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Sobenina LN, Sagitova EF, Markova MV, Ushakov IA, Ivanov AV, Trofimov BA. Acylethynylpyrroles as a platform for the one-pot access to 2-(pyrrol-2-yl)-3-acylpyridines via the dihydrogenative annelation with propargylamine. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Douchez A, Geranurimi A, Lubell WD. Applications of γ,δ-Unsaturated Ketones Synthesized by Copper-Catalyzed Cascade Addition of Vinyl Grignard Reagents to Esters. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:2574-2588. [PMID: 30289682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
γ,δ-Unsaturated ketones, so-called homoallylic ketones, have served as versatile building blocks for the synthesis of a variety of heterocycles, carbocycles, natural products, and reactive intermediates. Procured by a variety of processes, including conjugate addition of vinyl organometallic reagents to unsaturated ketones, allylation of silyl enol ethers, and rearrangements, homoallylic ketones are often synthesized by step-intensive methods. The cascade addition of 2 equiv of vinyl Grignard reagent to a carboxylate was reported by the Lubell laboratory in 2003 to give effective access to homoallylic ketones from a variety of aromatic, aliphatic, and α-amino methyl esters. Employing readily accessible vinyl magnesium halides in the presence of a catalytic amount of copper salt, this cascade reaction provides high yields of homoallylic ketones with minimal side product by a process featuring the assembly and collapse of a tetrahedral intermediate with expulsion of alkoxide ion, followed by conjugate addition to the resulting enone. Application of the cascade reaction to the synthesis of various homoallylic ketones has provided versatile building blocks for the synthesis of targets for different applications. For example, by employing (hetero)aryl di- and tricarboxylates as precursors, copper-catalyzed cascade additions have provided donor-acceptor and star-shaped monomers for optical-electronic materials. Amino ester starting materials have given homoallylic ketones for the synthesis of various peptidomimetics, including heteroarylalanines, hydroxyethylene isoesters, and diazepinone turn mimics. Moreover, anthranilate has served as building block to prepare various pyrrole, quinoline, benzodiazepine, and benzotriazepine heterocyles. In addition, cascade additions on hydroxyprolinates have given access to bipyrrole precursors of the prodigiosin family of natural products. In the interest to highlight the utility of the copper-catalyzed cascade addition of vinyl Grignard reagents to carboxylates, this Account provides details on the broad scope of substrates that deliver homoallylic ketone products as well as an overview of the wide range of applications in which this method may impact including materials and peptide science, heterocycle and natural product synthesis, and medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Douchez
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P.6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Azade Geranurimi
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P.6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - William D. Lubell
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P.6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal H3C 3J7, Canada
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Abstract
A large number of porphyrinoids containing 2,2'-bipyrrole subunits have appeared since they were originally found as a component of sapphyrin and corrole, and it was found that the bipyrrole subunit endowed macrocycles with specific geometric features and electronic properties. Synthetic methods for bipyrrole-containing precursors for porphyrinoid are summarized in this review; these include coupling reactions of pyrrole rings, pyrrole ring-forming reactions leading directly to bipyrrole units, and synthetic reactions for oligopyrrolic compounds. Some hybrid oligopyrroles having nonpyrrole (hetero)aromatic ring(s) are also included. This review also describes porphyrinoids composed of bipyrrole subunits. Interesting electronic properties derived from strong cyclo-π-conjugation are highlighted in the bipyrrole-based porphyrinoids with or without meso-like carbons. Anion-binding chemistry is one of the main topics for bipyrrole-based macrocycles with less efficient or deficient cyclo-π-conjugation, such as those linked with electronically localized aromatic ring(s), with sp3 carbon(s), and with amido or imine connection(s). The principal concern in this review is porphyrinoids of relatively large ring size, composed of more than five units of pyrroles and (hetero)aromatic substitutes in total, and so bipyrrole-based porphyrinoids up to five pyrrolic units, such as corroles, porphycenes, sapphyrins, and smaragdyrin, will not be covered here except for some special cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichiro Setsune
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University , Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Crifar C, Dörr AA, Lubell WD. Copper-catalyzed cascade addition route to 2,3,4-trisubstituted quinoline derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Conjugated C3 symmetric aryl tripyrroles and aryl bipyrroles: synthesis, optical and electronic properties. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Nishinaga T, Kageyama T, Koizumi M, Ando K, Takase M, Iyoda M. Effect of Substituents on the Structure, Stability, and π-Dimerization of Dithienylpyrrole Radical Cations. J Org Chem 2013; 78:9205-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401453s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Nishinaga
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Takuya Kageyama
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Masahide Koizumi
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kyoko Ando
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Takase
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Masahiko Iyoda
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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Kim SH, Lim JW, Lim CH, Kim JN. Facile Regiocontrolled Three-Step Synthesis of Poly-Substituted Furans, Pyrroles, and Thiophenes: Consecutive Michael Addition of Methyl Cyanoacetate to α,β-Enone, CuI-Mediated Aerobic Oxidation, and Acid-Catalyzed Paal-Knorr Synthesis. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.2.620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dufresne S, Skene WG. Optoelectronic property tailoring of conjugated heterocyclic azomethines - the effect of pyrrole, thiophene and furans. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Dufresne
- Laboratoire de Caractérisation Photophysique des Matériaux Conjugués, Département de Chimie; Université de Montréal; CP 6128, Centre-ville; Montreal; QC, Canada
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Tabatchnik-Rebillon A, Aubé C, Bakkali H, Delaunay T, Manh GT, Blot V, Thobie-Gautier C, Renault E, Soulard M, Planchat A, Le Questel JY, Le Guével R, Guguen-Guillouzo C, Kauffmann B, Ferrand Y, Huc I, Urgin K, Condon S, Léonel E, Evain M, Lebreton J, Jacquemin D, Pipelier M, Dubreuil D. Electrochemical synthesis and characterisation of alternating tripyridyl-dipyrrole molecular strands with multiple nitrogen-based donor-acceptor binding sites. Chemistry 2010; 16:11876-89. [PMID: 20839373 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of alternating pyridine-pyrrole molecular strands composed of two electron-rich pyrrole units (donors) sandwiched between three pyridinic cores (acceptors) is described. The envisioned strategy was a smooth electrosynthesis process involving ring contraction of corresponding tripyridyl-dipyridazine precursors. 2,6-Bis[6-(pyridazin-3-yl)]pyridine ligands 2a-c bearing pyridine residues at the terminal positions were prepared in suitable quantities by a Negishi metal cross-coupling procedure. The yields of heterocyclic coupling between 2-pyridyl zinc bromide reagents 12a-c and 2,6-bis(6-trifluoromethanesulfonylpyridazin-3-yl)pyridine increased from 68 to 95% following introduction of electron-donating methyl groups on the metallated halogenopyridine units. Favorable conditions for preparative electrochemical reduction of tripyridyl-dipyridazines 2b,c were established in THF/acetate buffer (pH 4.6)/acetonitrile to give the targeted 2,6-bis[5-(pyridin-2-yl)pyrrol-2-yl]pyridines 1b and 1c in good yields. The absorption behavior of the donor-acceptor tripyridyl-dipyrrole ligands was evaluated and compared to theoretical calculations. Highly fluorescent properties of these chromophores were found (ν(em)≈2 × 10(4) cm(-1) in MeOH and CH(2)Cl(2)), and both pyrrolic ligands exhibit a remarkable quantum yield in CH(2)Cl(2) (φ(f)=0.10). Structural studies in the solid state established the preferred cis conformation of the dipyrrolic ligands, which adopting a planar arrangement with an embedded molecule of water having a complexation energy exceeding 10 kcal mol(-1). The ability of the tripyridyl-dipyrrole to complex two copper(II) ions in a pentacoordinate square was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Tabatchnik-Rebillon
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR 6230, Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, 2, rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
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Petrushenko KB, Petrushenko IK, Smirnov VI, Zorina NV, Shmidt EY. The nature of transitions in electronic absorption spectra of radical cations of dipyrroles with phenylene bridging groups. Russ Chem Bull 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-010-0161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bolduc A, Dufresne S, Hanan GS, Skene WG. Synthesis, photophysics, and electrochemistry of thiophene–pyridine and thiophene–pyrimidine dyad comonomers. CAN J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1139/v09-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of new π-conjugated donor (D) and acceptor (A) dyad comonomers were prepared using Suzuki coupling protocols. The D–A comonomers consisting of thiophene/bithiophene as donors and pyridine/pyrimidine as acceptors were prepared to investigate their photophysical and electrochemical properties. The dyads were spectroscopically confirmed to be highly conjugated. This was further supported by the X-ray crystal structure of the bithophene–pyridine dyad that showed all the heterocycles to be coplanar. It was further found that the fluorescence yields (Φfl) of the dyads were highly dependent on the number of thiophenes. The bithiophene derivatives exhibited Φfl values ≥ 0.3 while the thiophene derivatives did not fluoresce. The suppressed fluorescence observed for the thiophene derivatives was due to their higher triplet energy resulting in efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) to the triplet state with ΦISC ≥ 0.8. This was confirmed both by time-resolved and steady-state measurements. The singlet excited state of both thiophene and bithiophene dyads was deactivated solely by either fluorescence and (or) ISC. Owing to their donor and acceptor character, the dyads could be oxidized and reduced both electrochemically and photochemically to afford the radical cation and anion, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréanne Bolduc
- Centre for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Stéphane Dufresne
- Centre for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Garry S. Hanan
- Centre for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - W. G. Skene
- Centre for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures, Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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Schiffner JA, Wöste TH, Oestreich M. Enantioselective Fujiwara-Moritani Indole and Pyrrole Annulations Catalyzed by Chiral Palladium(II)-NicOx Complexes. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200901129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Tshibaka T, Ulliel Roche I, Dufresne S, Lubell WD, Skene WG. Unsymmetric Electronic Push−Pull Bipyrroles − Synthesis, Spectroelectrochemical, and Photophysical Investigation. J Org Chem 2009; 74:9497-500. [DOI: 10.1021/jo901965t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan Ulliel Roche
- Centre for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures Département de Chimie, Pavillon J. A. Bombardier
| | - Stéphane Dufresne
- Centre for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures Département de Chimie, Pavillon J. A. Bombardier
| | | | - W. G. Skene
- Centre for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures Département de Chimie, Pavillon J. A. Bombardier
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Dufresne S, Skene WG. Unsymmetric Pyrrole, Thiophene, and Furan-Conjugated Comonomers Prepared Using Azomethine Connections: Potential New Monomers for Alternating Homocoupled Products. J Org Chem 2008; 73:3859-66. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8002503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Dufresne
- Département de Chimie, Pavillon J. A. Bombardier, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - W. G. Skene
- Département de Chimie, Pavillon J. A. Bombardier, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
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Bourgeaux M, Skene WG. Photophysics and Electrochemistry of Conjugated Oligothiophenes Prepared by Using Azomethine Connections. J Org Chem 2007; 72:8882-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jo701515j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Bourgeaux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, Pavillon J.A. Bombardier, C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - W. G. Skene
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, Pavillon J.A. Bombardier, C.P. 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
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Dufresne S, Hanan GS, Skene WG. Preparation, Photophysics, and Electrochemistry of Segmented Comonomers Consisting of Thiophene and Pyrimidine Units: New Monomers for Hybrid Copolymers. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:11407-18. [PMID: 17845027 DOI: 10.1021/jp075259j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient coupling route to novel pi-conjugated comonomers consisting of pyrimidine, thiophene, and bithiophene units was developed. The novel pi-donor-acceptor-donor and pi-donor-acceptor-acceptor-donor conjugated compounds were prepared by Suzuki heterocoupling and Ni(0)-mediated Ullman homocoupling reactions. Photophysical investigation of these alternating pi-donor and acceptor compounds indicated that the deactivation of their singlet excited state proceeds predominately by fluorescence and results in high fluorescence quantum yields. Intersystem crossing to the triplet state was also present in ca. 10%. Quantification of the triplet manifold by laser flash photolysis further revealed that bithiophene produced its triplet state in only 31%. Cyclic voltammetry studies showed that the comonomers undergo both oxidation and reduction leading to their radical cations and radical anions, respectively. The radical cations are highly reactive and undergo anodic polymerization resulting in mutual p- and n-type dopable polymers. The extended conjugation resulting from polymer formation was confirmed by both absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy and by GPC. Ruthenium binding with the conjugated homocoupled ligand was also found resulting in a hybrid alternating copolymer with significantly different spectroscopic and electrochemical properties relative to its metal-free counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Dufresne
- Département de Chimie, Pavillon J. A. Bombardier, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
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Guarìn SAP, Bourgeaux M, Dufresne S, Skene WG. Photophysical, Crystallographic, and Electrochemical Characterization of Symmetric and Unsymmetric Self-Assembled Conjugated Thiopheno Azomethines. J Org Chem 2007; 72:2631-43. [PMID: 17343421 DOI: 10.1021/jo070100o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel conjugated azomethines consisting uniquely of thiophene units are presented. The highly conjugated compounds were synthesized by simple condensation of a stable diamino thiophene (2) with its complementary thiophene aldehydes. These interesting nitrogen-containing thiophene units exhibit variable reactivity leading to controlled aldehyde addition. Because of the different amino reactivity, a one-pot synthesis of unsymmetric and symmetric conjugated azomethines with varying number of thiophene units was possible by judicious choice of solvent and careful control of reagent stoichiometry. The resulting covalent conjugated connections are both reductively and hydrolytically resistant. The thermodynamically E isomer is formed uniquely for all of the azomethines synthesized, which is confirmed by crystallographic studies. These also demonstrated that the azomethine bonds and the thiophene units are highly planar and linear. The fluorescence and phosphorescence of the thiopheno azomethines measured are similar to those of thiophene analogues currently used in functional devices, but with the advantage of low triplet formation and band-gaps as low as 1.9 eV. The time-resolved and steady-state temperature-dependent photophysics revealed the thiopheno azomethines do not populate extensively their triplet manifold by intersystem crossing. Rather, their excited-state energy is dissipated predominantly by nonradiative means of internal conversion. Quasi-reversible electrochemical radical cation formation of the thiophene units was found. These compounds further undergo electrochemically induced oxidative cross-coupling, resulting in conjugated products that also exhibit reversible radical cation formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Andrés Pérez Guarìn
- Department of Chemistry, Pavillon JA Bombardier, University of Montreal, CP 6128, succ. Centreville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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Dufresne S, Bourgeaux M, Skene WG. Tunable spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of conjugated push–push, push–pull and pull–pull thiopheno azomethines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b616379c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Setsune JI, Toda M, Watanabe K, Panda PK, Yoshida T. Synthesis of bis(pyrrol-2-yl)arenes by Pd-catalyzed cross coupling. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.08.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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C. Gibson V, J. Jones D. Facile Synthesis of 2-Arylpyrroles from 4-Oxo-butanoic Acids and Their Use in the Preparation of Bis(pyrrolyl)methanes. HETEROCYCLES 2006. [DOI: 10.3987/com-06-10690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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