1
|
Magis D, Cabrera-Trujillo JJ, Vignolle J, Sotiropoulos JM, Taton D, Miqueu K, Landais Y. Expedient Synthesis of Thermally Stable Acyclic Amino(haloaryl)carbenes: Experimental and Theoretical Evidence of "Push-Pull" Stabilized Carbenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38857384 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
A library of novel structurally related singlet carbenes, namely, acyclic amino(haloaryl)carbenes, was designed by a high-yielding two-step procedure, and their chemical stability explored both experimentally and theoretically. Thanks to a careful selection of both the amino and the aryl substitution pattern, these carbenes exhibit a wide range of stability and reactivity, spanning from rapid self-dimerization for carbenes featuring ortho-F substituents to very high chemical stability as bare carbenes, up to 60 °C for several hours for compounds carrying ortho-Br substituents. Their structure was determined through NMR and X-ray diffraction studies, and their reactivity evaluated in benchmark reactions, highlighting the ambiphilic character of this novel class of singlet carbenes. In contrast with previously reported aryl substituents incorporating o-CF3 and t-Bu groups, which were considered "spectator", the high chemical stability of some of these carbenes relates to the stabilization of the σ-orbital of the carbene center by the π-accepting haloaryl substituent through delocalization. Kinetic protection of the carbene center is also provided by the ortho-halogen atoms, as demonstrated computationally. This push-pull stabilization effect makes acyclic amino(haloaryl) carbenes among the most ambiphilic stable carbenes reported to date, holding promise for a variety of applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Magis
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM, UMR 5255), Université de Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Jorge Juan Cabrera-Trujillo
- E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM, UMR 5254), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 09, France
| | - Joan Vignolle
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP-ENSMAC, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO, UMR 5629), Université de Bordeaux, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Marc Sotiropoulos
- E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM, UMR 5254), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 09, France
| | - Daniel Taton
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP-ENSMAC, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO, UMR 5629), Université de Bordeaux, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Karinne Miqueu
- E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM, UMR 5254), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 09, France
| | - Yannick Landais
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM, UMR 5255), Université de Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33400 Talence, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Löwe P, Wünsche MA, Purtscher FRS, Gamper J, Hofer TS, Wilm LFB, Röthel MB, Dielmann F. Terminal methylene phosphonium ions: precursors for transient monosubstituted phosphinocarbenes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7928-7935. [PMID: 37502319 PMCID: PMC10370551 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02899b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolable singlet carbenes are among the most important tools in chemistry, but generally require the interaction of two substituents with the electron deficient carbon atom. We herein report a synthetic approach to monosubstituted phosphinocarbenes via deprotonation of hitherto unknown diprotic terminal methylene phosphonium ions. Two methylene phosphonium salts bearing bulky N-heterocyclic imine substituents at the phosphorus atom were isolated and fully characterized. Deprotonation studies indicate the formation of transient monosubstituted carbenes that undergo intermolecular cycloadditions or intramolecular Buchner ring expansion to afford a cycloheptatriene derivative. The reaction mechanism of the latter transformation was elucidated using DFT calculations, which reveal the ambiphilic nature of the phosphinocarbene enabling the insertion into the aromatic C-C bond. Additional computational studies on the role of substituent effects are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Löwe
- Instutut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 28/30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Marius A Wünsche
- Instutut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 28/30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Felix R S Purtscher
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Innrain 80-82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Jakob Gamper
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Innrain 80-82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Thomas S Hofer
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Innrain 80-82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Lukas F B Wilm
- Instutut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 28/30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Maike B Röthel
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Innrain 80-82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Fabian Dielmann
- Instutut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 28/30 48149 Münster Germany
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Innrain 80-82 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Blyth MT, Coote ML. Manipulation of N-heterocyclic carbene reactivity with practical oriented electric fields. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:375-383. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04507a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Electric fields can be used to tune the nucleophilicity and electrophilicity of N-heterocyclic carbenes and enhance their catalytic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell T. Blyth
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Coote
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Phosphorus stabilization of the carbene function in P-analogues of non-cyclic carbenes, N-heterocyclic carbenes and cyclic(alkyl)-(amino)carbenes − an assessment on basis of geometry, 13C, 31P chemical shifts and the anisotropy effects of the carbene electron deficient centres. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
5
|
Abedini N, Kassaee MZ. The effects of halogen substituents on structure, stability, and electronic properties of bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanylene at density functional theory. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
6
|
Kleinpeter E, Koch A. Quantification of σ-Acceptor and π-Donor Stabilization in O, S and Hal Analogues of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs) on the Magnetic Criterion. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:7235-7245. [PMID: 34387991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c05257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The spatial magnetic properties, through-space NMR shieldings (TSNMRSs), of stable O, S and Hal analogues of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have been calculated using the GIAO perturbation method employing the nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) concept and the results visualized as iso-chemical-shielding surfaces (ICSSs) of various sizes and directions. The TSNMRS values (actually the anisotropy effects measurable in 1H NMR spectroscopy) are employed to qualify and quantify the position of the present mesomeric equilibria (carbenes ↔ ylides). The results are confirmed by geometry (bond angles and bond lengths), IR spectra, UV spectra, and 13C chemical shifts of the electron-deficient carbon centers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erich Kleinpeter
- Department of Chemistry of the University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Potsdam(Golm) D-14476, Germany
| | - Andreas Koch
- Department of Chemistry of the University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Potsdam(Golm) D-14476, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rahmi K, Kassaee MZ, Khorshidvand N. Comparison of bis(alkylthio)carbenes by density functional and Second‐order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Rahmi
- Faculty of Basic Sciences Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| | | | - Neda Khorshidvand
- Faculty of Basic Sciences Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
- Department of Chemistry Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Abedini N, Kassaee MZ. A theoretical investigation into novel germylenes: effects of nitrogen substitution on stability and multiplicity. J Mol Model 2020; 26:325. [PMID: 33128610 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-04570-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of substituting nitrogen atoms on the stability of novel singlet (s) and triplet (t) forms of germylenes (1-20) are compared and contrasted, at B3LYP/AUG-cc-pVTZ level of theory. Every one of the 40 new divalents scrutinized appears as a minimum on its energy surface, for showing no negative force constant. Also, every singlet (1s-20s) appears more stable than its corresponding triplet (1t-20t). The highest stability (ΔEs-t) is achieved by germylene (11) where all the three nitrogens are bonded to the central boron atom. The EHOMO slightly decreases when the number of electronegative, σ-acceptor nitrogen atoms increases, and also causes it to be less electron-rich. Germylene 16s with low stability (ΔEs-t = 17.19 kcal/mol), bond gap (ΔEHOMO-LUMO = 57.46 kcal/mol-1), and atomic charge on -G̈e- (+ 0.9012), has high electrophilicity (ω = 3.78 eV) and nucleophilicity (N = 3.87 eV). Germylenes 8s, 14s, and 19s with coordinate covalent bond between nitrogen (N(Y)) and germylene center have low ω and high ΔEHOMO-LUMO. The purpose of the present work was, therefore, to assess the influence of nitrogen substituents on the stability (ΔΕs-t), band gaps (ΔΕHOMO-LUMO), N, ω, and heat of hydrogenation (ΔEH). This investigation is aimed to introduce novel germylenes that can be applied as cumulated multi-dentate NHG̈e ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Abedini
- Chemistry Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14115-175, Iran
| | - Mohammad Z Kassaee
- Chemistry Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14115-175, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Melancon KM, Cundari TR. Computational investigations of NHC-backbone configurations for applications in organocatalytic umpolung reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:7437-7447. [PMID: 32940280 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01267j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) and multiconfigurational self-consistent field theory (MCSCF) methods are employed to investigate variation of the electronic properties of various N-heterocyclic carbenes. Alterations to the backbone by increased or decreased conjugation, heteroatom substitution in the NHC ring, and electron-donating or -withdrawing backbone substituents are modeled. The MCSCF calculations show extensive delocalization of both the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals for NHCs with polymerizable backbone substituents. The free energies of the intermediates and transition structures for benzoin condensation are also shown to be sensitive to substitution of the NHC backbone. Taken together, these results imply great sensitivity of the reactivity of poly(NHC) catalysts to backbone modification at this moiety. Implications with respect to enhancement of poly(NHC)s employed in umpolung catalysis are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kortney M Melancon
- University of North Texas, Department of Chemistry, Denton, Texas 76201, USA.
| | - Thomas R Cundari
- University of North Texas, Department of Chemistry, Denton, Texas 76201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abedini N, Kassaee MZ, Cummings PT. Effects of nitrogen atoms on the stability and reactivity of tricyclic boracarbenes by DFT. Theor Chem Acc 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-020-02659-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
12
|
Ashenagar S, Kassaee MZ, Khorshidvand N. Novel tetrazol‐5‐germavinylidenes with triplet monomeric, normal, and abnormal forms studied using DFT method. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
13
|
Koohi M, Bastami H. A quest for stable 2,2,9,9-tetrahaloplumbacyclonona-3,5,7-trienylidenes at density functional theory. Struct Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-019-01457-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
14
|
Novel triplet germylenes in focus: normal vs. abnormal triplet exocyclic tetrazol-5-vinylidene germylenes at DFT. J Mol Model 2019; 25:371. [PMID: 31792606 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4213-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Substituent effects on stability (assumed as the singlet and triplet energy gaps, ΔΕS-T) of novel 1,4-disubstituted-tetrazole-5-vinylidene germylenes (normal, 1R) and their corresponding 1,3-disubstituted-tetrazole-5-vinylidene germylenes (abnormal, 2R) are computed and compared, at B3LYP/6-311++G** and M06/6-311++G**, where R = H, CN, CF3, F, SH, C6H6, OMe, and OH. Interestingly, every triplet vinylidene germylene shows more stability than its corresponding singlet. Also, every triplet abnormal isomer (2R) emerges to be more stable than its corresponding normal (1R). All abnormal 2R isomers show broader band gaps (ΔEHOMO-LUMO) and higher nucleophilicity (N), but less electrophilicity (ω) than their corresponding normal 1R isomers. The NICS (nuclear-independent chemical shift) results indicate that every 1R (except singlet 2Ph) emerges more aromatic than its corresponding 2R. Our Hammet studies indicate that 1R is more sensitive to the electronic effects of substituents, R, than 2R. Electron-donating species increase N in both 1R and 2R, while electron-withdrawing groups increase stability.
Collapse
|
15
|
Koohi M, Bastami H. Substituted Hammick carbenes: The effects of fused rings and hetero atoms through DFT calculations. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Koohi
- Young Researchers and Elites Club, North Tehran BranchIslamic Azad University Tehran Iran
- Department of Chemistry, North Tehran BranchIslamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Hajieh Bastami
- Technical and Vocational University of TehranDr. Shariaty College Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Koohi M, Bastami H. A density functional theory perspective on 2,2,9,9‐tetrahalostannacyclonona‐3,5,7‐trienylidenes. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Koohi
- Young Researchers and Elites ClubNorth Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
- Department of ChemistryNorth Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Hajieh Bastami
- Technical and Vocational University of TehranDr. Shariaty College Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li Z, Li X, Cheng JP. An Acidity Scale of Triazolium-Based NHC Precursors in DMSO. J Org Chem 2017; 82:9675-9681. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic
Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of
Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic
Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of
Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic
Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of
Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Buzsáki D, Kelemen Z, Nyulászi L. Organocatalytic activity of [3]ferrocenophanes: a computational study. Struct Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-016-0787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
19
|
Ghambarian M, Azizi Z, Ghashghaee M. Saturated Five-membered N,B-Heterocyclic Carbene: A Computational Study. CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.150660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ghambarian
- Gas Conversion Department, Faculty of Petrochemicals, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute
| | - Zahra Azizi
- Department of Chemistry, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Böhnke J, Braunschweig H, Dellermann T, Ewing WC, Hammond K, Jimenez-Halla JOC, Kramer T, Mies J. Die Synthese von B2(SIDip)2und seine Reaktivität zwischen denen von Diboracumulenen und Diborinen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201506368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
21
|
Böhnke J, Braunschweig H, Dellermann T, Ewing WC, Hammond K, Jimenez-Halla JOC, Kramer T, Mies J. The Synthesis of B2(SIDip)2and its Reactivity Between the Diboracumulenic and Diborynic Extremes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:13801-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201506368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
22
|
Hudzik JM, Castillo Á, Bozzelli JW. Bond Energies and Thermochemical Properties of Ring-Opened Diradicals and Carbenes of exo-Tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]decane. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:9857-78. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b05564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Hudzik
- Chemistry, Chemical Engineering
and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Álvaro Castillo
- Chemistry, Chemical Engineering
and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Joseph W. Bozzelli
- Chemistry, Chemical Engineering
and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Koohi M, Kassaee MZ, Haerizade BN, Ghavami M, Ashenagar S. Substituent effects on cyclonona-3,5,7-trienylidenes: a quest for stable carbenes at density functional theory level. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Koohi
- Department of Chemistry; Tarbiat Modares University; 14115-175 Tehran Iran
| | | | | | - Monireh Ghavami
- Industrial and mechanical engineering department; Islamic Azad University Qazvin branch; 34185-1416 Qazvin Iran
| | - Samaneh Ashenagar
- Department of Chemistry; Tarbiat Modares University; 14115-175 Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Schumacher M, Goldfuss B. Quantifying N-heterocyclic carbenes as umpolung catalysts in the benzoin reaction: balance between nucleophilicity and electrophilicity. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj00413f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Different types of N-heterocyclic carbenes, i.e. normal, reduced heteroatom stabilized, remote and abnormal carbenes, are computationally assessed (THF-CPCM-B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d)) in the benzoin reaction to study their characteristics as umpolung catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernd Goldfuss
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cologne
- 50939 Köln
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Kassaee MZ, Koohi M, Mohammadi R, Ghavami M. 2,2,9,9-Tetramethylcyclonona-3,5,7-trienylidenevs. its heterocyclic analogues: A quest for stable carbenes at DFT. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Koohi
- Department of Chemistry; Tarbiat Modares University; P.O. Box 14115-175 Tehran Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadi
- Department of Chemistry; Tarbiat Modares University; P.O. Box 14115-175 Tehran Iran
| | - Monireh Ghavami
- Department of Chemistry; Tarbiat Modares University; P.O. Box 14115-175 Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bernhammer JC, Frison G, Huynh HV. Electronic Structure Trends in N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs) with Varying Number of Nitrogen Atoms and NHCTransition-Metal Bond Properties. Chemistry 2013; 19:12892-905. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
28
|
Kassaee M, Koohi M. Breathing viability into cyclonona-3,5,7-trienylidenes via
α-dimethyl and ά-moieties at DFT. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M.Z. Kassaee
- Department of Chemistry; Tarbiat Modares University; P.O. Box 14115-175 Tehran Iran
| | - M. Koohi
- Department of Chemistry; Tarbiat Modares University; P.O. Box 14115-175 Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sojoudi A, Shakib F, Momeni M, Imani M, Shojaee S. Estimating the stability and reactivity of acyclic and cyclic mono-heteroatom substituted germylenes: A density functional theory investigation. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
30
|
Nelson DJ, Nolan SP. Quantifying and understanding the electronic properties of N-heterocyclic carbenes. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:6723-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60146c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 808] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
31
|
Kelemen Z, Hollóczki O, Oláh J, Nyulászi L. Oxazol-2-ylidenes. A new class of stable carbenes? RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra41177j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
|
32
|
Massey RS, Collett CJ, Lindsay AG, Smith AD, O’Donoghue AC. Proton Transfer Reactions of Triazol-3-ylidenes: Kinetic Acidities and Carbon Acid pKa Values for Twenty Triazolium Salts in Aqueous Solution. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:20421-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ja308420c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard S. Massey
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, University Science Laboratories,
South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Christopher J. Collett
- EaStCHEM, School
of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Anita G. Lindsay
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, University Science Laboratories,
South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Andrew D. Smith
- EaStCHEM, School
of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - AnnMarie C. O’Donoghue
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, University Science Laboratories,
South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kassaee M, Zandi H, Haerizade B, Ghambarian M. Effects of α-mono heteroatoms (N vs. P), and β-conjugation on cyclic silylenes. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
34
|
Gerbig D, Ley D. Computational methods for contemporary carbene chemistry. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
35
|
Hollóczki O, Kelemen Z, Nyulászi L. On the organocatalytic activity of N-heterocyclic carbenes: role of sulfur in thiamine. J Org Chem 2012; 77:6014-22. [PMID: 22731396 DOI: 10.1021/jo300745e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The reaction energy profiles of the benzoin condensation from three aldehydes catalyzed by imidazol-2-ylidene, triazol-3-ylidene, and thiazol-2-ylidene have been investigated computationally. The barriers for all steps of all investigated reactions have been found to be low enough to indicate the viability of the mechanism proposed by Breslow in the 1950s. The most remarkable difference in the catalytic cycles has been the increased stability of the Breslow intermediate in case of thiazol-2-ylidene (by ca. 10 kcal/mol) compared to the other two carbenes, which results in lower energy for the coupling of the second aldehyde molecule, thus, increasing the reversibility of the reaction. Since the analogous transketolase reaction, being involved in the carbohydrate metabolism of many organisms, requires an initial decoupling-a reverse benzoin condensation-this difference provides a reasonable explanation for the presence of a thiazolium ring in thiamine instead of the otherwise generally more available imidazole derivatives. The "resting intermediate" found by Berkessel and co-workers for a triazole-based catalyst was found more stable than the Breslow intermediate for all of the systems investigated. The (gas phase) proton affinities of several carbenes were compared, the relative trends being in agreement with the available (in aqueous solution) data. The hydrolytic ring-opening reaction of the thiazole-based carbene was shown to be different from that of imidazole-2-ylidenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oldamur Hollóczki
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szt. Gellért tér 4., Budapest, H-1111, Hungary.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Momeni M, Shakib F. Beyond conventional N-heterocyclic silylenes: A density functional approach toward structural features and catalytic applications. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2012.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
37
|
Amani J, Musavi SM, Riazikia M. Isomeric pyridylcarbenes and their Si and Ge heavier analogues at DFT: stabilization through π–p or n–p interaction. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
38
|
Ochiai T, Nakamoto M, Inagaki Y, Sekiguchi A. Sulfur-Substituted Tetrahedranes. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:11504-7. [PMID: 21728313 DOI: 10.1021/ja205361a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsumi Ochiai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Masaaki Nakamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Yusuke Inagaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Akira Sekiguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kassaee M, Najafi Z, Shakib F, Momeni M. Stable silylenes with acyclic, cyclic, and unsaturated cyclic structures: Effects of heteroatoms and cyclopropyl α-substituents at DFT. J Organomet Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2010.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
40
|
Martínez Araya JI. The dual descriptor: Working equations applied on electronic open-shell molecular systems. Chem Phys Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
41
|
Lo R, Ganguly B. First principle studies toward the design of a new class of carbene superbases involving intramolecular H⋯π interactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:7395-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc11366f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
42
|
|
43
|
Kassaee M, Momeni M, Shakib F, Najafi Z, Zandi H. Effects of α-cyclopropyl on heterocyclic carbenes stability at DFT. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
44
|
Kassaee MZ, Ghambarian M, Shakib FA, Momeni MR. From acyclic dialkylcarbene to the unsaturated cyclic heteroatom substituted ones: a survey of stability. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|