1
|
Levitskiy OA, Aglamazova OI, Grishin YK, Magdesieva TV. Reductive opening of a cyclopropane ring in the Ni(II) coordination environment: a route to functionalized dehydroalanine and cysteine derivatives. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1166-1176. [PMID: 36128429 PMCID: PMC9475196 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of an α,α-cyclopropanated amino acid in the chiral Ni(II) coordination environment in the form of a Schiff base is considered as a route to electrochemical broadening of the donor-acceptor cyclopropane concept in combination with chirality induction in the targeted products. A tendency to the reductive ring-opening and the follow-up reaction paths of thus formed radical anions influenced by substituents in the cyclopropane ring are discussed. Optimization of the reaction conditions opens a route to the non-proteinogenic amino acid derivatives containing an α-β or β-γ double C=C bond in the side chain; the regioselectivity can be tuned by the addition of Lewis acids. One-pot combination of the reductive ring opening and subsequent addition of thiols allows obtaining the cysteine derivatives in practical yields and with high stereoselectivity at the removed β-stereocenter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg A Levitskiy
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Dept. of Chemistry, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Olga I Aglamazova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Dept. of Chemistry, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Yuri K Grishin
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Dept. of Chemistry, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana V Magdesieva
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Dept. of Chemistry, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Spencer JN, Grimm ML, Tanko JM. Interplay between Structure and Mechanism in Reductive Dissociative Electron Transfers to α,β -Epoxyketones. Chempluschem 2020; 85:2387-2396. [PMID: 33140919 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical reduction of several α,β -epoxyketones was studied using cyclic (linear sweep) voltammetry, convolution voltammetry, and homogeneous redox catalysis. The results were reconciled to pertinent theories of electron transfer. α,β -Epoxyketones undergo dissociative electron-transfer reactions with C-O bond cleavage, via both stepwise and concerted mechanisms, depending on their structure. For aliphatic ketones, the preferred mechanism of reduction is consistent with the "sticky" concerted model for dissociative electron transfer. Bond cleavage occurs simultaneously with electron transfer, and there is a residual, electrostatic interaction in the ring-opened (distonic) radical anion. In contrast, for aromatic ketones, because the ring-closed radical anions are resonance-stabilized and exist at energy minima, a stepwise mechanism operates (electron transfer and bond cleavage occur in discrete steps). The rate constants for ring opening are on the order of 108 s-1 , and not significantly affected by substituents on the 3-membered ring (consistent with C-O bond cleavage). These results and conclusions were fully supported and augmented by molecular orbital calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared N Spencer
- Department of Natural Sciences, Montreat College, Montreat, NC 28757, USA
| | - Michelle L Grimm
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - James M Tanko
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun Y, Huang X, Li X, Luo F, Zhang L, Chen M, Zheng S, Peng B. Mild Ring Contractions of Cyclobutanols to Cyclopropyl Ketones via Hypervalent Iodine Oxidation. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201701237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials; Zhejiang Normal University; Jinhua 321004 People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials; Zhejiang Normal University; Jinhua 321004 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojin Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials; Zhejiang Normal University; Jinhua 321004 People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Luo
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials; Zhejiang Normal University; Jinhua 321004 People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials; Zhejiang Normal University; Jinhua 321004 People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials; Zhejiang Normal University; Jinhua 321004 People's Republic of China
| | - Shiya Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials; Zhejiang Normal University; Jinhua 321004 People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Peng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials; Zhejiang Normal University; Jinhua 321004 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116024 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ivanov KL, Villemson EV, Latyshev GV, Bezzubov SI, Majouga AG, Melnikov MY, Budynina EM. Regioselective Hydrogenolysis of Donor–Acceptor Cyclopropanes with Zn-AcOH Reductive System. J Org Chem 2017; 82:9537-9549. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin L. Ivanov
- Department
of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Elena V. Villemson
- Department
of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Gennadij V. Latyshev
- Department
of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Stanislav I. Bezzubov
- Kurnakov
Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander G. Majouga
- Department
of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
- National University of Science and Technology “MISiS”, Leninskiy pr. 4, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Mikhail Ya. Melnikov
- Department
of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Ekaterina M. Budynina
- Department
of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Evoniuk CJ, Gomes GDP, Ly M, White FD, Alabugin IV. Coupling Radical Homoallylic Expansions with C–C Fragmentations for the Synthesis of Heteroaromatics: Quinolines from Reactions of o-Alkenylarylisonitriles with Aryl, Alkyl, and Perfluoroalkyl Radicals. J Org Chem 2017; 82:4265-4278. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Evoniuk
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Gabriel dos Passos Gomes
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Michelle Ly
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Frankie D. White
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Igor V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Otte DAL, Woerpel KA. Evidence that Additions of Grignard Reagents to Aliphatic Aldehydes Do Not Involve Single-Electron-Transfer Processes. Org Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A. L. Otte
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - K. A. Woerpel
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Szostak M, Spain M, Eberhart AJ, Procter DJ. Mechanism of SmI2/Amine/H2O-Promoted Chemoselective Reductions of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives (Esters, Acids, and Amides) to Alcohols. J Org Chem 2014; 79:11988-2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5018525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Szostak
- Department
of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Malcolm Spain
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Eberhart
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Procter
- School
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Szostak M, Spain M, Procter DJ. Ketyl-Type Radicals from Cyclic and Acyclic Esters are Stabilized by SmI2(H2O)n: The Role of SmI2(H2O)n in Post-Electron Transfer Steps. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:8459-66. [DOI: 10.1021/ja503494b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Szostak
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford
Road, Manchester, M13 9PL United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Spain
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford
Road, Manchester, M13 9PL United Kingdom
| | - David J. Procter
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford
Road, Manchester, M13 9PL United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Szostak M, Spain M, Procter DJ. On the role of pre- and post-electron-transfer steps in the SmI2 /amine/H(2)O-mediated reduction of esters: new mechanistic insights and kinetic studies. Chemistry 2014; 20:4222-6. [PMID: 24615806 PMCID: PMC4497321 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201400295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of the SmI2 -mediated reduction of unactivated esters has been studied using a combination of kinetic, radical clocks and reactivity experiments. The kinetic data indicate that all reaction components (SmI2 , amine, H2 O) are involved in the rate equation and that electron transfer is facilitated by Brønsted base assisted deprotonation of water in the transition state. The use of validated cyclopropyl-containing radical clocks demonstrates that the reaction occurs via fast, reversible first electron transfer, and that the electron transfer from simple Sm(II) complexes to aliphatic esters is rapid. Notably, the mechanistic details presented herein indicate that complexation between SmI2 , H2 O and amines affords a new class of structurally diverse, thermodynamically powerful reductants for efficient electron transfer to carboxylic acid derivatives as an attractive alternative to the classical hydride-mediated reductions and as a source of acyl-radical equivalents for CC bond forming processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Szostak
- School of Chemistry, University of ManchesterOxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL (UK), Fax: (+44) 161-275-4939
| | - Malcolm Spain
- School of Chemistry, University of ManchesterOxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL (UK), Fax: (+44) 161-275-4939
| | - David J Procter
- School of Chemistry, University of ManchesterOxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL (UK), Fax: (+44) 161-275-4939
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hasegawa E, Tateyama M, Hoshi T, Ohta T, Tayama E, Iwamoto H, Takizawa SY, Murata S. A photo-reagent system of benzimidazoline and Ru(bpy)3Cl2 to promote hexenyl radical cyclization and Dowd–Beckwith ring-expansion of α-halomethyl-substituted benzocyclic 1-alkanones. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
11
|
Houmam A. Electron Transfer Initiated Reactions: Bond Formation and Bond Dissociation. Chem Rev 2008; 108:2180-237. [PMID: 18620366 DOI: 10.1021/cr068070x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
12
|
Cammoun C, Zriba R, Bezzenine-Lafollée S, Guibé F. Reactivity of cyclopropanic δ-oxo-α,β-unsaturated esters towards SmI2: 3-exo-trig cyclisation versus cyclopropane ring opening. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.02.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
13
|
Xu L, Jin J, Lal M, Daublain P, Newcomb M. Compatible Injection and Detection Systems for Studying the Kinetics of Excess Electron Transfer. Org Lett 2007; 9:1837-40. [PMID: 17373807 DOI: 10.1021/ol070593j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A design for fast kinetic studies of electron transfer in radical anions is reported. alpha-Hydroxy radicals formed by 355 nm laser flash photolysis of alpha-phenacyl alcohols are deprotonated under basic conditions to give ketyl radical anions that serve as electron injectors in inter- and intramolecular electron-transfer reactions. The 2,2-diphenylcyclopropyl group serves as a reporter. When an electron is injected and transferred such that spin character is adjacent to the reporter, cyclopropyl ring opening gives a readily detected diphenylalkyl radical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Libin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tanko JM, Li X, Chahma M, Jackson WF, Spencer JN. Cyclopropyl Conjugation and Ketyl Anions: When Do Things Begin to Fall Apart? J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:4181-92. [PMID: 17371018 DOI: 10.1021/ja063857q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Results pertaining to the electrochemical reduction of 1,2-diacetylcyclopropane (5), 1-acetyl-2-phenylcyclopropane (6), 1-acetyl-2-benzoylcyclopropane (7), and 1,2-dibenzoylcyclopropane (8) are reported. While 6*- exists as a discrete species, the barrier to ring opening is very small (<1 kcal/mol) and the rate constant for ring opening is >10(7) s(-1). For 7 and 8, the additional resonance stabilization afforded by the benzoyl moieties results in significantly lower rate constants for ring opening, on the order of 10(5)-10(6) s(-1). Electron transfer to 8 serves to initiate an unexpected vinylcyclopropane --> cyclopentene type rearrangement, which occurs via a radical ion chain mechanism. The results for reduction of 5 are less clear-cut: The experimental results suggest that the reduction is unexceptional, with a symmetry coefficient alpha </= 0.5, and reorganization energy consistent with a simple electron-transfer process (one electron reduction, followed by ring opening). In contrast, molecular orbital calculations suggest that 5*- has no apparent lifetime and that reduction of 5 may occur by a concerted dissociative electron transfer (DET) mechanism (i.e., electron transfer and ring opening occur simultaneously). These seemingly contradictory results can be reconciled if the increase in the internal reorganization energy associated with the onset of concerted DET is offset by a lowering of the solvent reorganization energy associated with electron transfer to a more highly delocalized LUMO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Tanko
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hansen AM, Lindsay KB, Sudhadevi Antharjanam PK, Karaffa J, Daasbjerg K, Flowers RA, Skrydstrup T. Mechanistic Evidence for Intermolecular Radical Carbonyl Additions Promoted by Samarium Diiodide. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:9616-7. [PMID: 16866500 DOI: 10.1021/ja060553v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, mechanistic studies were performed to understand the SmI2/H2O-mediated coupling of N-acyl oxazolidinones with acrylates and acrylamides, providing gamma-keto esters and amides, respectively. Our results provide experimental evidence that C-C bond formation via intermolecular radical addition reactions to carbonyl substrates can be promoted by samarium diiodide. Coupling reactions with N-cyclopropylcarbonyl-2-oxazolidinone suggest the alpha,beta-unsaturated esters/amides are reduced by the low-valent lanthanide reagent and not the N-acyl oxazolidinones, as originially proposed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 6544). Rate measurements support the preferred reduction of an acrylate or acrylamide by SmI2/H2O in the presence of an N-acyl oxazolidinone. In the absence of the N-acyl oxazolidinone, SmI2/H2O promotes dimerization of the acrylates, whereas the C=C bond of the acrylamides is reduced. In addition, coupling of the Pfp ester of Cbz-protected phenylalanine with an acrylamide leads only to reduction of the acrylamide and recovered ester, whereas the same coupling with the N-acyl oxazolidinone derivative provides the gamma-keto amides. These results imply that a pathway involving nucleophilic acyl substitution cannot take place and that a radical mechanism must be invoked to explain the C-C bond formation. We propose that the acrylate/acrylamide is reduced to a conjugated ketyl radical that adds to the exocyclic carbonyl group of the N-acyl oxazolidinone, activated through bidentate coordination to a lanthanide ion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mette Hansen
- Center of Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN), Department of Chemistry, Interdiscplinary Nanoscience Center, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tanko JM. Reaction mechanisms : Part (i) Radical and radical ion reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1039/b518094p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|