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Rodríguez-Nuévalos S, Espinosa M, Leyva-Pérez A. Soluble individual metal atoms and ultrasmall clusters catalyze key synthetic steps of a natural product synthesis. Commun Chem 2024; 7:76. [PMID: 38575790 PMCID: PMC10995175 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01160-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Metal individual atoms and few-atom clusters show extraordinary catalytic properties for a variety of organic reactions, however, their implementation in total synthesis of complex organic molecules is still to be determined. Here we show a 11-step linear synthesis of the natural product (±)-Licarin B, where individual Pd atoms (Pd1) catalyze the direct aerobic oxidation of an alcohol to the carboxylic acid (steps 1 and 6), Cu2-7 clusters catalyze carbon-oxygen cross couplings (steps 3 and 8), Pd3-4 clusters catalyze a Sonogashira coupling (step 4) and Pt3-5 clusters catalyze a Markovnikov hydrosylilation of alkynes (step 5), as key reactions during the synthetic route. In addition, the new synthesis of Licarin B showcases an unexpected selective alkene hydrogenation with metal-free NaBH4 and an acid-catalyzed intermolecular carbonyl-olefin metathesis as the last step, to forge a trans-alkene group. These results, together, open new avenues in the use of metal individual atoms and clusters in organic synthesis, and confirm their exceptional catalytic activity in late stages during complex synthetic programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rodríguez-Nuévalos
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universidad Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Espinosa
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universidad Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Leyva-Pérez
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universidad Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
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Steinborn C, Huber T, Lichtenegger J, Plangger I, Höfler D, Schnell SD, Weisheit L, Mayer P, Wurst K, Magauer T. Synthesis of Waixenicin A: Exploring Strategies for Nine-Membered Ring Formation. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303489. [PMID: 37942708 PMCID: PMC7615592 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive account on our efforts behind the recently published synthesis of waixenicin A. Our approach for constructing the dihydropyran ring relied on an Achmatowicz rearrangement. For the assembly of the nine-membered ring, four distinct strategies were investigated. Our initial attempts using radical-based addition/fragmentation reactions targeting the C7-C11 bond proved unsuitable for accessing the 6/9-bicycle. By employing anionic fragmentation conditions at the furfuryl alcohol stage, we successfully reached a 5/9-bicycle. However, subsequent ring-expansion was unsuccessful. Alternative approaches, such as Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi or Heck reactions to connect the C6-C7 bond, also encountered difficulties, with no nine-membered ring formation observed. Our first breakthrough came from our attempts to install the C5-C6 bond via an intramolecular alkylation. Surprisingly, subsequent functional group modifications proved unexpectedly challenging, necessitating a redesign of our synthetic route. Drawing from all our investigations, we concluded that construction of the C9-C10 bond would enable efficient nine-membered ring alkylation and would facilitate the installation of the desired substitution pattern along the southern periphery. Exploration of this strategy yielded further surprises but ultimately led to the successful synthesis of waixenicin A and 9-deacetoxy-14,15-deepoxyxeniculin. For the latter compound, a bioinspired one-step rearrangement to xeniafauranol A was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Steinborn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tatjana Huber
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Julian Lichtenegger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Immanuel Plangger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Denis Höfler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Simon D Schnell
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Lara Weisheit
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Institute of General, Inorganic & Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Magauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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α-Functionally Substituted α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes as Fine Chemicals Reagents: Synthesis and Application. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144297. [PMID: 34299572 PMCID: PMC8306155 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Functionalized α,β-unsaturated aldehydes is an important class of compounds, which are widely used in fine organic synthesis, biology, medicine and pharmacology, chemical industry, and agriculture. Some of the 2-substituted 2-alkenals are found to be the key metabolites in plant and animal cells. Therefore, the development of efficient methods for their synthesis attracts the attention of organic chemists. This review focusses on the recent advances in the synthesis of 2-functionally substituted 2-alkenals. The approaches to the preparation of α-alkyl α,β-unsaturated aldehydes are not included in this review.
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Song X, Xu L, Ni Q. Highly diastereoselective synthesis of 3-methylenetetrahydropyrans by palladium-catalyzed oxa-[4 + 2] cycloaddition of 2-alkenylbenzothiazoles. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:6617-6621. [PMID: 32820794 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01434f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A highly diastereoselective synthesis of 3-methylenetetrahydropyrans via palladium-catalyzed oxa-[4 + 2] cycloaddition of 2-alkenylbenzothiazoles with allyl carbonates bearing a nucleophilic alcohol side chain is presented. This synthetic methodology tolerates a wide variety of 2-alkenylbenzothiazoles and afforded the desired 3-methylenetetrahydropyrans in good yields and excellent dr. In addition, further derivatizations resulted in new scaffolds, making them useful synthetic precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Song
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P. R. China.
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Heravi MM, Mohammadkhani L. Recent applications of Stille reaction in total synthesis of natural products: An update. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Dörrich S, Mahler C, Tacke R, Kraft P. Synthesis and Olfactory Characterization of Silicon-Containing Derivatives of the Acyclic Lily-of-the-Valley Odorant 5,7,7-Trimethyl-4-methylideneoctanal. Chem Biodivers 2014; 11:1675-87. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201300378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zurwerra D, Glaus F, Betschart L, Schuster J, Gertsch J, Ganci W, Altmann KH. Total Synthesis of (−)-Zampanolide and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies on (−)-Dactylolide Derivatives. Chemistry 2012; 18:16868-83. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Sakakura A, Yamada H, Ishihara K. Enantioselective Diels-Alder reaction of α-(acylthio)acroleins: a new entry to sulfur-containing chiral quaternary carbons. Org Lett 2012; 14:2972-5. [PMID: 22632595 DOI: 10.1021/ol300921f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A catalytic and enantioselective Diels-Alder reaction of α-(carbamoylthio)acroleins induced by an organoammonium salt of chiral triamine is described. α-(Carbamoylthio)acroleins are designed and synthesized as new sulfur-containing dienophiles for the first time. The Diels-Alder reaction affords chiral tertiary thiol precursors with up to 91% ee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sakakura
- EcoTopia Science Institute, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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Liu F, Pullarkat SA, Tan KW, Li Y, Leung PH. Enantioselective Diels−Alder Reaction of 3-Diphenylphosphinofuran with 1-Phenyl-3,4-dimethylphosphole and Subsequent Synthetic Manipulations of the Cycloadduct. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om900586q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fengli Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore
| | - Sumod A. Pullarkat
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore
| | - Kien-Wee Tan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore
| | - Yongxin Li
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore
| | - Pak-Hing Leung
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore
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Hamze A, Veau D, Provot O, Brion JD, Alami M. Palladium-Catalyzed Markovnikov Terminal Arylalkynes Hydrostannation: Application to the Synthesis of 1,1-Diarylethylenes. J Org Chem 2008; 74:1337-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jo802460z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Hamze
- Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Universite Paris-Sud, CNRS, BioCIS, UMR 8076, rue J. B. Clément, Châtenay-Malabry, F-92296, France
| | - Damien Veau
- Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Universite Paris-Sud, CNRS, BioCIS, UMR 8076, rue J. B. Clément, Châtenay-Malabry, F-92296, France
| | - Olivier Provot
- Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Universite Paris-Sud, CNRS, BioCIS, UMR 8076, rue J. B. Clément, Châtenay-Malabry, F-92296, France
| | - Jean-Daniel Brion
- Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Universite Paris-Sud, CNRS, BioCIS, UMR 8076, rue J. B. Clément, Châtenay-Malabry, F-92296, France
| | - Mouâd Alami
- Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Universite Paris-Sud, CNRS, BioCIS, UMR 8076, rue J. B. Clément, Châtenay-Malabry, F-92296, France
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Li W, Li J, Wan ZK, Wu J, Massefski W. Preparation of alpha-haloacrylate derivatives via dimethyl sulfoxide-mediated selective dehydrohalogenation. Org Lett 2007; 9:4607-10. [PMID: 17910466 DOI: 10.1021/ol7021142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfoxide causes alpha,beta-dihalopropanoate derivatives to undergo efficient, selective dehydrohalogenation to form alpha-haloacrylate analogues. A variety of alpha-halo Michael acceptors were prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide under mild, base-free conditions, including the preparation of alpha-bromoacrolein and alpha-chloro- and bromoacrylonitriles. Synthesis of these molecules has been reported in the literature to be difficult. Among all the existing dehydrohalogenation procedures, this protocol is the most facile, practical, and environmentally benign process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Chemical and Screening Sciences, Wyeth Research, 200 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, USA.
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Mitzel T, Wzorek J, Troutman A, Allegue K. Control of Skeletal Connectivity in Indium Promoted Reactions: 1,2-Additions and Cope Rearrangements En Route to Lactol Formation. J Org Chem 2007; 72:3042-52. [PMID: 17348712 DOI: 10.1021/jo070020k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Indium promoted coupling reactions between propargyl aldehydes (3) and allyl halides under aqueous and organic conditions are reported. Coupling reactions under aqueous conditions occur via 1,2-addition with excellent yields to afford 4-hydroxy-1-ene-5-ynes (8). Coupling reactions under organic conditions also add in a 1,2-fashion, but the initial products can be induced to undergo oxy-Cope rearrangements giving 2,5-hexadienals (9). Oxy-Cope rearrangement of 8 followed by a secondary addition step under highly basic conditions leads to lactol formation (10) in good to excellent yields. This paper reveals the versatility and control of product formation which may be attained when working with propargyl aldehyde (3) and allyl halide systems under indium promoted coupling conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mitzel
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity College, 300 Summit Street, Hartford, Connecticut 06106, USA.
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