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Filkina ME, Baray DN, Beloglazkina EK, Grishin YK, Roznyatovsky VA, Kukushkin ME. Regioselective Cycloaddition of Nitrile Imines to 5-Methylidene-3-phenyl-hydantoin: Synthesis and DFT Calculations. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:1289. [PMID: 36674803 PMCID: PMC9864863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrile imine cycloaddition to hydantoins containing an exocyclic C=C double bond has been previously described in a very limited number of examples. In this work, regioselective synthesis of spiro-pyrazoline-imidazolidine-2,4-diones based on a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of nitrile imines to 5-methylidene-3-phenyl-hydantoin have been proposed. It was found that, regardless of the nature of the aryl substituents at the terminal C and N atoms of the C-N-N fragment of nitrile imine (electron donor or electron acceptor), cycloaddition to the 5-methylidenhydantoin exocyclic C=C bond proceeds regioselectively, and the terminal nitrogen atom of the nitrile imine connects to the more sterically hindered carbon atom of the double bond, which leads to the formation of a 5-disubstituted pyrazoline ring. The observed cycloaddition regioselectivity was rationalized using DFT calculations of frontier molecular orbital interactions, global CDFT reactivity indices, and minimum energy paths.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elena K. Beloglazkina
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Molteni G, Ponti A. The Azide-Allene Dipolar Cycloaddition: Is DFT Able to Predict Site- and Regio-Selectivity? Molecules 2021; 26:928. [PMID: 33578668 PMCID: PMC7916341 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The site- and regio-selectivity of thermal, uncatalysed 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions between arylazides and mono- or tetra-substituted allenes with different electronic features have been investigated by both conceptual (reactivity indices) and computational (M08-HX, ωB97X-D, and B3LYP) DFT approaches. Both approaches show that these cycloadditions follow a nonpolar one-step mechanism. The experimental site- and regio-selectivity of arylazides towards methoxycarbonyl- and sulfonyl-allenes as well as tetramethyl- and tetrafluoro-allenes was calculated by DFT transition state calculations, achieving semiquantitative agreement to both previous and novel experimental findings. From the mechanistic standpoint, 1H-NMR evidence of a methylene-1,2,3-triazoline intermediate reinforces the reliability of the computational scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Molteni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Ponti
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Theoretical Analysis of the Mechanism of the 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Benzodiazepine with N-Aryl-C-ethoxycarbonylnitrilimine. J CHEM-NY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/8695405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the mechanism and regio- and no-periselectivity of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of 2,4-dimethyl-3H-1,5-benzodiazepine with N-aryl-C-ethoxycarbonylnitrilimine have been studied using the DFT method at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory. IRC calculations and activation energies show that this reaction follows an asynchronous concerted mechanism. The two C=N sites of 2,4-dimethyl-3H-1,5-benzodiazepine are easily reached by the dipole, and the energy barrier between the reagents and the transition states is too weak. The secondary barriers are traversed by the heat released in the reaction medium after the crossing of the first TS, which facilitates the addition reaction and does not require high energy. The obtained results of this study are in good agreement with experimental outcomes.
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Molteni G. When Hydrazonoyl Chlorides Meet Terminal Alkynes: Regioselective Copper(I)-Catalysed "Click" Sequential Reactions to 5-Substituted Pyrazoles. HETEROCYCLES 2020. [DOI: 10.3987/com-20-14268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Remy R, Bochet CG. Application of Photoclick Chemistry for the Synthesis of Pyrazoles via 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition between Alkynes and Nitrilimines Generated In Situ. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Remy
- Department of Chemistry; University of Fribourg; Chemin du Musée 9 CH-1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Christian G. Bochet
- Department of Chemistry; University of Fribourg; Chemin du Musée 9 CH-1700 Fribourg Switzerland
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Molteni G, Ponti A. The Nitrilimine-Alkene Cycloaddition Regioselectivity Rationalized by Density Functional Theory Reactivity Indices. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22020202. [PMID: 28134786 PMCID: PMC6155748 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional frontier molecular orbital theory is not able to satisfactorily explain the regioselectivity outcome of the nitrilimine–alkene cycloaddition. We considered that conceptual density functional theory (DFT) could be an effective theoretical framework to rationalize the regioselectivity of the title reaction. Several nitrilimine–alkene cycloadditions were analyzed, for which we could find regioselectivity data in the literature. We computed DFT reactivity indices at the B3LYP/6-311G(2d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) and employed the grand potential stabilization criterion to calculate the preferred regioisomer. Experimental and calculated regioselectivity agree in the vast majority of cases. It was concluded that predominance of a single regioisomer can be obtained by maximizing (i) the chemical potential difference between nitrilimine and alkene and (ii) the local softness difference between the reactive atomic sites within each reactant. Such maximization can be achieved by carefully selecting the substituents on both reactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Molteni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Ponti
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Kinetics and mechanism of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimine with thione-containing dipolarophile: a detailed DFT study. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-016-2449-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Belskaya NP, Eliseeva AI, Bakulev VA. Hydrazones as substrates for cycloaddition reactions. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Tognetti V, Morell C, Joubert L. Quantifying electro/nucleophilicity by partitioning the dual descriptor. J Comput Chem 2015; 36:649-59. [PMID: 25649932 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Translating local electro/nucleophilicities into the language of reactive sites is an appealing theoretical challenge that could be conducive to strengthen the collaborative dialogue between experimentalists and quantum chemists. The usual schemes for such condensation, relying on atomic charges, may however lead to important information loss, due to a sometimes inappropriate averaging of the reactivity anisotropy. In this article, we present instead an approach based on the dual descriptor Δf, which aims at partitioning real space into nonoverlapping reactive domains that feature a constant Δf sign. This strategy enables not only to identify the nucleo/electrophilic regions inside a molecule but also to quantify meaningful properties (mean value, volume, electron population…). Its interest is then illustrated on two specific chemical problems: the measure of σ-holes in the context of halogen bonds, and of the electrophilicity of organic carbocations, casting the light on the versatility of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Tognetti
- Normandy University, COBRA UMR 6014 & FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesniére, 76821, Mont St Aignan, Cedex, France
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Liu B, Li XF, Liu HC, Yu XY. Unexpected nitrilimine cycloaddition of thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidine derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Xu X, Zavalij PY, Hu W, Doyle MP. Vinylogous reactivity of enol diazoacetates with donor-acceptor substituted hydrazones. Synthesis of substituted pyrazole derivatives. J Org Chem 2013; 78:1583-8. [PMID: 23301562 DOI: 10.1021/jo302696y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A regiospecific synthesis of multifunctional pyrazoleshas been developed from a cascade process triggered by Rh(II)-catalyzed dinitrogen extrusion from enol diazoacetates with vinylogous nucleophilic addition followed by Lewis acid catalyzed cyclization and aromatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfang Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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Wang JM, Li ZM, Wang QR, Tao FG. A DFT study on the mechanisms for the cycloaddition reactions between 1-aza-2-azoniaallene cations and acetylenes. J Mol Model 2012; 19:83-95. [PMID: 22810049 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-012-1521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of cycloaddition reactions between 1-aza-2-azoniaallene cations 1 and acetylenes 2 have been investigated using the global electrophilicity and nucleophilicity of the corresponding reactants as global reactivity indexes defined within the conceptual density functional theory. The reactivity and regioselectivity of these reactions were predicted by analysis of the energies, geometries, and electronic nature of the transition state structures. The theoretical results revealed that the reaction features a tandem process: an ionic 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to produce the cycloadducts 3 H-pyrazolium salts 3 followed by a [1,2]-shift affording the thermodynamically more stable adducts 4 or 5. The mechanism of the cycloaddition reactions can be described as an asynchronous concerted pathway with reverse electron demand. The model reaction has also been investigated at the QCISD/6-31++G(d,p) and CCSD(T)/6-31++G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) levels as well as by the DFT. The polarizable continuum model, at the B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) level of theory, was used to study solvent effects on all the studied reactions. In solvent dichloromethane, all the initial cycloadducts 3 were obtained via direct ionic process as the result of the solvent effect. The consecutive [1,2]-shift reaction, in which intermediates 3 are rearranged to the five-membered heterocycles 4/5, is proved to be a kinetically controlled reaction, and the regioselectivity can be modulated by varying the migrant. The LOL function and RDG function based on localized electron analysis were used to analysis the covalent bond and noncovalent interactions in order to unravel the mechanism of the title reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-mei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
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15
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Tomilov YV, Platonov DN, Okonnishnikova GP, Novikov RA, Volchkov NV. Generation of 1-aryl-3-methoxycarbonylnitrilimines and their reaction with halogen-containing unsaturated compounds. Russ Chem Bull 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-012-0155-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Synthesis and stereochemistry of some novel dihydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-011-0618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Tomilov YV, Platonov DN, Okonnishnikova GP, Nefedov OM. Generation of 1-aryl-3-methoxycarbonylnitrilimines and their reactions with unsaturated hydrocarbons. Russ Chem Bull 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-011-0251-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Bakavoli M, Moeinpour F, Davoodnia A, Morsali A. Investigation into the Regiochemistry of Some Pyrazoles Derived from 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Methyl Methacrylate with Some Nitrilimines: A Combined Theoretical and Experimental Study. CHINESE J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201190218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Lin XF, Wang YG, Ding HF. Soluble polymer-supported synthesis of pyrazoles via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition strategy. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.20040220503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Dürüst Y, Yıldırım M. Synthesis, UV–Vis spectra, and Hammett correlation of some novel bis(dihydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazoles). MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-010-0351-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Tomilov YV, Platonov DN, Okonnishnikova GP, Nefedov OM. N-Substituted hepta(methoxycarbonyl)-3a,7a-dihydroindazoles as new sources for the generation of nitrile imines. Russ Chem Bull 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-010-0251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Bratenko MK, Barus MM, Vovk MV. Polyfunctional pyrazoles 6.* Convenient method for the synthesis of 1-aryl-1H-pyrazole-3,4-dicarboxylic acids. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-010-0491-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition of N-[4-nitrophenyl]-C-[2-furyl] nitrilimine with some dipolarophiles: A combined experimental and theoretical study. J Mol Struct 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2010.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Moeinpour F. Theoretical Study of Mechanism and Regioselectivity of 1,3-dipolar Cycloaddition of N-[methyl]-C-[5-nitro-2-furyl] Nitrilimine with Dimethyl 7-oxabicyclo[2,2,1]hepta-2,5-diene-2,3-dicarboxylate. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1088/1674-0068/23/02/165-168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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25
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Torrent-Sucarrat M, De Proft F, Ayers PW, Geerlings P. On the applicability of local softness and hardness. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 12:1072-80. [PMID: 20094672 DOI: 10.1039/b919471a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Global hardness and softness and the associated hard/soft acid/base (HSAB) principle have been used to explain many experimental observed reactivity patterns and these concepts can be found in textbooks of general, inorganic, and organic chemistry. In addition, local versions of these reactivity indices and principles have been defined to describe the regioselectivity of systems. In a very recent article (Chem.-Eur. J. 2008, 14, 8652), the present authors have shown that the picture of these well-known descriptors is incomplete and that the understanding of these reactivity indices must be "reinterpreted". In fact, the local softness and hardness contain the same "potential information" and they should be interpreted as the "local abundance" or "concentration" of their corresponding global properties. In this contribution, we analyze the implications of this new point of view for the applicability of these well-known descriptors when comparing two sites in three situations: two sites within one molecule, two sites in two different, but noninteracting molecules, and two sites in two different, but interacting, molecules. The implications on the HSAB principle are highlighted, leading to the discussion of the role of the electrostatic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Torrent-Sucarrat
- Member of the QCMM Alliance group Ghent/Brussels, Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Faculteit Wetenschappen, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Aversa MC, Barattucci A, Bonaccorsi P, Contini A. Addition of sulfenic acids to monosubstituted acetylenes: a theoretical and experimental study. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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He S, Chen L, Niu YN, Wu LY, Liang YM. 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition of diazoacetate compounds to terminal alkynes promoted by Zn(OTf)2: an efficient way to the preparation of pyrazoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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Benchouk W, Mekelleche S. Theoretical study of the mechanism and regioselectivity of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of diazomethane with methyl acrylate using theoretical approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2008.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Jones GO, Houk KN. Predictions of substituent effects in thermal azide 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions: implications for dynamic combinatorial (reversible) and click (irreversible) chemistry. J Org Chem 2008; 73:1333-42. [PMID: 18211089 DOI: 10.1021/jo702295d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Substituent effects in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of azides with alkenes and alkynes were investigated with the high-accuracy CBS-QB3 method. The possibilities for noncatalytic activation and the reversibility or irreversibility of these reactions was explored; the possibilities for uses in dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC) or click chemistry were explored. The activation enthalpies for reactions of ethylene and acetylene with hydrazoic acid, formyl, phenyl-, methyl-, and methanesulfonylazides exhibit modest variation, with Delta H++ ranging from 17 to 20 kcal/mol. A detailed study of formylazide cycloadditions with various alkenes and alkynes reveals a narrow range of activation enthalpies (17-21 kcal/mol). The activation enthalpies for the reactions of azides with alkenes and alkynes are similar. FMO theory and distortion/interaction energy control have been used to rationalize the rates and regiochemistries of cycloadditions involving alkene dipolarophiles. Significantly, triazoles, formed from alkynes, are 30-40 kcal/mol more stable than tetrazolines formed from alkenes. On the basis of initial reactant concentrations, kinetic and thermodynamic values are suggested for the identification of reversible reactions that approach equilibrium over 24 h, as well as for fast irreversible reactions. Although azide cycloadditions are suitable for irreversible chemistry and are typically unsuitable for reversible applications, theoretical procedures established by these studies have provided guidelines for the prediction of useful reversible libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin O Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Browne D, Helm M, Plant A, Harrity J. A Sydnone Cycloaddition Route to Pyrazole Boronic Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200703767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Browne D, Helm M, Plant A, Harrity J. A Sydnone Cycloaddition Route to Pyrazole Boronic Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:8656-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200703767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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32
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Ponti A, Molteni G. DFT-HSAB prediction of regioselectivity in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions: behavior of (4-substituted)benzonitrile oxides towards methyl propiolate. Chemistry 2007; 12:1156-61. [PMID: 16259036 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The regioselectivity of 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions between (4-substituted)benzonitrile oxides and methyl propiolate cannot be rationalized on the basis of the electron demand of the reactants or frontier molecular-orbital theory. To this problem, we have applied a quantitative formulation of the hard-soft acid-base principle developed within the density functional theory. Global and local reactivity indices were computed at B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level. The details of charge transfer upon the reactive encounter have been elucidated, and the computed regioselectivity has been shown to be in good agreement with experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Ponti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Luft JAR, Meleson K, Houk KN. Transition structures of diastereoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of nitrile oxides to chiral homoallylic alcohols. Org Lett 2007; 9:555-8. [PMID: 17253700 PMCID: PMC2533356 DOI: 10.1021/ol062751x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Transition structures of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of substituted nitrile oxides with chiral homoallylic alcohols were explored with density functional theory (B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)+CPCM(dichloromethane)//B3LYP/6-31+G(d)). The diastereoselectivity observed in these reactions was explained. The anti product is favored in both the thermal and magnesium-mediated reactions. Selectivity is predicted to increase in the presence of magnesium, in agreement with experimental results. The energetics of the magnesium-mediated reaction are similar to those previously found for allylic alcohols. [structure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. R. Luft
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kieche Meleson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Chandra AK, Nguyen MT. Use of DFT-based reactivity descriptors for rationalizing radical addition reactions: applicability and difficulties. Faraday Discuss 2007; 135:191-201; discussion 237-59, 503-6. [PMID: 17328429 DOI: 10.1039/b605667a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of density functional theory-based reactivity descriptors, including global (hardness, electronegativity) and local (Fukui function, local softness) indices in rationalizing the reactivity and regioselectivity of radical addition reactions has been critically analyzed. We demonstrate that there is a severe inherent deficiency in the current way of defining the Fukui functions and local softness for radical attack parameters (f(0) and s(0)), and propose a (preliminary) alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asit K Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India.
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35
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Ess D, Jones G, Houk K. Conceptual, Qualitative, and Quantitative Theories of 1,3-Dipolar and Diels–Alder Cycloadditions Used in Synthesis. Adv Synth Catal 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200600431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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36
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Găină L, Csámpai A, Túrós G, Lovász T, Zsoldos-Mády V, Silberg IA, Sohár P. (E)-3-(2-Alkyl-10H-phenothiazin-3-yl)-1-arylprop-2-en-1-ones: preparative, IR, NMR and DFT study on their substituent-dependent reactivity in hydrazinolysis and sonication-assisted oxidation with copper(ii)nitrate. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:4375-86. [PMID: 17102884 DOI: 10.1039/b608455a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 3(5)-aryl/ferrocenyl-5(3)-phenothiazinylpyrazoles and pyrazolines were obtained by substituent-dependent regioselective condensation of the corresponding (E)-3-(2-alkyl-10H-phenothiazin-3-yl)-1-aryl/ferrocenylprop-2-en-1-one with hydrazine or methylhydrazine in acetic acid. The different propensity of the primary formed beta-hydrazino adducts to undergo competitive retro-Mannich reaction was interpreted in terms of tautomerisation equilibrium constants calculated by DFT using a solvent model. The regioselectivity of the cyclisation reactions with methylhydrazine and the substituent-dependent redox properties of pyrazolines were also rationalized by comparative DFT calculations performed for simplified model molecules. On the effect of ultrasound-promoted oxidation with copper(II)nitrate phenothiazine-containing pyrazolines, enones and oxo-compounds were selectively transformed into sulfoxides. Only one sulfoxide enone was partially converted into an oxirane derivative. The structure of the novel products was determined by IR and NMR spectroscopy including COSY, HSQC, HMBC and DNOE measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Găină
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Babeş-Bolyai University, str. Arany János 11, RO-40028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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37
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Chiacchio MA, Borrello L, Di Pasquale G, Pollicino A, Bottino FA, Rescifina A. Synthesis of functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) macromers by microwave assisted 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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38
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A DFT rationalization for the observed regiochemistry in the nitrile oxide cycloaddition with anthracene and acridine. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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39
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Nguyen HMT, Peeters J, Nguyen MT, Chandra AK. Use of DFT-Based Reactivity Descriptors for Rationalizing Radical Reactions: A Critical Analysis. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp036079m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hue Minh Thi Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jozef Peeters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Minh Tho Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Asit K. Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
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40
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Molteni G, Ponti A. Assessment of mechanistic hypotheses of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of (arylsulfonyl)allene to nitrilimines by DFT reactivity indices. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(03)00774-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- P Geerlings
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie, Faculteit Wetenschappen, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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