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Ke Y, Jiang J, Mao X, Qu B, Li X, Zhao H, Wang J, Li Z. Photochemical reaction of glucocorticoids in aqueous solution: Influencing factors and photolysis products. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 331:138799. [PMID: 37119927 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs), as endocrine disruptors, have attracted widespread attention due to their impacts on organisms' growth, development, and reproduction. In the current study, the photodegradation of budesonide (BD) and clobetasol propionate (CP), as targeted GCs, was investigated including the effects of initial concentrations and typical environmental factors (Cl-, NO2-, Fe3+, and fulvic acid (FA)). The results showed that the degradation rate constants (k) were 0.0060 and 0.0039 min-1 for BD and CP at concentration of 50 μg·L-1, and increased with the initial concentrations. Under the addition of Cl-, NO2-, and Fe3+ to the GCs/water system, the photodegradation rate was decreased with increasing Cl-, NO2-, and Fe3+ concentrations, which were in contrast to the addition of FA. Electron resonance spectroscopy (EPR) analysis and the radical quenching experiments verified that GCs could transition to the triplet excited states of GCs (3GCs*) for direct photolysis under irradiation to undergo, while NO2-, Fe3+, and FA could generate ·OH to induce indirect photolysis. According to HPLC-Q-TOF MS analysis, the structures of the three photodegradation products of BD and CP were elucidated, respectively, and the phototransformation pathways were inferred based on the product structures. These findings help to grasp the fate of synthetic GCs in the environment and contribute to the understanding of their ecological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Ke
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jingqiu Jiang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, No.12 South Zhongguancun Ave., Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiqin Mao
- Dalian Institute for Drug Control, Dalian Food and Drug Administration, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Baocheng Qu
- College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xintong Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Jingyao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Zhansheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
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2
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Synthesis, Characterization and Anticancer Efficacy Evaluation of Benzoxanthone Compounds toward Gastric Cancer SGC-7901. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061970. [PMID: 35335332 PMCID: PMC8949258 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Three benzoxanthone derivatives were synthesized through a new photochemical strategy. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of these compounds was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and their partition coefficients (logP) were measured by shake flask method. The pKa values of the compounds were detected by potentionmetric titration. The interaction of the compounds with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) was investigated by electronic absorption, luminescence spectra and viscosity. A molecular docking analysis was performed. The antitumor efficacy of the compounds was evaluated by cell apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, intracellular Ca2+ concentrations and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. The mitochondrial membrane potential was assayed using JC-1 (5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1,3′,3′-tetraethyl-imidacarbocyanine iodide) as the fluorescence probe. The expression of Bcl-2 family protein, caspase 3 and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) was explored by western blot. The results showed that the compounds induced apoptosis through a ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction pathway. This work provides an efficient approach to synthesize benzoxanthone derivatives, and is helpful for understanding the apoptotic mechanism.
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Glucocorticoids in Freshwaters: Degradation by Solar Light and Environmental Toxicity of the Photoproducts. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17238717. [PMID: 33255235 PMCID: PMC7727706 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The photodegradation process of seven glucocorticoids (GCs), cortisone (CORT), hydrocortisone (HCORT), betamethasone (BETA), dexamethasone (DEXA), prednisone (PRED), prednisolone (PREDLO) and triamcinolone (TRIAM) was studied in tap and river water at a concentration close to the environmental ones. All drugs underwent sunlight degradation according to a pseudo-first-order decay. The kinetic constants ranged from 0.00082 min−1 for CORT to 0.024 min−1 for PRED and PREDLO. The photo-generated products were identified by high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). The main steps of the degradation pathways were the oxidative cleavage of the chain 17 for CORT, HCORT and the rearrangement of the cyclohexadiene moiety for the other GCs. The acute and chronic toxicity of GCs and of their photoproducts was assessed by the V. fischeri and P.subcapitata inhibition assays. The bioassays revealed no significant differences in toxicity between the parent compounds and their photoproducts, but the two organisms showed different responses. All samples produced a moderate acute toxic effect on V. fisheri and no one in the chronic tests. On the contrary, evident hormesis or eutrophic effect was produced on the algae, especially for long-term contact.
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4
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Cacciari RD, Reynoso E, Candela FM, Sabini C, Montejano HA, Biasutti MA. Photochemical study of the highly used corticosteroids dexamethasone and prednisone. Effects of micellar confinement and cytotoxicity analysis of photoproducts. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03640d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photodegradation of dexamethasone (Dexa) and prednisone (Pred) occurs by a combination of ROS attack and unimolecular photodegradation reactions. The photoproducts obtained are more cytotoxic than the parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Daniel Cacciari
- Departamento de Química
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto
- Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601
- X5804BYA Río Cuarto
| | - Eugenia Reynoso
- Departamento de Química
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto
- Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601
- X5804BYA Río Cuarto
| | - Florencia Menis Candela
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto
- Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto
- Córdoba
- Argentina
| | - Carola Sabini
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto
- Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto
- Córdoba
- Argentina
| | - Hernán A. Montejano
- Departamento de Química
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto
- Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601
- X5804BYA Río Cuarto
| | - M. Alicia Biasutti
- Departamento de Química
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto
- Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601
- X5804BYA Río Cuarto
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Kryczyk-Poprawa A, Kwiecień A, Opoka W. Photostability of Topical Agents Applied to the Skin: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2019; 12:pharmaceutics12010010. [PMID: 31861803 PMCID: PMC7023431 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Topical treatment modalities have multiple advantages starting with the convenient application and non-invasive treatment and ending with the reduction of the risk of the systemic side effects. Active pharmaceutical substances must reach the desired concentration at the target site in order to produce a particular therapeutic effect. In contrast to other dosage forms topical agents applied to the skin may also be susceptible to photodegradation after application. That is why the knowledge of the susceptibility of these topical drugs to UV irradiation, which may contribute to their degradation or changes in chemical structure, is very important. Active pharmaceutical substances used in dermatology may differ both in chemical structure and photostability. Furthermore, various factors-such as light intensity and wavelength, pH, temperature, concentration-can influence the photodegradation process, which is reflected in particular in kinetics of photodegradation of active pharmaceutical substances as well as both the quantitative and qualitative composition of by-products. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the photostability of dermatological drugs, as well as of other substances commonly applied topically. The photostability of glucocorticosteroids, retinoids, and antifungal drugs as well as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs applied topically and selected UV-filters have been discussed. Furthermore, the impact of photoinstability on the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy and some photostabilization strategies have been also included.
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6
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Protti S, Ravelli D, Fagnoni M. Wavelength dependence and wavelength selectivity in photochemical reactions. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:2094-2101. [DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00512e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Our study describes how organic photochemists can modify the outcome of a reaction by tuning the wavelength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pavia
- 27100 Pavia
- Italy
| | - Davide Ravelli
- PhotoGreen Lab
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pavia
- 27100 Pavia
- Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pavia
- 27100 Pavia
- Italy
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7
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van Heugten AJP, de Boer W, de Vries WS, Pieters RJ, Vromans H. Topically used corticosteroids: What is the big picture of drug product degradation? Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 117:1-7. [PMID: 29407556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Corticosteroids are widely used in topical formulations such as creams (aqueous) and ointments (non-aqueous). The generally used corticosteroids show large molecular resemblance, where especially the 20-keto-21-hydroxyl group bound to the 17 carbon is important for their chemical stability. Oxidation in both aqueous and non-aqueous environment occurs for triamcinolone acetonide (TCA), hydrocortisone (HC) and desoximethasone (DS). Besides the 20-keto-21-hydroxyl group, TCA, HC and DS have different other moieties attached to the same C17. These moieties are shown to influence not only the type of degradation product formed but also the degradation kinetics. Seven degradation products are found in total and a degradation mechanism is proposed. Furthermore the transesterfication of betamethasone-17-valerate to betamethasone-21-valerate is shown to occur both in aqueous and non-aqueous environment. Finally, a comprehensive scheme of degradation pathways is presented that is applicable for both aqueous and non-aqueous formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J P van Heugten
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; Research and Development Department, Tiofarma B.V., Hermanus Boerhaavestraat 1, 3261 ME Oud-Beijerland, The Netherlands.
| | - W de Boer
- Research and Development Department, Tiofarma B.V., Hermanus Boerhaavestraat 1, 3261 ME Oud-Beijerland, The Netherlands
| | - W S de Vries
- Research and Development Department, Tiofarma B.V., Hermanus Boerhaavestraat 1, 3261 ME Oud-Beijerland, The Netherlands
| | - R J Pieters
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P. O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H Vromans
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; Research and Development Department, Tiofarma B.V., Hermanus Boerhaavestraat 1, 3261 ME Oud-Beijerland, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Division of Laboratory Medicine & Pharmacy, University Medical Centre Utrecht, P/O Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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8
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van Heugten AJP, de Vries WS, Markesteijn MMA, Pieters RJ, Vromans H. The Role of Excipients in the Stability of Triamcinolone Acetonide in Ointments. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:1448-1453. [PMID: 29450828 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-0957-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of triamcinolone acetonide (TCA) in an ointment was investigated. TCA appeared to be concentrated in propylene glycol (PG) which in turn is dispersed in a lanolin-petrolatum mixture. Two predominant degradation products were identified: a 21-aldehyde and a 17-carboxylic acid. The 21-aldehyde is formed after TCA is oxidized by O2, a reaction that is catalyzed by trace metals. Logically, the content of trace metals has a profound effect on the degradation rate. It was shown that trace metals are extracted from lanolin and petrolatum by PG, increasing the concentration in PG. In accordance with these findings, TCA degrades faster in PG that is present in the ointment formulation than in regular PG. The 21-aldehyde was confirmed to be a primary degradation product, while the 17-carboxylic acid was identified as a secondary degradation product. Based on the mechanism of degradation, the ointment can be stabilized by the addition of sodium metabisulfite which was shown to reside also in the PG phase within the ointment.
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9
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Cacciari RD, Reynoso E, Montejano HA, Biasutti MA. Photodegradation of prednisolone under UVB solar irradiation. Role of photogenerated ROS in the degradation mechanism. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 16:1717-1726. [PMID: 29072760 DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00200a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of biologically active substances with anti-inflammatory properties such as corticosteroids has increased considerably in the last few decades. Particularly, the compound we are interested in, prednisolone (Predn), is a glucocorticoid with high biological activity. This compound absorbs UV radiation and may participate in photochemical processes, which can result in its own decomposition. These processes could result in the formation of free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS). On these grounds, the kinetic and mechanistic aspects of the direct photodegradation of Predn have been studied in aqueous medium under different atmospheric conditions by stationary and time-resolved techniques. The mechanism involved in the photodegradation has been elucidated. Predn is capable of generating the excited triplet state 3Predn* as a result of UVB light absorption. In the presence of oxygen, 3Predn* allows the formation of ROS, of which O2(1Δg) (ΦΔ = 0.014), H2O2 and the radical OH˙ stand out. The latter is generated from the spontaneous dismutation of O2˙- and subsequent homolytic cleavage, photochemically promoted, of H2O2. Predn undergoes unimolecular photodegradation reactions under an inert argon atmosphere. In this study we found that in the presence of oxygen, the Predn photo-consumption is improved. This implies that the attack by ROS involves a very important additional contribution to the photodegradation of Predn under aerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Daniel Cacciari
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
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10
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Isolation and structural characterization of novel photolytic degradation impurities of Deflazacort using Q-TOF, 2D-NMR and FTIR. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 133:82-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Montelukast photodegradation: Elucidation of Ф-order kinetics, determination of quantum yields and application to actinometry. Int J Pharm 2014; 471:544-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Khattak SUR, Ahmad I, Usmanghani K, Qazi MS. In vitroevaluation of betamethasone esters for phototoxic potential. Drug Chem Toxicol 2011; 35:43-7. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2011.588441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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13
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Miolo G, Caffieri S, Dalzoppo D, Gallocchio F, Fasani E, Beyersbergen van Henegouwen G. Photoactivation of corticosteroids in UVB-exposed skin. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2011; 103:35-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Bardsley B, Smith MS, Gibbon BH. Structure elucidation and spectroscopic analysis of photodegradants of the anti-rhinitis drug fluticasone furoate. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:1876-80. [PMID: 20449492 DOI: 10.1039/b926964a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluticasone furoate is a novel glucocorticoid receptor agonist marketed as a treatment for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis. Forced degradation of fluticasone furoate under conditions of light led to a number of degradation products, the structures of which were elucidated using mass spectrometry and a range of one and two-dimensional NMR experiments. Three structures were derived, including two which involved a rearrangement of the steroid ring A to give cross-linked degradation products. The results demonstrate the applicability of a previously observed mechanism of photodegradation to fluticasone furoate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Bardsley
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, United KingdomSG1 2NY.
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15
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UVB photolysis of hydrocortisone 21-acetate. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:771-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Miolo G, Ricci A, Caffieri S, Levorato L, Fasani E, Albini A. In Vitro Phototoxic Properties of Triamcinolone 16,17-acetonide and Its Main Photoproducts¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)0780425ivppot2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Miolo G, Caffieri S, Daizoppo D, Ricci A, Fasani E, Albini A. Photochemistry and Phototoxicity of Fluocinolone 16,17-Acetonide¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2005.tb00186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Iqbal J, Husain A, Gupta A. Photochemistry of Desonide, a Non-fluorinated Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2006; 54:836-8. [PMID: 16755054 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.54.836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The photochemistry of anti-inflammatory drug desonide (De, 1) was studied in aerobic as well as in anaerobic condition with different irradiation wavelengths (254, 310 nm) in acetonitrile and 2-propanol. All photoproducts obtained were isolated and characterized on the basis of IR, (1)H-, (13)C-NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis study. The products were: 11beta,21-dihydroxy-16alpha,17alpha-(1-methylethylidenedioxy)-1,5-cyclopregn-3-ene-2,20-dione 2 (254 nm), 11beta-hydroxy-16alpha,17alpha-(1-methylethylidenedioxy)androsta-1,4-diene-3-one 3 (310 nm/2-propanol), 17beta-hydroperoxy-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha,17alpha-(1-methylethylidenedioxy)androsta-1,4-diene-3-one 4 (310 nm/O(2)/2-propanol). Cyclohexadienone moiety in ring A and keto group at C(17) were found to be deeply modified by UV light therefore, loss of biological activity both during storage and in vivo can not be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawaid Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry Section, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, UP, India.
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19
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20
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Miolo G, Caffieri S, Dalzoppo D, Ricci A, Fasani E, Albini A. Photochemistry and Phototoxicity of Fluocinolone 16,17-Acetonide¶. Photochem Photobiol 2005. [DOI: 10.1562/2004-05-25-ra-178.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Ricci A, Fasani E, Mella M, Albini A. Photochemistry of some steroidal bicyclo[3.1.0]hexenones. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2003.10.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Shirasaki Y, Inada K, Inoue J, Nakamura M. Isolation and structure elucidation of the major photodegradation products of loteprednol etabonate. Steroids 2004; 69:23-34. [PMID: 14715374 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2003.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Photodegradation of loteprednol etabonate (5), a steroid anti-inflammatory drug, in the solid state, in aqueous suspension, and in aqueous acetonitrile solution has been investigated. Analysis by HPLC showed that the profile of photodegradation products in the solid state was qualitatively similar to that in the aqueous suspension, although the profile in the aqueous acetonitrile solution was considerably different. The major photodegradation products were isolated from the aqueous suspension and the aqueous acetonitrile solution by using preparative reversed-phase HPLC and their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data. Photolysis in the solid state and in aqueous suspension yielded three rearrangement products, chloromethyl 17alpha-ethoxycarbonyloxy-11beta-hydroxy-5alpha-methyl-2-oxo-19-norandrosta-1(10),3-diene-17beta-carboxylate (8), chloromethyl 17alpha-ethoxycarbonyloxy-11beta-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-6(5-->10alpha)-abeo-19-norandrosta-1,4-diene-17beta-carboxylate (9), and chloromethyl 1beta,11beta-epoxy-17alpha-ethoxycarbonyloxy-2-oxo-10alpha-androsta-4-ene-17beta-carboxylate (10). In aqueous acetonitrile solution, 10 was the major product, however, 8 and 9 were not obtained. Pathways for the formation of these compounds from loteprednol etabonate (5) are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Shirasaki
- Senju Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, 1-5-4, Murotani Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 651-2241, Japan.
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Ricci A, Fasani E, Mella M, Albini A. General patterns in the photochemistry of pregna-1,4-dien-3,20-diones. J Org Chem 2003; 68:4361-6. [PMID: 12762737 DOI: 10.1021/jo034070a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The photochemistry of six pregna-1,4-dien-3,20-diones has been compared and found to involve both the cyclohexadienone moiety in ring A and the isolated ketone at C-20. The two reactions take place proportionally to the fraction of light absorbed by each chromophore. The cross-conjugated ketone absorbs predominantly or exclusively at both 254 and 366 nm and undergoes the "lumi" rearrangement to bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-en-2-one. The quantum yield of the reaction diminished somewhat with increasing lambda(exc), e.g., for prednisolone Phi(254) (nm) = 0.42, Phi(366) (nm) = 0.3. A much stronger lowering is caused by halogen substitution in position 9 (by a factor of 3 for F, >50 for Cl), apparently due to a shortened triplet lifetime caused by heavy atom effect. At 310 nm, both chromophores absorb to a comparable degree and both may react. The reaction at C(20) ketone involves either quite efficient alpha-cleavage (C(17)-C(20)) for compounds bearing an acetal or hydroxyl function at C(17) or less effective (by a factor of ca. 10) hydrogen abstraction from the 18-methyl group in the other cases (finally resulting in Norrish II fragmentation or Yang cyclization). The results allow generalizing how the substitution pattern surrounding each chromophore affects the photoreactivity at that site and the competition between the two modes, allowing predicting the photochemistry of this family of antiinflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ricci
- Dep. Organic Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 10, Italy
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Miolo G, Ricci A, Caffieri S, Levorato L, Fasani E, Albini A. In Vitro Phototoxic Properties of Triamcinolone 16,17-acetonide and Its Main Photoproducts¶. Photochem Photobiol 2003; 78:425-30. [PMID: 14653571 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2003)078<0425:ivppot>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The phototoxicity of triamcinolone 16,17-acetonide has been estimated through a panel of in vitro tests. The main target involved in phototoxicity induced by triamcinolone appeared to be the cell membrane. Oxygen-independent photohemolysis was observed. A photochemical study in water and buffered solutions supported the conclusion that this is related to the action of radicals formed upon UV irradiation (in particular UV-B) by Norrish Type-I fragmentation of the C-20 ketone group. Peroxy radicals were formed in the presence of oxygen and were the active species in that case. Three photoproducts, isolated from the photodegradation of the drug, were submitted to the same toxicity tests. Two of them were proved to possess toxic or phototoxic properties on erythrocytes, primarily induced by UV-B light, and may participate in the photosensitizing activity of triamcinolone 16,17-acetonide. Our in vitro results suggest that the drug can elicit weak photosensitizing properties in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Miolo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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