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Yamanoi Y. Hydrosilane/Organoiodine Coupling-Enabled Studies of Organosilane Physical Properties. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:3325-3341. [PMID: 37939280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusThis Account summarizes recent developments in metal-mediated coupling reactions between hydrosilanes and aryl iodides in the presence of Pd(P(t-Bu)3)2 and base. Alkylated organosilanes are obtained when Pt(P(t-Bu)3)2 and a base are employed in reactions between hydrosilanes and aliphatic iodides. These transformations show unusual reactivity compared to the typical behavior of hydrosilanes toward organoiodides in the presence of PdCl2 or PtCl2, and they proceed in high yields under mild conditions. In addition, the reaction demonstrates (1) high functional group tolerances, (2) stepwise introduction of substituents onto silicon atoms from secondary silanes, and (3) transformation without cleavage of weak Si-Si σ bonds in the molecules.This transformation can serve as a powerful tool for the synthesis of functional organosilicon compounds. The advantage is the flexibility in the molecular structure due to the large size compared to carbon. These compounds have relatively sparse packing in the crystalline state, unlike π-conjugated molecules, which induce dense π-π interactions. Consequently, they have significantly different physical properties in solution and in the solid state. Among them, aromatic disilanes and oligosilanes are important substance groups, because the conjugated chain within these molecules expands due to σ-π interaction between Si-Si σ bond and π orbital of aromatic ring. σ-π Conjugation is most efficient when the dihedral angle between the aromatic ring and the Si-Si bond is 90°, resulting in the overlap of σ orbital and π orbital. The conformational structure, packing, and physical properties of these compounds can change in tandem in response to external stimuli through a crystal phase transition. The interlocking changes in structure and physical properties are reversible, easily returning to their original state with different external stimulus. This account covers several important aspects, including solid-state emission with high fluorescence intensity, aggregation-induced emission (AIE) in water-THF system, mechanochromic fluorescence, organic light emitting diode (OLED), second harmonic generation (SHG) and thermosalient phenomena.This reaction can synthesize optically active tertiary and quaternary silanes by the enantioselective arylation of secondary silanes with aryl iodides using a palladium catalyst modified with a TADDOL-derived amide phosphoric acid ester as a chiral ligand. These optically active compounds can be used as useful circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) materials due to their strong luminescence intensity (Φ) and luminescence dissymmetry factor (glum) attributed to the chiral silicon atom. The efficient synthesis of sila-pharmaceuticals using this method as a key step is also described.The technique enables the design and synthesis of various silicon-containing bioactive substances and medical chemicals. Through the synthesis of organosilane compounds using this method, it is anticipated that the development of functional organic silanes will accelerate their practical applications in a wide range of fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Yamanoi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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2
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Kubota K, Kondo K, Seo T, Jin M, Ito H. Solid-state mechanochemical cross-coupling of insoluble substrates into insoluble products by removable solubilizing silyl groups: uniform synthesis of nonsubstituted linear oligothiophenes. RSC Adv 2023; 13:28652-28657. [PMID: 37780729 PMCID: PMC10540273 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05571j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional solution-based organic reactions that involve insoluble substrates are challenging and inefficient. Furthermore, even if the reaction is successful, the corresponding products are insoluble in most cases, making their isolation and subsequent transformations difficult. Hence, the conversion of insoluble compounds into insoluble products remains a challenge in practical synthetic chemistry. In this study, we showcase a potential solution to address these solubility issues by combining a mechanochemical cross-coupling approach with removable solubilizing silyl groups. Our strategy involves solid-state Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions between organoboron nucleophiles bearing a silyl group with long alkyl chains and insoluble polyaromatic halides. The silyl group on the nucleophile can act as a solubilizing group that enables product isolation via silica gel column chromatography and can be easily removed by the addition of fluoride anions to form the desired insoluble coupling products with sufficient purity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that after aromatic electrophilic bromination of the desilylated products, sequential solid-state cross-coupling of the obtained insoluble brominated substrates, followed by desilylation, afforded further π-extended functional molecules. Using this conceptually new protocol, we achieved the first uniform synthesis of the longest nonsubstituted linear insoluble 9-mer oligothiophene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kubota
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Keisuke Kondo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Tamae Seo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Mingoo Jin
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
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3
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Miyabe H, Ujita M, Nishio M, Nakae T, Usuki T, Ikeya M, Nishimoto C, Ito S, Hattori M, Takeya S, Hayashi S, Saito D, Kato M, Nishihara H, Yamada T, Yamanoi Y. A Series of D-A-D Structured Disilane-Bridged Triads: Structure and Stimuli-Responsive Luminescence Studies. J Org Chem 2022; 87:8928-8938. [PMID: 35785998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of σ-π extended octamethyltetrasilanes, which have phenothiazine, 9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine, or phenoxazine (1, 2, and 3) groups as donor moieties and thienopyrazine or benzothiadiazole (a and b) groups as acceptor fragments, has been prepared, and their optical properties have been studied as an extension of our work. All six compounds exhibited fluorescence in the solid state with maximum wavelengths centered in the range of 400 and 650 nm upon excitation by a UV lamp. Compound 2b showed apparent dual emission behavior in solution, which depends on solvent polarity, and a reversible photoluminescent change under mechanical and thermal stimuli in the solid state. Quantum chemical calculations suggest the contribution of a quasi-axial conformer of the 9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine moiety in 2b to the dual emission in solution and the mechanofluoroluminescence in the solid state, similarly to 1a. These studies provide new insight into the preparation of disilane-bridged triads capable of responding to multiple stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Miyabe
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mizuha Ujita
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishio
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Toyotaka Nakae
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Usuki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Minako Ikeya
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Chika Nishimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Suguru Ito
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Mineyuki Hattori
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takeya
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Hayashi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Daisuke Saito
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Masako Kato
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1330, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishihara
- Research Center for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Teppei Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yamanoi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Stecko S, Gryko DT. Multifunctional Heteropentalenes: From Synthesis to Optoelectronic Applications. JACS AU 2022; 2:1290-1305. [PMID: 35783172 PMCID: PMC9241017 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the broad family of heteropentalenes, the combination of two five-membered heterocyclic rings fused in the [3,2-b] mode has attracted the most significant attention. The relatively straightforward access to these structures, being a consequence of the advances in the last two decades, combined with their physicochemical properties which match the requirements associated with many applications has led to an explosion of applied research. In this Perspective, we will discuss the recent progress of heteropentalenes' usefulness as an active element of organic light-emitting diodes and organic field-effect transistors. Among the myriad of possible combinations for the different heteroatoms, thieno[3,2-b]thiophenes and 1,4-dihydropyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrroles are subject to the most intense studies. Together they comprise a potent optoelectronics tool resulting from the combination of appreciable photophysical properties, chemical reactivity, and straightforward synthesis.
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5
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Kanno KI, Kyushin S. Transition Metal-Catalyzed Selective Functionalization of Oligosilanes without Si-Si Bond Cleavage. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2022. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.80.574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Synthesis, Structure, and Photophysical Properties of Yellow-Green and Blue Photoluminescent Dinuclear and Octanuclear Copper(I) Iodide Complexes with a Disilanylene-Bridged Bispyridine Ligand. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226852. [PMID: 34833948 PMCID: PMC8617906 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis, structural, and photophysical investigations of CuI complexes with a disilanylene-bridged bispyridine ligand 1 are herein presented. Dinuclear (2) and ladder-like (3) octanuclear copper(I) complexes were straightforwardly prepared by exactly controlling the ratio of CuI/ligand 1. Single-crystal X-ray analysis confirmed that dinuclear complex 2 had no apparent π…π stacking whereas octanuclear complex 3 had π…π stacking in the crystal packing. In the solid state, the complexes display yellow-green (λem = 519 nm, Φ = 0.60, τ = 11 µs, 2) and blue (λem = 478 nm, Φ = 0.04, τ = 2.6 µs, 3) phosphorescence, respectively. The density functional theory calculations validate the differences in their optical properties. The difference in the luminescence efficiency between 2 and 3 is attributed to the presence of π…π stacking and the different luminescence processes.
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Nakae T, Nishio M, Usuki T, Ikeya M, Nishimoto C, Ito S, Nishihara H, Hattori M, Hayashi S, Yamada T, Yamanoi Y. Luminescent Behavior Elucidation of a Disilane‐Bridged D–A–D Triad Composed of Phenothiazine and Thienopyrazine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toyotaka Nakae
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Masaki Nishio
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Tsukasa Usuki
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Minako Ikeya
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science Graduate School of Engineering Science Yokohama National University 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku Yokohama Kanagawa 240-8501 Japan
| | - Chika Nishimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science Graduate School of Engineering Science Yokohama National University 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku Yokohama Kanagawa 240-8501 Japan
| | - Suguru Ito
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science Graduate School of Engineering Science Yokohama National University 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku Yokohama Kanagawa 240-8501 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishihara
- Research Center for Science and Technology Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi Chiba 278-8510 Japan
| | - Mineyuki Hattori
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology AIST Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Shigenobu Hayashi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology AIST Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Teppei Yamada
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yamanoi
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
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8
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Nakae T, Nishio M, Usuki T, Ikeya M, Nishimoto C, Ito S, Nishihara H, Hattori M, Hayashi S, Yamada T, Yamanoi Y. Luminescent Behavior Elucidation of a Disilane-Bridged D-A-D Triad Composed of Phenothiazine and Thienopyrazine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22871-22878. [PMID: 34427025 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A σ-π extended aryldisilane, comprising a thienopyrazine group as an acceptor fragment and phenothiazine groups as the donor moiety, has been prepared through the introduction of two Si-Si bridges (compound 1). X-ray diffraction analysis determined the crystal structure of 1, and experimental and theoretical approaches investigated its optical properties. Solvatochromic studies revealed the dual emission of 1 in all solvents tested. Compound 1 also exhibited fluorescence in the solid state upon excitation with a hand-held UV lamp, as well as mechanochromic luminescent properties. The packing mode in the crystal structure, variation of phenothiazine conformation, morphological changes between crystalline and amorphous phases are the major factors showing reversible fluorescence under external stimuli. A theoretical conformer study found that 1 exists in distinct conformational groups differing in Gibbs free energy by less than 3 kcal mol-1 . The conformer in the crystalline state of 1 can promote the complete separation of the HOMO and LUMO between the phenothiazine donor and the thienopyrazine acceptor, linked by the disilane linker. HOMO-LUMO energy transition in the crystalline state is forbidden due to the lack of frontier orbital overlap. Crystalline state emission showed LUMO → HOMO-1 transition (locally excited (LE) state). In the amorphous state, the partial presence of quasi-axial conformers allows intramolecular charge-transfer type emission via energy transfer from dominant quasi-equatorial conformers. The strategy proposed in this work provides important guidance for developing stimuli-responsive materials with controlled excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyotaka Nakae
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishio
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Usuki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Minako Ikeya
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Chika Nishimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Suguru Ito
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishihara
- Research Center for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Mineyuki Hattori
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Hayashi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Teppei Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yamanoi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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Liu T, Yang L, Feng W, Liu K, Ran Q, Wang W, Liu Q, Peng H, Ding L, Fang Y. Dual-Mode Photonic Sensor Array for Detecting and Discriminating Hydrazine and Aliphatic Amines. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:11084-11093. [PMID: 32031775 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Colorimetric chemosensors have attracted tremendous interest for sensing hazardous substances in an uncomplicated and economical manner. Herein, a series of push-pull dicyanovinyl-substituted oligothiophene derivatives were designed, and the impacts of different end-cappers on their photophysical properties were comprehensively investigated. Interestingly, combined with a zinc porphyrin derivative (Zn-TPP), one dicyanovinyl-substituted oligothiophene derivative (NA-3T-CN) can be further developed into colorimetric and fluorescent sensor array for dual-mode detection of aliphatic amines and hydrazine. The obtained sensors showed satisfactory results between optical response and analyte's concentration both in selective single-sensor type and in enhanced multisensory mode. Based on the fluorescence change of the NA-3T-CN system, the detection limit for N2H4 was calculated to be around 1.22 × 10-5 mol/L in THF. The stained TLC-supported sensor array offers obvious optical changes for down to 0.5 wt % hydrazine solution for naked-eye sensing. An aromatic amine like aniline has no obvious effect on the dicyanovinyl-substituted oligothiophene derivatives. We also found that a zinc porphyrin derivative has an obvious colorimetric response to the presence of hydrazine, ethanolamine, and aniline. Furthermore, smartphone-enabled readout system and data treatment based on RGB changes of the sensor array were performed, and the discrimination capability among hydrazine, aliphatic amines, and aromatic amine was satisfactory. In this regard, related push-pull oligothiophene derivatives not only can be regarded as models for a fundamental understanding of the relationship between molecular structure and photophysical properties but also present potential applications in the field of real-time and visual detection of hazardous chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Lüjie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Wan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Ke Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Qian Ran
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Weina Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Quan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Haonan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Liping Ding
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Yu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
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10
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Usuki T, Uchida H, Omoto K, Yamanoi Y, Yamada A, Iwamura M, Nozaki K, Nishihara H. Enhancement of the Photofunction of Phosphorescent Pt(II) Cyclometalated Complexes Driven by Substituents: Solid-State Luminescence and Circularly Polarized Luminescence. J Org Chem 2019; 84:10749-10756. [PMID: 31366198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ligand functionalization is an attractive strategy for enhancing the performance of metal-based phosphorescent emitters. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of cyclometalated Pt(II) complexes Pt3 and Pt4 containing organosilyl-substituted (2-(2-thienyl)pyridine) ligands and compare their properties with those of Pt1 (no substituent) and Pt2 (organocarbon substituent). The photophysical characteristics of these molecules, including their absorption and phosphorescence spectra, phosphorescence quantum yield and lifetime, were investigated. The molecular structures were revealed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Under UV light irradiation, Pt2-Pt4 emitted intense orange phosphorescence in the solid state because of the bulkiness of their side chains (up to ΦP: 0.49). Optically pure (-)-(S)Si-Pt4 and (+)-(R)Si-Pt4 were prepared using the optically active ligands (+)-L4 and (-)-L4, respectively. The chiroptical properties of (+)-(R)Si-Pt4, which has an asymmetric silicon atom, were investigated. Circular dichroism and circularly polarized luminescence measurements showed that these structural motifs are suitable for applications in chiroptical phosphorescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Usuki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Hikaru Uchida
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Kenichiro Omoto
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yamanoi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Ayano Yamada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering , University of Toyama , 3190 Gofuku , Toyama 930-8555 , Japan
| | - Munetaka Iwamura
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering , University of Toyama , 3190 Gofuku , Toyama 930-8555 , Japan
| | - Koichi Nozaki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering , University of Toyama , 3190 Gofuku , Toyama 930-8555 , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishihara
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
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11
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Usuki T, Omoto K, Shimada M, Yamanoi Y, Kasai H, Nishibori E, Nishihara H. Effects of Substituents on the Blue Luminescence of Disilane-Linked Donor‒Acceptor‒Donor Triads. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030521. [PMID: 30709033 PMCID: PMC6384591 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of disilane-linked donor‒acceptor‒donor triads (D‒Si‒Si‒A‒Si‒Si‒D) was synthesized to investigate the effects of substituents on the photophysical properties. The triads were prepared by metal-catalyzed diiodosilylation of aryl iodides using a Pd(P(t-Bu)₃)₂/(i-Pr)₂EtN/toluene system that we previously developed. Optical measurements, X-ray diffraction analysis, and density functional theory calculations revealed relationships between the photophysical properties and molecular structures of these triads in solution and in the solid state. The compounds emitted blue to green fluorescence in CH₂Cl₂ solution and in the solid state. Notably, compound 2 showed fluorescence with an absolute quantum yield of 0.17 in the solid state but showed no fluorescence in CH₂Cl₂. Our findings confirmed that the substituent adjacent to the disilane moiety affects the conformations and emission efficiencies of compounds in solution and in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Usuki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Kenichiro Omoto
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Masaki Shimada
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Yamanoi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Hidetaka Kasai
- Division of Physics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Tsukuba Research Center for Interdisciplinary Materials Science (TIMS), and Center for Integrated Research in Fundamental Science and Engineering (CiRfSE), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Eiji Nishibori
- Division of Physics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Tsukuba Research Center for Interdisciplinary Materials Science (TIMS), and Center for Integrated Research in Fundamental Science and Engineering (CiRfSE), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Nishihara
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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12
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Nagata T, Inoue T, Lin X, Ishimoto S, Nakamichi S, Oka H, Kondo R, Suzuki T, Obora Y. Dimethylformamide-stabilised palladium nanoclusters catalysed coupling reactions of aryl halides with hydrosilanes/disilanes. RSC Adv 2019; 9:17425-17431. [PMID: 35519839 PMCID: PMC9064576 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02895a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
N,N-Dimethylformamide-stabilised Pd nanocluster (NC) catalysed cross-coupling reactions of hydrosilane/disilane have been investigated. In this reaction, the coupling reaction proceeds without ligands with low catalyst loading. N,N-Dimethylacetamide is a crucial solvent in these reactions. The solvent effect was considered by various techniques, such as transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The Pd NCs can be recycled five times under both hydrosilane and disilane reaction conditions. A highly efficient and reusable Pd NCs catalyst system for silylation of aryl halides was developed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Nagata
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering
- Kansai University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Takeru Inoue
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering
- Kansai University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Xianjin Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering
- Kansai University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Shinya Ishimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering
- Kansai University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Seiya Nakamichi
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering
- Kansai University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Hideo Oka
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering
- Kansai University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Ryota Kondo
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering
- Kansai University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Takeyuki Suzuki
- Comprehensive Analysis Center
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR)
- Osaka University
- Ibaraki
- Japan
| | - Yasushi Obora
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering
- Kansai University
- Suita
- Japan
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13
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Stepwise Introduction of Different Substituents to α-Chloro-ω-hydrooligosilanes: Convenient Synthesis of Unsymmetrically Substituted Oligosilanes. INORGANICS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics6030099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of unsymmetrically substituted oligosilanes were synthesized via stepwise introduction of different substituents to α-chloro-ω-hydrooligosilanes. The reactions of α-chloro-ω-hydrooligosilanes with organolithium or Grignard reagents gave hydrooligosilanes having various alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl and aryl groups. Thus-obtained hydrooligosilanes were converted into alkoxyoligosilanes by ruthenium-catalyzed dehydrogenative alkoxylation with alcohols.
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14
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Zaitsev KV, Lam K, Poleshchuk OK, Kuz'mina LG, Churakov AV. Oligothienyl catenated germanes and silanes: synthesis, structure, and properties. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:5431-5444. [PMID: 29594275 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00256h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of two new groups of oligothienyl catenated silanes and germanes, Me5M2Thn (1a-b), Me5M2ThnM2Me5 (2a-c) (terminal), and ThnM2Me4Thn (3a-d) (internal) (M = Si, Ge; n = 2, 3; Th = 2- or 2,5-thienyl), is reported. The study of their structural parameters as well as of their spectral (NMR), electrochemical (CV) and optical (UV/vis absorbance, luminescence) properties has been performed in detail; in addition, the unexpected compound [Th2Si2Me4Th]2 (3a') is also studied. Theoretical investigations have been performed for model compounds in order to establish structure-property relationships. The molecular structures of 2a (Me5Si2Th2Si2Me5), 2b (Me5Ge2Th2Ge2Me5), 3a (Th2Si2Me4Th2) and 3b (Th2Ge2Me4Th2) have been investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis. An effective conjugation with flattening of both Th planes in terminal 2a and 2b was observed. The main trends in the dependence of the optical and electrochemical properties on the structural parameters have been established. All of the compounds studied exhibit a strong emission within the 378-563 nm range, and the maximal quantum yield (up to 77%) is observed for the Si derivative 3a'. For the majority of the compounds, the quantum yields (20-30%) are significantly larger than for 2,2'-bi- and 2,2':5',5''-terthiophenes. Due to their good emission properties, these compounds could be used to develop new materials with specific spectral properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill V Zaitsev
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory 1, 3, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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15
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Shimada M, Yamanoi Y, Ohto T, Pham ST, Yamada R, Tada H, Omoto K, Tashiro S, Shionoya M, Hattori M, Jimura K, Hayashi S, Koike H, Iwamura M, Nozaki K, Nishihara H. Multifunctional Octamethyltetrasila[2.2]cyclophanes: Conformational Variations, Circularly Polarized Luminescence, and Organic Electroluminescence. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:11214-11221. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shimada
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yamanoi
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Ohto
- Graduate
School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Song-Toan Pham
- Graduate
School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamada
- Graduate
School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tada
- Graduate
School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Omoto
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shohei Tashiro
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Shionoya
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mineyuki Hattori
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Keiko Jimura
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Hayashi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hikaru Koike
- Graduate
School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Munetaka Iwamura
- Graduate
School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Koichi Nozaki
- Graduate
School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishihara
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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16
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Tsurusaki A, Kobayashi A, Kyushin S. Synthesis, Structures, and Electronic Properties of Dithienosiloles Bearing Bulky Aryl Groups: Conjugation between a π‐Electron System and “Perpendicular” Aryl Groups. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201700058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Tsurusaki
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Osaka Prefecture University Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Division of Molecular Science Graduate School of Science and Technology Gunma University Kiryu Gunma 376-8515 Japan
| | - Soichiro Kyushin
- Division of Molecular Science Graduate School of Science and Technology Gunma University Kiryu Gunma 376-8515 Japan
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17
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18
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Fluorescence and phosphorescence of a series of silicon-containing six-membered-ring molecules. J Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2015.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Shimada M, Tsuchiya M, Sakamoto R, Yamanoi Y, Nishibori E, Sugimoto K, Nishihara H. Bright Solid‐State Emission of Disilane‐Bridged Donor–Acceptor–Donor and Acceptor–Donor–Acceptor Chromophores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:3022-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shimada
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Mizuho Tsuchiya
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Ryota Sakamoto
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yamanoi
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Eiji Nishibori
- Division of Physics Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences Tsukuba Research Center for Interdisciplinary Materials Science (TIMS) & Center for Integrated Research in Fundamental Science and Engineering (CiRfSE) University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305–8571 Japan
| | - Kunihisa Sugimoto
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI) 1-1-1 Koto, Sayo-cho Sayo-gun Hyogo 679–5198 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishihara
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
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20
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Shimada M, Tsuchiya M, Sakamoto R, Yamanoi Y, Nishibori E, Sugimoto K, Nishihara H. Bright Solid‐State Emission of Disilane‐Bridged Donor–Acceptor–Donor and Acceptor–Donor–Acceptor Chromophores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shimada
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Mizuho Tsuchiya
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Ryota Sakamoto
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yamanoi
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Eiji Nishibori
- Division of Physics Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences Tsukuba Research Center for Interdisciplinary Materials Science (TIMS) & Center for Integrated Research in Fundamental Science and Engineering (CiRfSE) University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305–8571 Japan
| | - Kunihisa Sugimoto
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI) 1-1-1 Koto, Sayo-cho Sayo-gun Hyogo 679–5198 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishihara
- Department of Chemistry School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
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21
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Shimada M, Yamanoi Y, Nishihara H. Unusual Reactivity of Group 14 Hydrides toward Organic Halides: Synthetic Studies and Application to Functional Materials. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2016. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.74.1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Schlücker T, Dhayalan V, Langhals H, Sämann C, Knochel P. Soluble Adamantyl-Substituted Oligothiophenes with Short Fluorescence Decay: An Approach for Ultrafast Optical Signal Processing. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201500150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thorben Schlücker
- Department Chemie; LMU Universität München; Butenandtstr. 13 81377 München Germany
| | - Vasudevan Dhayalan
- Department Chemie; LMU Universität München; Butenandtstr. 13 81377 München Germany
| | - Heinz Langhals
- Department Chemie; LMU Universität München; Butenandtstr. 13 81377 München Germany
| | - Christoph Sämann
- Department Chemie; LMU Universität München; Butenandtstr. 13 81377 München Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department Chemie; LMU Universität München; Butenandtstr. 13 81377 München Germany
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23
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Shimada M, Yamanoi Y, Matsushita T, Kondo T, Nishibori E, Hatakeyama A, Sugimoto K, Nishihara H. Optical Properties of Disilane-Bridged Donor–Acceptor Architectures: Strong Effect of Substituents on Fluorescence and Nonlinear Optical Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:1024-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja511177e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shimada
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yamanoi
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomonori Matsushita
- Department
of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takashi Kondo
- Department
of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Eiji Nishibori
- Division
of Physics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Tsukuba Research
Center for Interdisciplinary Materials Science (TIMS), and Center
for Integrated Research in Fundamental Science and Engineering (CiRfSE), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Akari Hatakeyama
- Department
of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Kunihisa Sugimoto
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), 1-1-1 Koto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishihara
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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