1
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Arai N. Formation of
anti‐Bredt
‐type Azabicyclo[4.2.0]octene Frameworks through Photochemical Intramolecular [2+2] Cycloaddition between Indole and a Distal Double Bond of Allene. J Heterocycl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noriyoshi Arai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering Hokkaido University, Sapporo Hokkaido Japan
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2
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Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E. S. Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, 10027, United States
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3
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Stereoselective construction of cycloheptene-fused indoline frameworks through photosensitised formal [5+2] cycloaddition. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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4
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Candish L, Collins KD, Cook GC, Douglas JJ, Gómez-Suárez A, Jolit A, Keess S. Photocatalysis in the Life Science Industry. Chem Rev 2021; 122:2907-2980. [PMID: 34558888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the pursuit of new pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, chemists in the life science industry require access to mild and robust synthetic methodologies to systematically modify chemical structures, explore novel chemical space, and enable efficient synthesis. In this context, photocatalysis has emerged as a powerful technology for the synthesis of complex and often highly functionalized molecules. This Review aims to summarize the published contributions to the field from the life science industry, including research from industrial-academic partnerships. An overview of the synthetic methodologies developed and strategic applications in chemical synthesis, including peptide functionalization, isotope labeling, and both DNA-encoded and traditional library synthesis, is provided, along with a summary of the state-of-the-art in photoreactor technology and the effective upscaling of photocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Candish
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Karl D Collins
- Bayer Foundation, Public Affairs, Science and Sustainability, Bayer AG, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Gemma C Cook
- Discovery High-Throughput Chemistry, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - James J Douglas
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Adrián Gómez-Suárez
- Organic Chemistry, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Anais Jolit
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Neuroscience Discovery Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Keess
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Neuroscience Discovery Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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5
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Pieri E, Lahana D, Chang AM, Aldaz CR, Thompson KC, Martínez TJ. The non-adiabatic nanoreactor: towards the automated discovery of photochemistry. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7294-7307. [PMID: 34163820 PMCID: PMC8171323 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00775k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ab initio nanoreactor has previously been introduced to automate reaction discovery for ground state chemistry. In this work, we present the nonadiabatic nanoreactor, an analogous framework for excited state reaction discovery. We automate the study of nonadiabatic decay mechanisms of molecules by probing the intersection seam between adiabatic electronic states with hyper-real metadynamics, sampling the branching plane for relevant conical intersections, and performing seam-constrained path searches. We illustrate the effectiveness of the nonadiabatic nanoreactor by applying it to benzene, a molecule with rich photochemistry and a wide array of photochemical products. Our study confirms the existence of several types of S0/S1 and S1/S2 conical intersections which mediate access to a variety of ground state stationary points. We elucidate the connections between conical intersection energy/topography and the resulting photoproduct distribution, which changes smoothly along seam space segments. The exploration is performed with minimal user input, and the protocol requires no previous knowledge of the photochemical behavior of a target molecule. We demonstrate that the nonadiabatic nanoreactor is a valuable tool for the automated exploration of photochemical reactions and their mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pieri
- Department of Chemistry, The PULSE Institute, Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA .,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sand Hill Road Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | - Dean Lahana
- Department of Chemistry, The PULSE Institute, Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA .,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sand Hill Road Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | - Alexander M Chang
- Department of Chemistry, The PULSE Institute, Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA .,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sand Hill Road Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | - Cody R Aldaz
- Department of Chemistry, The PULSE Institute, Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA .,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sand Hill Road Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | - Keiran C Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, The PULSE Institute, Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA .,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sand Hill Road Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
| | - Todd J Martínez
- Department of Chemistry, The PULSE Institute, Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA .,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory 2575 Sand Hill Road Menlo Park CA 94025 USA
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6
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Chen N, Zhou T, Zhang H, Zhu Y, Lang M, Wang J, Peng S. Copper-Catalyzed Tandem Cross-Coupling/Thermally Promoted [2 + 2] Cycloaddition of 1,6-Enynes and Diazo Compounds To Assemble Methylenecyclobutane-Fused Ring System. J Org Chem 2021; 86:4714-4732. [PMID: 33667091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented copper-catalyzed tandem reaction of 1,6-enynes with diazo compounds via a cross-coupling/[2 + 2] cycloaddition sequence was reported. A library of methylenecyclobutane-fused ring systems including cyclobuta[b]indolines, cyclobuta[b]benzofuran, benzo[b]cyclobuta[d]thiophene, and bicyclo[3.2.0] structures were obtained in moderate to excellent yields under very mild reaction conditions. The reaction exhibited high proximal-regioselectivity and diastereoselectivity. Moreover, 1,6-allenene has proven to be the key intermediate and proceeds via a thermally promoted [2 + 2] cycloaddition in the absence of copper catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuan Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhou
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqi Zhu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Lang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyong Peng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, People's Republic of China
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7
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Arai N, Ohkuma T. Photosensitized Intramolecular [2+2] Cycloaddition of 1 H-Pyrrolo[2,3- b]pyridines Enabled by the Assistance of Lewis Acids. J Org Chem 2020; 85:15717-15725. [PMID: 33190476 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The [2+2] photocycloaddition of alkenyl-tethered 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine derivatives sensitized with 3',4'-dimethoxyacetophenone under irradiation by a high-pressure mercury lamp through Pyrex glass was dramatically accelerated by the addition of Lewis acids, preferably Mg(OTf)2, to give the products stereoselectively in high yields. The reaction without a Lewis acid gave only small amounts of the [2+2] cycloaddition products. Conformational fixation of the substrates by coordination with a Lewis acid was presumed to facilitate the cycloaddition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyoshi Arai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohkuma
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
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8
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9
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Cox B, Booker-Milburn KI, Elliott LD, Robertson-Ralph M, Zdorichenko V. Escaping from Flatland: [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition; Conformationally Constrained sp 3-rich Scaffolds for Lead Generation. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1512-1517. [PMID: 31749903 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pressure on researchers to deliver new medicines to the patient continues to grow. Attrition rates in the research and development process present a significant challenge to the viability of the current model of drug discovery. Analysis shows that increasing the three-dimensionality of potential drug candidates decreases the risk of attrition, and it is for this reason many workers have taken a new look at the power of photochemistry, in particular photocycloadditions, as a means to generate novel sp3-rich scaffolds for use in drug discovery programs. The viability of carrying out photochemical reactions on scale is also being addressed by the introduction of new technical developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Cox
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, U.K
- Photodiversity Ltd., c/o School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Kevin I. Booker-Milburn
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
- Photodiversity Ltd., c/o School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Luke D. Elliott
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Michael Robertson-Ralph
- Photodiversity Ltd., c/o School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Victor Zdorichenko
- Photodiversity Ltd., c/o School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, U.K
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10
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Arai N, Ohkuma T. Stereoselective preparation of methylenecyclobutane-fused angular tetracyclic spiroindolines via photosensitized intramolecular [2+2] cycloaddition with allene. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.151252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Jayaraj S, Badu-Tawiah AK. N-Substituted Auxiliaries for Aerobic Dehydrogenation of Tetrahydro-isoquinoline: A Theory-Guided Photo-Catalytic Design. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11280. [PMID: 31375731 PMCID: PMC6677888 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47735-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Visible-light mediated aerobic dehydrogenation of N-heterocyclic compounds is a reaction with enormous potential for application. Herein, we report the first complete aerobic dehydrogenation pathway to large-scale production of isoquinolines. The discovery of this visible light photoredox reaction was enabled through the combination of mathematical simulations and real-time quantitative mass spectrometry screening. The theoretical calculations showed that hyper-conjugation, the main underlying factor hindering the aerobic oxidation of tetrahydroisoquinolines, is relieved both by π- and σ-donating substituents. This mechanistic insight provided a novel photocatalytic route based on N-substituted auxiliaries that facilitated the conversion of tetrahydroisoquinolines into the corresponding isoquinolines in just three simple steps (yield 71.7% in bulk-solution phase), using unmodified Ru(bpy)3Cl2 photocatalyst, sun energy, atmospheric O2, and at ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savithra Jayaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Abraham K Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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12
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Arai N, Ohkuma T. Stereoselective Construction of Methylenecyclobutane-Fused Indolines through Photosensitized [2+2] Cycloaddition of Allene-Tethered Indole Derivatives. Org Lett 2019; 21:1506-1510. [PMID: 30789275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Irradiation of 1-(hexa-4,5-dienoyl)indole derivatives in the presence of an aromatic ketone by a high-pressure mercury lamp through Pyrex glass gave the corresponding cyclized products stereoselectively in high yields. The major part of the products was an all- cis-fused methylenecyclobutane-type compound produced through [2+2] cycloaddition, accompanied by small amounts of alkynes via 1,5-hydrogen transfer of a biradical intermediate. Among a range of aromatic ketones, 3',4'-dimethoxyacetophenone was found to sensitize the substrate quite effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyoshi Arai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido 060-8628 , Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohkuma
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido 060-8628 , Japan.,Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido 060-8628 , Japan
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13
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Lin S, Dikler S, Blincoe WD, Ferguson RD, Sheridan RP, Peng Z, Conway DV, Zawatzky K, Wang H, Cernak T, Davies IW, DiRocco DA, Sheng H, Welch CJ, Dreher SD. Mapping the dark space of chemical reactions with extended nanomole synthesis and MALDI-TOF MS. Science 2018; 361:science.aar6236. [PMID: 29794218 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar6236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the practical limitations of chemical reactions is critically important for efficiently planning the synthesis of compounds in pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and specialty chemical research and development. However, literature reports of the scope of new reactions are often cursory and biased toward successful results, severely limiting the ability to predict reaction outcomes for untested substrates. We herein illustrate strategies for carrying out large-scale surveys of chemical reactivity by using a material-sparing nanomole-scale automated synthesis platform with greatly expanded synthetic scope combined with ultrahigh-throughput matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishi Lin
- Chemistry Capabilities Accelerating Therapeutics, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | | | - William D Blincoe
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Ronald D Ferguson
- Chemistry Capabilities Accelerating Therapeutics, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Robert P Sheridan
- Modeling and Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Zhengwei Peng
- Modeling and Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Donald V Conway
- Discovery Sample Management, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Kerstin Zawatzky
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Heather Wang
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Tim Cernak
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Ian W Davies
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Daniel A DiRocco
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Huaming Sheng
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - Christopher J Welch
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - Spencer D Dreher
- Chemistry Capabilities Accelerating Therapeutics, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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14
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Coley CW, Abolhasani M, Lin H, Jensen KF. Material‐Efficient Microfluidic Platform for Exploratory Studies of Visible‐Light Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201705148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Connor W. Coley
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachsuetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Milad Abolhasani
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachsuetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering North Carolina State University 911 Partners Way Raleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - Hongkun Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachsuetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachsuetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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15
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Coley CW, Abolhasani M, Lin H, Jensen KF. Material‐Efficient Microfluidic Platform for Exploratory Studies of Visible‐Light Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201705148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Connor W. Coley
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachsuetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Milad Abolhasani
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachsuetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering North Carolina State University 911 Partners Way Raleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - Hongkun Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachsuetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachsuetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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16
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Troshin K, Hartwig JF. Snap deconvolution: An informatics approach to high-throughput discovery of catalytic reactions. Science 2017; 357:175-181. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aan1568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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17
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Mizuno K, Nishiyama Y, Ogaki T, Terao K, Ikeda H, Kakiuchi K. Utilization of microflow reactors to carry out synthetically useful organic photochemical reactions. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini A. Ghogare
- Department
of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Ph.D.
Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department
of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Ph.D.
Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
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20
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Poznik M, König B. Fast colorimetric screening for visible light photocatalytic oxidation and reduction reactions. REACT CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6re00117c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of new photocatalytic transformations in organic synthesis is accelerated by a rapid parallel screening based on UV measurements or visual inspection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Poznik
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Regensburg
- D-93053 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Regensburg
- D-93053 Regensburg
- Germany
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21
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Josland S, Mumtaz S, Oelgemöller M. Photodecarboxylations in an Advanced Meso-Scale Continuous-Flow Photoreactor. Chem Eng Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201500285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Ley SV, Fitzpatrick DE, Myers RM, Battilocchio C, Ingham RJ. Machine-Assisted Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:10122-36. [PMID: 26193360 PMCID: PMC4834626 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this Review we describe how the advent of machines is impacting on organic synthesis programs, with particular emphasis on the practical issues associated with the design of chemical reactors. In the rapidly changing, multivariant environment of the research laboratory, equipment needs to be modular to accommodate high and low temperatures and pressures, enzymes, multiphase systems, slurries, gases, and organometallic compounds. Additional technologies have been developed to facilitate more specialized reaction techniques such as electrochemical and photochemical methods. All of these areas create both opportunities and challenges during adoption as enabling technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven V Ley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK).
| | - Daniel E Fitzpatrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK)
| | - Rebecca M Myers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK)
| | - Claudio Battilocchio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK)
| | - Richard J Ingham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW (UK)
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23
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Ley SV, Fitzpatrick DE, Myers RM, Battilocchio C, Ingham RJ. Maschinengestützte organische Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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24
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Karukurichi KR, Fei X, Swyka RA, Broussy S, Shen W, Dey S, Roy SK, Berkowitz DB. Mini-ISES identifies promising carbafructopyranose-based salens for asymmetric catalysis: Tuning ligand shape via the anomeric effect. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1500066. [PMID: 26501130 PMCID: PMC4613784 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study introduces new methods of screening for and tuning chiral space and in so doing identifies a promising set of chiral ligands for asymmetric synthesis. The carbafructopyranosyl-1,2-diamine(s) and salens constructed therefrom are particularly compelling. It is shown that by removing the native anomeric effect in this ligand family, one can tune chiral ligand shape and improve chiral bias. This concept is demonstrated by a combination of (i) x-ray crystallographic structure determination, (ii) assessment of catalytic performance, and (iii) consideration of the anomeric effect and its underlying dipolar basis. The title ligands were identified by a new mini version of the in situ enzymatic screening (ISES) procedure through which catalyst-ligand combinations are screened in parallel, and information on relative rate and enantioselectivity is obtained in real time, without the need to quench reactions or draw aliquots. Mini-ISES brings the technique into the nanomole regime (200 to 350 nmol catalyst/20 μml organic volume) commensurate with emerging trends in reaction development/process chemistry. The best-performing β-d-carbafructopyranosyl-1,2-diamine-derived salen ligand discovered here outperforms the best known organometallic and enzymatic catalysts for the hydrolytic kinetic resolution of 3-phenylpropylene oxide, one of several substrates examined for which the ligand is "matched." This ligand scaffold defines a new swath of chiral space, and anomeric effect tunability defines a new concept in shaping that chiral space. Both this ligand set and the anomeric shape-tuning concept are expected to find broad application, given the value of chiral 1,2-diamines and salens constructed from these in asymmetric catalysis.
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Telmesani R, Park SH, Lynch-Colameta T, Beeler AB. [2+2] Photocycloaddition of Cinnamates in Flow and Development of a Thiourea Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Telmesani R, Park SH, Lynch-Colameta T, Beeler AB. [2+2] Photocycloaddition of Cinnamates in Flow and Development of a Thiourea Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:11521-5. [PMID: 26136253 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cyclobutanes derived from the dimerization of cinnamic acids are the core scaffolds of many molecules with potentially interesting biological activities. By utilizing a powerful flow photochemistry platform developed in our laboratory, we have evaluated the effects of flow on the dimerization of a range of cinnamate substrates. During the course of the study we also identified a bis(thiourea) catalyst that facilitates better reactivity and moderate diastereoselectivity in the reaction. Overall, we show that carrying out the reaction in flow in the presence of the catalyst affords consistent formation of predictable cyclobutane diastereomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Telmesani
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Ave. Boston, MA 02215 (USA)
| | - Sung H Park
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Ave. Boston, MA 02215 (USA)
| | - Tessa Lynch-Colameta
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Ave. Boston, MA 02215 (USA)
| | - Aaron B Beeler
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Ave. Boston, MA 02215 (USA).
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Umstead WJ, Mukhina OA, Kutateladze DAG. Conformationally Constrained Penta(hetero)cyclic Molecular Architectures via Photoassisted Diversity-Oriented Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2015; 2015:2205-2213. [PMID: 26257575 PMCID: PMC4527657 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Intramolecular cycloadditions of photogenerated azaxylylenes provide access to unprecedented polyheterocyclic scaffolds, suitable for subsequent postphotochemical modifications to further grow molecular complexity. Here we explore approaches to rapid "assembly" of novel photoprecursors with nitrogen/oxygen-rich tethers capable of producing potential pharmacophores and also compatible with subsequent 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions to furnish pentacyclic heterocycles with new structural cores, minimal number of rotatable bonds, and a high content of sp3 hybridized carbons. The modular "assembly" of the photoprecursors and potential variety of postphotochemical modifications of primary photoproducts provide framework for combinatorial implementation of this synthetic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weston J. Umstead
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, 80208, USA
| | - Olga A. Mukhina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, 80208, USA
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28
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Créminon C, Taran F. Enzyme immunoassays as screening tools for catalysts and reaction discovery. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:7996-8009. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00599j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This feature article summarizes the development and use of immunoassay techniques (ELISA) as screening tools for fast identification of efficient catalysts in libraries and for the discovery of new chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frédéric Taran
- CEA
- iBiTecS
- Service de Chimie Bioorganique et de Marquage
- Gif sur Yvette
- France
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29
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Contemporary screening approaches to reaction discovery and development. Nat Chem 2014; 6:859-71. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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30
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Newby JA, Blaylock DW, Witt PM, Pastre JC, Zacharova MK, Ley SV, Browne DL. Design and Application of a Low-Temperature Continuous Flow Chemistry Platform. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op500213j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James A. Newby
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | | | - Paul M. Witt
- Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Julio C. Pastre
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Marija K. Zacharova
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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Caron A, Hernandez-Perez AC, Collins SK. Synthesis of a Carprofen Analogue Using a Continuous Flow UV-Reactor. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op5002148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Caron
- Department of Chemistry and
Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Station Downtown, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Augusto C. Hernandez-Perez
- Department of Chemistry and
Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Station Downtown, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Shawn K. Collins
- Department of Chemistry and
Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Station Downtown, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
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