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Bellinger TJ, Harvin T, Pickens-Flynn T, Austin N, Whitaker SH, Tang Yuk Tutein MLC, Hukins DT, Deese N, Guo F. Conjugate Addition of Grignard Reagents to Thiochromones Catalyzed by Copper Salts: A Unified Approach to Both 2-Alkylthiochroman-4-One and Thioflavanone. Molecules 2020; 25:E2128. [PMID: 32370080 PMCID: PMC7248974 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Grignard reagents undergo conjugate addition to thiochromones catalyzed by copper salts to afford 2-substituted-thiochroman-4-ones, both 2-alkylthiochroman-4-ones and thioflavanones (2-arylthiochroman-4-ones), in good yields with trimethylsilyl chloride (TMSCl) as an additive. The best yields of 1,4-adducts can be attained with CuCN∙2LiCl as the copper source. Excellent yields of 2-alkyl-substituted thiochroman-4-ones and thioflavanones (2-aryl substituted) are attained with a broad range of Grignard reagents. This approach works well with both alkyl and aromatic Grignard reagents, thus providing a unified synthetic approach to privileged 2-substituted thiochroman-4-ones and a potential valuable precursor for further synthetic applications towards many pharmaceutically active molecules. The use of commercially available and/or readily prepared Grignard reagents will expedite the synthesis of a large library of both 2-alkyl substituted thiochroman-4-ones and thioflavanones for additional synthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania J. Bellinger
- Department of Chemistry, Winston Salem State University, 601 S. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr., Winston Salem, NC 27110, USA; (T.J.B.); (T.H.); (T.P.-F.); (N.A.); (S.H.W.); (M.L.C.T.Y.T.); (D.T.H.); (N.D.)
| | - Teavian Harvin
- Department of Chemistry, Winston Salem State University, 601 S. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr., Winston Salem, NC 27110, USA; (T.J.B.); (T.H.); (T.P.-F.); (N.A.); (S.H.W.); (M.L.C.T.Y.T.); (D.T.H.); (N.D.)
| | - Ti’Bran Pickens-Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, Winston Salem State University, 601 S. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr., Winston Salem, NC 27110, USA; (T.J.B.); (T.H.); (T.P.-F.); (N.A.); (S.H.W.); (M.L.C.T.Y.T.); (D.T.H.); (N.D.)
| | - Nataleigh Austin
- Department of Chemistry, Winston Salem State University, 601 S. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr., Winston Salem, NC 27110, USA; (T.J.B.); (T.H.); (T.P.-F.); (N.A.); (S.H.W.); (M.L.C.T.Y.T.); (D.T.H.); (N.D.)
| | - Samuel H. Whitaker
- Department of Chemistry, Winston Salem State University, 601 S. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr., Winston Salem, NC 27110, USA; (T.J.B.); (T.H.); (T.P.-F.); (N.A.); (S.H.W.); (M.L.C.T.Y.T.); (D.T.H.); (N.D.)
| | - Mai Ling C. Tang Yuk Tutein
- Department of Chemistry, Winston Salem State University, 601 S. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr., Winston Salem, NC 27110, USA; (T.J.B.); (T.H.); (T.P.-F.); (N.A.); (S.H.W.); (M.L.C.T.Y.T.); (D.T.H.); (N.D.)
| | - Dabria T. Hukins
- Department of Chemistry, Winston Salem State University, 601 S. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr., Winston Salem, NC 27110, USA; (T.J.B.); (T.H.); (T.P.-F.); (N.A.); (S.H.W.); (M.L.C.T.Y.T.); (D.T.H.); (N.D.)
| | - Nichele Deese
- Department of Chemistry, Winston Salem State University, 601 S. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr., Winston Salem, NC 27110, USA; (T.J.B.); (T.H.); (T.P.-F.); (N.A.); (S.H.W.); (M.L.C.T.Y.T.); (D.T.H.); (N.D.)
| | - Fenghai Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Winston Salem State University, 601 S. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr., Winston Salem, NC 27110, USA; (T.J.B.); (T.H.); (T.P.-F.); (N.A.); (S.H.W.); (M.L.C.T.Y.T.); (D.T.H.); (N.D.)
- Biomedical Research Infrastructure Center, Winston Salem State University, Winston Salem, NC 27110, USA
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Fuchigami T, Inagi S. Recent Advances in Electrochemical Systems for Selective Fluorination of Organic Compounds. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:322-334. [PMID: 32017527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Organofluorine compounds are key materials applied in daily life because of their versatile utility as functional materials, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals. Development of the selective fluorination of organic molecules under safe conditions is therefore one of the most important subjects in modern synthetic organofluorine chemistry. Thus, various electrophilic fluorination reagents such as XeF2, (PhSO2)2NF (NFSI), Et2NSF3 (DAST), (MeOCH2CH2)2NSF3 (Deoxofluor), 1-chloromethyl-4-fluoro-1,4-diazoniabicyclo-[2.2.2]octane bis(tetrafluoroborate) (Selectfluor), N-fluoropyridinium salts, and 4-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethylphenylsulfur trifluoride (Fluolead) have been developed for chemical fluorination to date and the development of new fluorinating reagents is still ongoing. Electrochemical synthesis has recently attracted much attention from the perspective of green sustainable chemistry because no hazardous reagents are required and scale-up is generally easy. Although electrochemical perfluorination of organic compounds using a nickel anode in anhydrous HF has been well-established to manufacture perfluoro-functional materials, electrochemical partial fluorination (selective electrochemical fluorination) has been underdeveloped due to the low nucleophilicity of fluoride ions and anode passivation, which interferes with electrolysis. Selective electrochemical fluorination can be commonly achieved in aprotic solvents containing fluoride ions to provide mostly mono- and difluorinated products. Electrolysis is conducted at constant potentials slightly higher than the first oxidation potential of a substrate. Constant current electrolysis is also effective for selective fluorination in many cases. Choice of the combination of a supporting fluoride salt and an electrolytic solvent is most important to accomplish efficient selective fluorination. In this Account, we focus on our recent work on the electrochemical mono- and difluorination of various organic compounds and their synthetic application. We first briefly explain our research background of electrochemical fluorination. Main factors such as the effects of fluoride salts as supporting electrolytes, electrolytic solvents, and anode materials on the selectivity and efficiency of fluorination are discussed. Next, effects of PEG oligomer additives enhancing the nucleophilicity of fluoride ions and organic solvent-free systems using poly(HF) salt ionic liquids as well as recyclable mediatory systems for electrochemical fluorination are described. The desulfurizative monofluorination of xanthate and gem-difluorination of benzothioate and dithioacetals are briefly mentioned. Regioselective anodic fluorination of various heterocyclic compounds having a phenylthio group as electroauxiliary and heterocycles containing sulfur and other heteroatoms are also described. In addition, a boryl group is shown to be a good leaving group for anodic fluorination. Moreover, electrochemically α,α-difluorinated phenylsulfides and phenylselenides are illustrated to be useful for photochemical C-H difluoromethylation of aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds. Finally, this Account also highlights highly diastereoselective fluorination of aliphatic heterocyclic and open-chain compounds, as well as new electrolytic fluorination methods using inorganic fluoride salts such as KF and CsF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Fuchigami
- Department of Electronic Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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Meng L, Ngai KY, Chang X, Lin Z, Wang J. Cu(I)-Catalyzed Enantioselective Alkynylation of Thiochromones. Org Lett 2020; 22:1155-1159. [PMID: 31961693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A highly efficient asymmetric synthesis of chiral thiochromanones is developed via Cu(I)/phosphoramidite catalyzed asymmetric alkynylation of thiochromones under mild reaction conditions. The catalyst system is tolerant of various thiochromone precursors and terminal alkynes. The established asymmetric transformation provides different enatiomeric-enriched thiochromanones with more molecular complexity and enables access to chiral thioflavanones, a subgroup of flavonoid by further functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Meng
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen 518055 , China.,Department of Chemistry , The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Ka Yan Ngai
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Xiaoyong Chang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry , The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Jun Wang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen 518055 , China
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Kärkäs MD. Electrochemical strategies for C-H functionalization and C-N bond formation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5786-5865. [PMID: 29911724 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00619e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods for carrying out carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation are typically conducted at elevated temperatures, and rely on expensive catalysts as well as the use of stoichiometric, and perhaps toxic, oxidants. In this regard, electrochemical synthesis has recently been recognized as a sustainable and scalable strategy for the construction of challenging carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Here, electrosynthesis has proven to be an environmentally benign, highly effective and versatile platform for achieving a wide range of nonclassical bond disconnections via generation of radical intermediates under mild reaction conditions. This review provides an overview on the use of anodic electrochemical methods for expediting the development of carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation strategies. Emphasis is placed on methodology development and mechanistic insight and aims to provide inspiration for future synthetic applications in the field of electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus D Kärkäs
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Bass SA, Parker DM, Bellinger TJ, Eaton AS, Dibble AS, Koroma KL, Sekyi SA, Pollard DA, Guo F. Development of Conjugate Addition of Lithium Dialkylcuprates to Thiochromones: Synthesis of 2-Alkylthiochroman-4-ones and Additional Synthetic Applications. Molecules 2018; 23:E1728. [PMID: 30011953 PMCID: PMC6099951 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium dialkylcuprates undergo conjugate addition to thiochromones to afford 2-alkylthiochroman-4-ones in good yields. This approach provide an efficient and general synthetic approach to privileged sulfur-containing structural motifs and valuable precursors for many pharmaceuticals, starting from common substrates-thiochromones. Good yields of 2-alkyl-substituted thiochroman-4-ones are attained with lithium dialkylcuprates, lithium alkylcyanocuprates or substoichiometric amount of copper salts. The use of commercially available inexpensive alkyllithium reagents will expedite the synthesis of a large library of 2-alkyl substituted thiochroman-4-ones for additional synthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekinah A Bass
- Department of Chemistry, Winston Salem State University, 601 S. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr., Winston Salem, NC 27110, USA.
| | - Dynasty M Parker
- Department of Chemistry, Winston Salem State University, 601 S. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr., Winston Salem, NC 27110, USA.
| | - Tania J Bellinger
- Department of Chemistry, Winston Salem State University, 601 S. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr., Winston Salem, NC 27110, USA.
| | - Aireal S Eaton
- Department of Chemistry, Winston Salem State University, 601 S. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr., Winston Salem, NC 27110, USA.
| | - Angelica S Dibble
- Department of Chemistry, Winston Salem State University, 601 S. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr., Winston Salem, NC 27110, USA.
| | - Kaata L Koroma
- Department of Chemistry, Winston Salem State University, 601 S. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr., Winston Salem, NC 27110, USA.
| | - Sylvia A Sekyi
- Department of Chemistry, Winston Salem State University, 601 S. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr., Winston Salem, NC 27110, USA.
| | - David A Pollard
- Department of Chemistry, Winston Salem State University, 601 S. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr., Winston Salem, NC 27110, USA.
| | - Fenghai Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Winston Salem State University, 601 S. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr., Winston Salem, NC 27110, USA.
- Biomedical Research Infrastructure Center, Winston Salem State University, Winston Salem, NC 27110, USA.
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Sosnovskikh VY. Synthesis and properties of 2-mono- and 2,3-disubstituted thiochromones. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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7
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A rapid entry into thioflavanones via conjugate additions of diarylcuprates to thiochromones. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Prakash GS, Narayanan A, Nirmalchandar A, Vaghoo H, Paknia F, Mathew T, Olah GA. Direct synthesis of 2-/3-(trifluoromethyl)thiochroman-4-ones: Superacid-induced tandem alkylation-cyclic acylation of benzenethiols using 2-/3-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic acid. J Fluor Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Meng L, Jin MY, Wang J. Rh-Catalyzed Conjugate Addition of Arylzinc Chlorides to Thiochromones: A Highly Enantioselective Pathway for Accessing Chiral Thioflavanones. Org Lett 2016; 18:4986-4989. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Meng
- Department of Chemistry, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ming Yu Jin
- Department of Chemistry, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Abbas EM, Gomha SM, Farghaly TA. Multicomponent reactions for synthesis of bioactive polyheterocyclic ring systems under controlled microwave irradiation. ARAB J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Salomon P, Zard SZ. A Convergent Route to Geminal Difluorosulfides and to Functionalized Difluorothiochromans, a New Family of Organofluorine Compounds. Org Lett 2014; 16:1482-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol5002939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Salomon
- Laboratoire
de Synthèse
Organique, CNRS UMR 7652 Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, Cedex, France
| | - Samir Z. Zard
- Laboratoire
de Synthèse
Organique, CNRS UMR 7652 Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, Cedex, France
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Moghaddam FM, Kiamehr M, Khodabakhshi MR, Mirjafary Z, Fathi S, Saeidian H. A new domino Knoevenagel-hetero-Diels–Alder reaction: an efficient catalyst-free synthesis of novel thiochromone-annulated thiopyranocoumarin derivatives in aqueous medium. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Shaaban MR, Inagi S, Fuchigamia T. Electroorganic synthesis of gem-2,2-difluoro-3-aryl-2H-1,4-benzothiazine derivatives. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Synthesis of novel fluorinated 4H-benzo[h]chromen-4-one and 4H-pyrano[3,2-h]quinolin-4-one derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.11.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Furin GG. Fluorine-containing Heterocycles. Part IV. Electrochemical Fluorination of Heterocyclic Compounds. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(05)90004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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Dawood KM, Fuchigami T. Electrolytic Partial Fluorination of Organic Compounds. 79. Anodic Fluorination of Spiropyrazoline-5,3‘-chroman-4-ones and Thiochromanone Analogues. A Route to Aroyl Fluoride Derivatives. J Org Chem 2005; 70:7537-41. [PMID: 16149781 DOI: 10.1021/jo0507587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Anodic fluorination of spiropyrazole-5,3'-chroman-4-ones and their thiochromanone analogues in dimethoxyethane containing Et4NF x 4HF resulted in ring opening of spiroheterocycles, which led to the formation of (5-pyrazolyl)methyl o-carbomethoxyphenyl ethers and their thioether analogues via benzoyl fluoride derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal M Dawood
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Regio- and stereoselective synthesis of bis-spiropyrazoline-5,3′-chroman(thiochroman)-4-one derivatives via bis-nitrilimines. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.03.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dawood KM, Fuchigami T. Electrolytic partial fluorination of organic compounds. 55. Highly regio- and stereoselective anodic monofluorination of 2,3-dihydrochroman-4-one and chromone derivatives. J Org Chem 2001; 66:7691-5. [PMID: 11701022 DOI: 10.1021/jo0105437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anodic monofluorination at the position alpha to the oxygen atom of the (E)-3-benzylidene-2,3-dihydrochroman-4-one derivatives was successfully carried out to provide the corresponding 2-fluorochromanones selectively. This is the first regioselective electrochemical fluorination of fused-type, oxygen-containing heterocyclic compounds. Anodic fluorination of a chromone derivative also gave a similar fluorinated chromanone stereoselectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Dawood
- Department of Electronic Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
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