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Jain S, Kumawat J, Jain P, Shruti, Malik P, Dwivedi J, Kishore D. Metal-catalyzed synthesis of triazine derivatives. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-022-02948-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Siva Kumari AL, Kumara Swamy KC. Gold-Catalyzed Concomitant [3 + 3] Cycloaddition/Cascade Heterocyclization of Enynones/Enynals with Azides Leading to Furanotriazines. J Org Chem 2016; 81:1425-33. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Leela Siva Kumari
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India
| | - K. C. Kumara Swamy
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, Telangana, India
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Burke LA, Butler RN. Computational Investigation of Rearrangements in Huisgen Cycloadducts of Azolium N-Dicyanomethanide 1,3-Dipoles with Alkynes: A Mechanistic Panoply. J Org Chem 2009; 74:5199-210. [DOI: 10.1021/jo900063n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke A. Burke
- Chemistry Department, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey 08102
| | - Richard N. Butler
- Chemistry Department, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Candeias NR, Branco LC, Gois PMP, Afonso CAM, Trindade AF. More Sustainable Approaches for the Synthesis of N-Based Heterocycles. Chem Rev 2009; 109:2703-802. [DOI: 10.1021/cr800462w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuno R. Candeias
- Centro de Química-Física Molecular (CQFM) and Institute of Nanosciences and Nanotechnology (IN), Departamento de Engenharia Química e Biológica, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal, and iMed.UL, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís C. Branco
- Centro de Química-Física Molecular (CQFM) and Institute of Nanosciences and Nanotechnology (IN), Departamento de Engenharia Química e Biológica, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal, and iMed.UL, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro M. P. Gois
- Centro de Química-Física Molecular (CQFM) and Institute of Nanosciences and Nanotechnology (IN), Departamento de Engenharia Química e Biológica, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal, and iMed.UL, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos A. M. Afonso
- Centro de Química-Física Molecular (CQFM) and Institute of Nanosciences and Nanotechnology (IN), Departamento de Engenharia Química e Biológica, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal, and iMed.UL, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexandre F. Trindade
- Centro de Química-Física Molecular (CQFM) and Institute of Nanosciences and Nanotechnology (IN), Departamento de Engenharia Química e Biológica, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal, and iMed.UL, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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Abstract
Rapid progress in the synthetic application of benzotriazole derivatives in the last 20 years has resulted in over 1000 scientific papers on the subject. This fact is reflected in Section 5.01.7, which involves almost a half of the volume of this chapter. The section is arranged according to hybridization of the C-α atom and atomic numbers of the atoms in positions β and γ to allow an easy access to the material of interest. Recent discovery of copper catalysis in [3+2] cycloadditions of azides to acetylenes, the so-called ‘click chemistry’, which boosted application of the 1,2,3-triazole derivatives, especially in medicinal chemistry, is presented in Section 5.01.9. From the point of view of practical applications, Section 5.01.11 is organized according to the number, position, and combination of the substituents at the aromatic rings. Another novel feature that has no precedence in the previous editions of Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry is an addition of triazole and benzotriazole complexes with various transitions metals to Section 5.01.4.
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Suresh CH, Ramaiah D, George MV. Rearrangement of 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadducts Derived from Bis(phenylazo)stilbene: A DFT Level Mechanistic Investigation. J Org Chem 2006; 72:367-75. [PMID: 17221951 DOI: 10.1021/jo061707s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of bis(phenylazo)stilbene with activated ethene and ethyne derivatives and the subsequent rearrangement of the cycloadducts have been studied using model compounds at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of density functional theory (DFT). From the structural and electronic features, a five-membered zwitterionic ring system 9 (1,2,3-triazolium-1-imide system) formed from bis(phenylazo)ethylene is confirmed as the active 1,3-dipole species in the reaction. Formation of the 1,3-dipolar cycloadduct from the alkyne derivative is found to be 26.0 kcal/mol exergonic, and it requires an activation free energy of 19.4 kcal/mol. The 1,3-cycloadduct formed in the reaction undergoes a very facile migration of a nitrogen-bearing fragment, passing through a zwitterionic transition state. A small activation free energy of 8.2 kcal/mol is observed for this step of the reaction, and it is 19.6 kcal/mol exergonic. Further activation of the newly formed rearranged product is possible under elevated temperatures, again passing through a zwitterionic transition state and resulting in the formation of 2,5-dihydro-1,2,3-triazine derivatives. Such derivatives have been recently reported by Butler et al. (J. Org. Chem. 2006, 71, 5679). The charge separation in 9 and the zwitterionic transition states are stabilized through the pi-system of the phenyl rings and the carbonyl groups. Similar structural, electronic, and mechanistic features are obtained for the reaction of 9 with the ethylenic dipolarophile acrylonitrile. Molecular electrostatic potential analyses of the 1,3-dipole and the zwitterionic transitions states are found to be very useful for characterizing their electron delocalization features. The solvation effects can enhance the feasibility of these reactions as they stabilize the zwitterionic transition states to a great extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherumuttathu H Suresh
- Computational Modeling and Simulation Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Trivandrum 695 019, India.
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