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Seidel P, Seichter W, Mazik M. Compounds Derived from 9,9-Dialkylfluorenes: Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Initial Binding Studies (Part II). ChemistryOpen 2023; 12:e202300019. [PMID: 37442791 PMCID: PMC10344870 DOI: 10.1002/open.202300019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
New representatives of 2,4,7-trisubstituted 9,9-dialkyl-9H-fluorenes were prepared and used for crystallographic investigations as well as initial binding studies towards metal ions and carbohydrates. The binding studies, which included 1 H NMR spectroscopic titrations and fluorescence measurements, demonstrated the ability of the tested fluorene-based compounds to act as complexing agents for ionic and neutral substrates. Depending on the nature of the subunits of the fluorene derivatives, "turn on" or "turn off" fluorescent chemosensors can be developed. Compounds composed of 4,6-dimethylpyridin-2-yl-aminomethyl moieties have the potential to be used as sensitive "turn-on" chemosensors for some metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Seidel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Straße 29, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Seichter
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Straße 29, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Monika Mazik
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Straße 29, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
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2
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Smits NWG, Rademaker D, Konovalov AI, Siegler MA, Hetterscheid DGH. Influence of the spatial distribution of copper sites on the selectivity of the oxygen reduction reaction. Dalton Trans 2021; 51:1206-1215. [PMID: 34951437 PMCID: PMC8763313 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03296h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Moving towards a hydrogen economy raises the demand for affordable and efficient catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. Cu-bmpa (bmpa = bis(2-picolyl)amine) is shown to have moderate activity, but poor selectivity for the 4-electron reduction of oxygen to water. To enhance the selectivity towards water formation, the cooperative effect of three Cu-bmpa binding sites in a single trinuclear complex is investigated. The catalytic currents in the presence of the trinuclear sites are lower, possibly due to the more rigid structure and therefore higher reorganization energies and/or slower diffusion rates of the catalytic species. Although the oxygen reduction activity of the trinuclear complexes is lower than that of mononuclear Cu-bmpa, the selectivity of the copper mediated oxygen reduction was significantly enhanced towards the 4-electron process due to a cooperative effect between three copper centers that have been positioned in close proximity. These results indicate that the cooperativity between metal ions within biomimetic sites can greatly enhance the ORR selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W G Smits
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - D Rademaker
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - A I Konovalov
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - M A Siegler
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - D G H Hetterscheid
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Seidel P, Seichter W, Schwarzer A, Mazik M. Fluorene Derivatives Bearing Two to Seven Phthalimidomethyl Groups: Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Conversion to Amines. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Seidel
- Institut für Organische Chemie Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg Leipziger Strasse 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Wilhelm Seichter
- Institut für Organische Chemie Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg Leipziger Strasse 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Anke Schwarzer
- Institut für Organische Chemie Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg Leipziger Strasse 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Monika Mazik
- Institut für Organische Chemie Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg Leipziger Strasse 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
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Seidel P, Mazik M. Syntheses of Acyclic and Macrocyclic Compounds Derived from 9,9-Diethylfluorene (Part I). ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:1202-1213. [PMID: 33304735 PMCID: PMC7689417 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of new 9,9-diethylfluorenes consisting of three side-arms each bearing a heterocyclic, bis(carboxymethyl)amino, bis(carbamoylmethyl)amino, bis(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)amino or an amino group were prepared on the basis of 2,4,7-tris(bromomethyl)-9,9-diethylfluorene. Imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolyl, 1,3-dioxoisoindolyl and pyridinium groups were taken into account as heterocyclic units, attached to the aromatic skeleton via -CH2-, -CH2NHCH2- or -CH2N=CH- linkers. In addition to the seventeen 2,4,7-trisubstituted 9,9-diethylfluorenes, two macrocyclic compounds were prepared on the basis of 2,7-bis(aminomethyl)-9,9-diethylfluorene. The excellent yield of the macrocyclization reaction is worth a special mention. Both the acyclic and the macrocyclic fluorene-based compounds have, among other things, the potential to act as artificial receptors for different substrates in analogy to the known receptors consisting of a benzene or biphenyl core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Seidel
- Institut für Organische ChemieTechnische Universität Bergakademie FreibergLeipziger Strasse 2909599FreibergGermany
| | - Monika Mazik
- Institut für Organische ChemieTechnische Universität Bergakademie FreibergLeipziger Strasse 2909599FreibergGermany
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Kaiser RP, Hessler F, Mosinger J, Císařová I, Kotora M. A [2+2+2]-Cyclotrimerization Approach to Selectively Substituted Fluorenes and Fluorenols, and Their Conversion to 9,9′-Spirobifluorenes. Chemistry 2015; 21:13577-82. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Chetkina LA, Belsky VK. X-ray diffraction study of fluorene, 9-fluorenone, and 9-dicyanomethylenefluorene derivatives. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774512040049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kitazawa K, Kochi T, Sato M, Kakiuchi F. Convenient Synthesis of Tetra- and Hexaarylanthracenes by Means of RuH2(CO)(PPh3)3-Catalyzed C−H Arylation of Anthraquinone with Arylboronates. Org Lett 2009; 11:1951-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ol900393x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaroh Kitazawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Takuya Kochi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Sato
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Kakiuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
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Mori T, Grimme S, Inoue Y. A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study on the Conformation of Multiarmed Chiral Aryl Ethers. J Org Chem 2007; 72:6998-7010. [PMID: 17665959 DOI: 10.1021/jo071216n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Four series of multiarmed chiral aryl ethers carrying two, three, five, or eight side-chains on a variety of aromatic core molecules (2-5) were prepared. The structure and conformation of 2 and 3 (in the solid state) were determined by the X-ray crystallographic analyses. While a pair of alternated (anti) conformers (i.e, up-down and down-up) were found in the crystal of 2, three side-arms in 3 were aligned in the same direction to give a C(3)-symmetric syn-conformation. Examinations by dispersion-corrected density functional (DFT-D) calculations revealed that two out of six anti- and two out of four syn-conformers of 2 are energetically most important. Two calculated structures of anti-conformers are in good agreement with those found in the solid state by X-ray analysis. Similarly, relevant conformations of syn-3, fully alternated 4, and C(5)-symmetric 5 were optimized at the DFT-D-B-LYP/TZVP level. The structure and conformation of the side-arms in 2-5 in solution were further studied by temperature dependent (1)H NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy. In addition, comparative experimental and theoretical CD spectral studies were carried out in order to elucidate the contribution of the thermodynamically less-stable minor isomers in solution. The CD spectral changes observed for 2 and 3 at varying temperatures were quite different, while the parent chiral arene 1, as well as 4 and 5, only showed an increased intensity of the negative Cotton effect for the (1)L(b) band. The latter behavior is readily accounted for in terms of the conformational freezing of the chiral groups at low temperatures. The unusual CD spectral behavior observed for 2 and 3 was rationalized by the conformational alteration of the side-arms. Because of attractive van der Waals interactions between the aromatic units of the arms in nonpolar solvents, the syn-conformations become gradually more important for 2 at low temperatures, which eventually results in a weak positive Cotton effect for the (1)L(b) band. This was also supported by the SCS-MP2/TZVPP single-point energy calculations for the relevant conformers of 2. For 3, the contribution of the C(3)-symmetrical conformer becomes more important than the less-symmetrical isomers at low temperatures. The conformations of 2 and 3 in their excited states as well as in the oxidized states were also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Mori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan.
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Bazinet P, Tupper KA, Tilley TD. Octa- and Nonamethylfluorene and an Electron-Rich Permethylfluorenyl Ruthenocene Derivative. Organometallics 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/om0603464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Bazinet
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and Chemical Sciences Division, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Karl A. Tupper
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and Chemical Sciences Division, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - T. Don Tilley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and Chemical Sciences Division, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
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Simaan S, Siegel JS, Biali SE. Tris(arylmethyl) derivatives of 1,3,5-trimethoxy- and 1,3,5-triethylbenzene. J Org Chem 2003; 68:3699-701. [PMID: 12713382 DOI: 10.1021/jo034016u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The hexasubstituted benzenes 7 and 9b were synthesized starting from 3 and 8b, respectively. In the crystal, 9b adopts the fully alternated conformation with all arylmethyl groups oriented syn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Simaan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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Affiliation(s)
- Vered Marks
- Department of Chemistry, Bar‐Ilan University, Ramat‐Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Hugo E. Gottlieb
- Department of Chemistry, Bar‐Ilan University, Ramat‐Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Silvio E. Biali
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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Simaan S, Marks V, Gottlieb HE, Stanger A, Biali SE. Crystal structure and rotational barrier of octakis(bromomethyl)naphthalene. J Org Chem 2003; 68:637-40. [PMID: 12530901 DOI: 10.1021/jo026343s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Octakis(bromomethyl)naphthalene (4) adopts in the crystal a chiral conformation with a helical central naphthalene core and the bromomethyl groups disposed in an alternate up-down "in" arrangement. According to MM3 calculations, this conformation is less stable than the corresponding all alternated "out" form, while B3LYP/LANL2DZ calculations suggest the opposite stability order. The topomerization barrier (16.0 kcal mol(-1)) is ascribed to an enantiomerization process requiring 180 degrees rotation of all the bromomethyl groups and reversal of the helical sense of the naphthalene core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Simaan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Nishinaga T, Inoue R, Matsuura A, Komatsu K. Radical cation and dication of fluorene fully annelated with bicyclo[2.2.2]octene units: importance of the quinoidal resonance structure in the cationic fluorene. Org Lett 2002; 4:4117-20. [PMID: 12423100 DOI: 10.1021/ol026841n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluorene 1 fully annelated with bicyclo[2.2.2]octene units was newly synthesized and oxidized to stable cationic species. The structure of radical cation salt 1(.+)SbCl(6)(-) was determined by X-ray crystallography, while the first fluorene dication 1(2+) was characterized by (1)H and (13)C NMR at -80 degrees C. Combined with the results of theoretical calculations, an important contribution of a quinoidal structure to the resonance hybrid was demonstrated in both 1(.+) and 1(2+). [structure: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Nishinaga
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Kitamura M, Gao G, Nakajima K, Takahashi T. Unusual Conformational Isomer of 9,10-Dihydro-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octapropylanthracene in Solid State. CHEM LETT 2002. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2002.1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Marks V, Nahmany M, Gottlieb HE, Biali SE. Polyethylated triptycene derivatives. J Org Chem 2002; 67:7898-901. [PMID: 12398525 DOI: 10.1021/jo026206v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The octaethyl triptycenes 7 and 8 were synthesized by Diels-Alder reaction of the octaethylanthracene 4with the corresponding benzynes. Low-temperature NMR spectra of 7 and 8 are consistent with the presence of the fully alternated conformation "a" of C(2) symmetry. However, in the determined crystal structures, the compounds adopt a higher energy conformation with a pair of vicinal ethyls oriented in the same direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vered Marks
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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