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Abstract
The natural schweinfurthins are stilbenes with significant antiproliferative activity and an uncertain mechanism of action. To obtain a fluorescent analogue with minimal deviation from the natural structure, a coumarin ring system was annulated to the D-ring, creating a new analogue of schweinfurthin F. This stilbene was prepared through a convergent synthesis, with a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons condensation employed to form the central stilbene olefin. After preparation of a tricyclic phosphonate via a recent and more efficient modification of the classic Arbuzov reaction, condensation was attempted with an appropriately substituted bicyclic aldehyde but the coumarin system did not survive the reaction conditions. When olefin formation preceded generation of the coumarin, the stilbene formation proceeded smoothly and ultimately allowed access to the targeted coumarin-based schweinfurthin analogue. This analogue displayed the desired fluorescence properties along with significant biological activity in the National Cancer Institute's 60-cell line bioassay, and the pattern of this biological activity mirrored that of the natural product schweinfurthin F. This approach gives facile access to new fluorescent analogues of the natural schweinfurthins and should be applicable to other natural stilbenes as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe M Schroeder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
| | - Patrick N Dey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
| | - John A Beutler
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - David F Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
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2
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Jadhav PP, Kahar NM, Dawande SG. Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed Highly Chemo- and Regioselective Oxidative C6 Alkenylation of Indole-7-carboxamides. Org Lett 2021; 23:8673-8677. [PMID: 34723545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We disclosed the first efficient method for highly chemo- and regioselective C6 alkenylation of indole-7-carboxamides using inexpensive Ru(II) catalyst through chelation assisted C-H bond activation. Electronically diverse indole-7-carboxamides and alkenes react efficiently to produce a wide range of C6 alkenyl indole derivatives. Further the C6 alkenyl indole-7-carboxamides modified to their derivatives through simple chemical transformations. The observed regioselectivity and kinetics has been evidenced by deuterium incorporation and intermolecular competitive studies. In addition, for mechanistic insights, the intermediates were analyzed by HRMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj P Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400019, India
| | - Nilesh M Kahar
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400019, India
| | - Sudam G Dawande
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400019, India
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3
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Karan G, Sahu S, Maji MS. A one-pot "back-to-front" approach for the synthesis of benzene ring substituted indoles using allylboronic acids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5274-5277. [PMID: 33908966 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01512e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of only benzene ring functionalized indoles and poly-substituted carbazoles is reported via a one-pot triple cascade benzannulation protocol. Usage of differently substituted and readily accessible allylboronic acids as a 3-carbon annulating partner enables diverse aliphatic and aromatic substitution patterns, which is still a daunting task. This scalable synthetic protocol tolerates broad scope, thus enabling further downstream modifications. As an application, carbazole based natural products glycozoline and glycozolinol were synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Karan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, WB, India.
| | - Samrat Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, WB, India.
| | - Modhu Sudan Maji
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, WB, India.
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Liu N, Jensen AA, Bunch L. β-Indolyloxy Functionalized Aspartate Analogs as Inhibitors of the Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters (EAATs). ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:2212-2220. [PMID: 33214831 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) mediate uptake of the major excitatory neurotransmitter l-glutamate (Glu). The essential functions governed by these transporters in regulating the central Glu level make them interesting therapeutic targets in a wide range of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. l-Aspartate (Asp), another EAAT substrate, has served as a privileged scaffold for the development of EAAT inhibitors. In this study, we designed and synthesized the first β-indolyloxy Asp analogs 15a-d with the aim to probe a hitherto unexplored adjacent pocket to the substrate binding site. The pharmacological properties of 15a-d were characterized at hEAAT1-3 and rEAAT4 in a conventional [3H]-d-Asp uptake assay. Notably, thiophene analog 15b and the para-trifluoromethyl phenyl analog 15d were found to be hEAAT1,2-preferring inhibitors exhibiting IC50 values in the high nanomolar range (0.21-0.71 μM) at these two transporters versus IC50 values in the low micromolar range at EAAT3,4 (1.6-8.9 μM). In summary, the results presented herein open up for further structure-activity relationship studies of this new scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders A Jensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lennart Bunch
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Martinez T, Alahyen I, Lemière G, Mouriès-Mansuy V, Fensterbank L. Straightforward Access to 2-Iodoindolizines via Iodine-Mediated Cyclization of 2-Pyridylallenes. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Martinez
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ismail Alahyen
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gilles Lemière
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Virginie Mouriès-Mansuy
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Louis Fensterbank
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM, 75005 Paris, France
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Kokolus KM, Haley JS, Koubek EJ, Gowda R, Dinavahi SS, Sharma A, Claxton DF, Helm KF, Drabick JJ, Robertson GP, Neighbors JD, Hohl RJ, Schell TD. Schweinfurthin natural products induce regression of murine melanoma and pair with anti-PD-1 therapy to facilitate durable tumor immunity. Oncoimmunology 2018; 8:e1539614. [PMID: 30713799 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1539614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is a significant clinical problem with a 5-year survival rate of only 15-20%. Recent approval of new immunotherapies and targeted inhibitors have provided much needed options for these patients, in some cases promoting dramatic disease regressions. In particular, antibody-based therapies that block the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitory pathway have achieved an increased overall response rate in metastatic melanoma, yet durable response rates are reported only around 15%. To improve the overall and durable response rates for advanced-stage melanoma, combined targeted and immune-based therapies are under investigation. Here, we investigated how the natural products called schweinfurthins, which have selective anti-proliferative activity against many cancer types, impact anti-(α)PD-1-mediated immunotherapy of murine melanomas. Two different compounds efficiently reduced the growth of human and murine melanoma cells in vitro and induced plasma membrane surface localization of the ER-resident protein calreticulin in B16.F10 melanoma cells, an indicator of immunogenic cell death. In addition, both compounds improved αPD-1-mediated immunotherapy of established tumors in immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice either by delaying tumor progression or resulting in complete tumor regression. Improved immunotherapy was accomplished following only a 5-day course of schweinfurthin, which was associated with initial tumor regression even in the absence of αPD-1. Schweinfurthin-induced tumor regression required an intact immune system as tumors were unaffected in NOD scid gamma (NSG) mice. These results indicate that schweinfurthins improve αPD-1 therapy, leading to enhanced and durable anti-tumor immunity and support the translation of this novel approach to further improve response rates for metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Kokolus
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jeremy S Haley
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Emily J Koubek
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Raghavendra Gowda
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Saketh S Dinavahi
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Arati Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - David F Claxton
- Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Klaus F Helm
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Joseph J Drabick
- Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Penn State Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Gavin P Robertson
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA, USA.,Penn State Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Neighbors
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Raymond J Hohl
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Todd D Schell
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA, USA.,Penn State Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, Hershey, PA, USA
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Kock
- TU Braunschweig, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Lindel
- TU Braunschweig, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Stockdale DP, Beutler JA, Wiemer DF. Synthesis of amide isosteres of schweinfurthin-based stilbenes. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:5483-5489. [PMID: 28866376 PMCID: PMC5763908 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The schweinfurthins are plant-derived stilbenes with an intriguing profile of anti-cancer activity. To obtain analogues of the schweinfurthins that might preserve the biological activity but have greater water solubility, a formal replacement of the central olefin with an amide has been explored. Two pairs of amides have been prepared, each containing the same hexahydroxanthene "left half" joined through an amide linkage to two different "right halves." In each series, the amide has been inserted in both possible orientations, placing the carbonyl group on the tricyclic ABC ring system and the amine on the D-ring, or placing the amine on the hexahydroxanthene and the carbonyl group on the D-ring. The four new schweinfurthin analogues have been tested in the NCI 60 cell line screen, and in both cases the more active isomer carried the carbonyl group on the C-ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Stockdale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, United States
| | - John A Beutler
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - David F Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, United States.
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Abstract
Schweinfurthins are intriguing natural products with anti-cancer activities and as yet incompletely understood mechanisms of action. We investigated whether inhibitors of P-glycoprotein (Pgp), in a manner analogous to other natural products, might enhance schweinfurthins' growth inhibitory actions by increasing intracellular schweinfurthin levels. Both the schweinfurthin-sensitive glioblastoma multiforme cell line SF-295 and relatively insensitive lung carcinoma cell line A549 were treated with 2 schweinfurthin analogs: 3-deoxyschweinfurthin B-p-nitro bis-stilbene (3dSB-PNBS) and 5'-methylschweinfurthin G (methyl-G). There was a synergistic enhancement of growth inhibition with the combination of the Pgp inhibitor verapamil and both analogs in SF-295 cells. Methyl-G, verapamil, and the combination did not result in alterations to intracellular calcium concentration. Verapamil increased the intracellular concentration of 3dSB-PNBS in both SF-295 and A549 cells in a Pgp-independent manner. Methyl-G, verapamil, and the combination do not result in increased ER stress. Methyl-G increased the intracellular concentration of a known Pgp substrate, Rhodamine 123 in SF-295 cells. Reduction of cellular cholesterol leads to the accumulation of Pgp substrates, as Pgp requires cholesterol for proper function. Since 3dSB enhances lovastatin-induced upregulation of the cholesterol efflux pump ABCA1, it is intriguing that co-treatment with cholesterol rescued the methyl-G-induced increase in Rhodamine 123 intracellular concentration. These studies support the hypothesis that verapamil potentiates the schweinfurthin growth inhibitory effect by increasing its intracellular concentration.
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Key Words
- 3dSB, 3-deoxyschweinfurthin B
- 3dSB-PNBS, 3-deoxyschweinfurthin B p-nitro bis-stilbene
- BAPTA-AM, 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid
- CI, combination index
- DMP-PNBS, 3,4-dimethoxypheny-p-nitro bis-stilbene
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- GBM, Glioblastoma Multiforme
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- Methyl-G, 5'-methoxyschweinfurthin G
- NCI, National Cancer Institute
- PARP, poly-ADP-ribose polymerase
- Pgp, P-glycoprotein drug efflux pump
- cholesterol metabolism
- drug efflux pump
- glioblastoma multiforme
- oxysterol binding protein
- p-glycoprotein
- schweinfurthin
- verapamil
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Sheehy
- a Department of Pharmacology ; University of Iowa ; Iowa City , IA USA
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Bao X, Zheng W, Hata Sugi N, Agarwala KL, Xu Q, Wang Z, Tendyke K, Lee W, Parent L, Li W, Cheng H, Shen Y, Taylor N, Dezso Z, Du H, Kotake Y, Zhao N, Wang J, Postema M, Woodall-Jappe M, Takase Y, Uenaka T, Kingston DGI, Nomoto K. Small molecule schweinfurthins selectively inhibit cancer cell proliferation and mTOR/AKT signaling by interfering with trans-Golgi-network trafficking. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:589-601. [PMID: 25729885 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1019184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural compound schweinfurthins are of considerable interest for novel therapy development because of their selective anti-proliferative activity against human cancer cells. We previously reported the isolation of highly active schweinfurthins E-H, and in the present study, mechanisms of the potent and selective anti-proliferation were investigated. We found that schweinfurthins preferentially inhibited the proliferation of PTEN deficient cancer cells by indirect inhibition of AKT phosphorylation. Mechanistically, schweinfurthins and their analogs arrested trans-Golgi-network trafficking, an intracellular vesicular trafficking system, resulting in the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and the suppression of both lipid raft-mediated PI3K activation and mTOR/RheB complex formation, which collectively led to an effective inhibition of mTOR/AKT signaling. The trans-Golgi-network traffic arresting effect of schweinfurthins was associated with their in vitro binding activity to oxysterol-binding proteins that are known to regulate intracellular vesicular trafficking. Moreover, schweinfurthins were found to be highly toxic toward PTEN-deficient B cell lymphoma cells, and displayed 2 orders of magnitude lower activity toward normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and primary fibroblasts in vitro. These results revealed a previously unrecognized role of schweinfurthins in regulating trans-Golgi-network trafficking, and linked mechanistically this cellular effect with mTOR/AKT signaling and with cancer cell survival and growth. Our findings suggest the schweinfurthin class of compounds as a novel approach to modulate oncogenic mTOR/AKT signaling for cancer treatment.
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Kodet JG, Beutler JA, Wiemer DF. Synthesis and structure activity relationships of schweinfurthin indoles. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2542-52. [PMID: 24656801 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As part of a program to explore the biological activity of analogues of the natural schweinfurthins, a set of compounds has been prepared where an indole system can be viewed as a substitution for the resorcinol substructure of the schweinfurthin's D-ring. Twelve of these schweinfurthin indoles have been prepared and evaluated in the 60 cell line screen of the National Cancer Institute. While a range of activity has been observed, it is now clear that schweinfurthin indoles can demonstrate the intriguing pattern of activity associated with the natural stilbenes. In the best cases, these indole analogues display both potency and differential activity across the various cell lines comparable to the best resorcinol analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Kodet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, United States
| | - John A Beutler
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - David F Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, United States.
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