridine, the above Delta(r)H values lead to the following heats of formation for C(5)H(5)N-Cl at 298 K and 0 K: Delta(f)H = 216.0 +/- 4.1 kJ mol(-1), Delta(f)H = 233.4 +/- 4.6 kJ mol(-1). Addition of Cl to pyridine could be an important atmospheric loss process for pyridine if the C(5)H(5)N-Cl product is chemically degraded by processes that do not regenerate pyridine with high yield.

Transient resonance Raman and density functional theory investigation of the chlorine atom/carbon disulfide molecular complex involved in selective alkane photochlorination reactions

The structure and bonding of the chlorine atom/carbon disulfide (CS(2)/Cl) complex involved in selective photochlorination reactions with alkanes was directly probed using transient resonance Raman spectroscopy. The experimental Raman vibrational frequencies were compared to those computed from density functional theory calculations for probable structures of the CS(2)/Cl complex. Our results indicate that the S [double bond] C [double bond] S...Cl complex species is responsible for the approximately 370 nm transient absorption band observed after ultraviolet photolysis of CCl(4) in the presence of CS(2). We discuss the structure and properties of the S [double bond] C [double bond] S...Cl complex and compare them with those for the related benzene/Cl and pyridine/Cl complexes.