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How do the Hückel and Baird Rules Fade away in Annulenes? Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030711. [PMID: 32045990 PMCID: PMC7037833 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Two of the most popular rules to characterize the aromaticity of molecules are those due to Hückel and Baird, which govern the aromaticity of singlet and triplet states. In this work, we study how these rules fade away as the ring structure increases and an optimal overlap between p orbitals is no longer possible due to geometrical restrictions. To this end, we study the lowest-lying singlet and triplet states of neutral annulenes with an even number of carbon atoms between four and eighteen. First of all, we analyze these rules from the Hückel molecular orbital method and, afterwards, we perform a geometry optimization of the annulenes with several density functional approximations in order to analyze the effect that the distortions from planarity produce on the aromaticity of annulenes. Finally, we analyze the performance of three density functional approximations that employ different percentages of Hartree-Fock exchange (B3LYP, CAM-B3LYP and M06-2X) and Hartree-Fock. Our results reveal that functionals with a low percentage of Hartree-Fock exchange at long ranges suffer from severe delocalization errors that result in wrong geometrical structures and the overestimation of the aromatic character of annulenes.
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Tanaka T, Osuka A. Chemistry of meso-Aryl-Substituted Expanded Porphyrins: Aromaticity and Molecular Twist. Chem Rev 2016; 117:2584-2640. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Schaller GR, Topić F, Rissanen K, Okamoto Y, Shen J, Herges R. Design and synthesis of the first triply twisted Möbius annulene. Nat Chem 2014; 6:608-13. [PMID: 24950331 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
As long as 50 years ago theoretical calculations predicted that Möbius annulenes with only one π surface and one edge would exhibit peculiar electronic properties and violate the Hückel rules. Numerous synthetic attempts notwithstanding, the first singly twisted Möbius annulene was not prepared until 2003. Here we present a general, rational strategy to synthesize triply or even more highly twisted cyclic π systems. We apply this strategy to the preparation of a triply twisted [24]dehydroannulene, the structure of which was confirmed by X-ray analysis. Our strategy is based on the topological transformation of 'twist' into 'writhe'. The advantage is twofold: the product exhibits a lower degree of strain and precursors can be designed that inherently include the writhe, which, after cyclization, ends up in the Möbius product. With our strategy, triply twisted systems are easier to prepare than their singly twisted counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaston R Schaller
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn Platz 4, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Filip Topić
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Yoshio Okamoto
- Nagoya University, 1E Miyahigashi-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-0804, Japan
| | - Jun Shen
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, 145 Nantong Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Rainer Herges
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn Platz 4, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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An K, Zhu J. Evaluation of Triplet Aromaticity by the Indene-Isoindene Isomerization Stabilization Energy Method. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
The Möbius topology inspired science and arts for many centuries. In chemistry interest was stimulated by Heilbronner almost 50 years ago when he predicted that Möbius annulenes would violate the Hückel rule. A number of theoretical papers followed but it was not until 2003 when the first synthesis of an aromatic Möbius structure was accomplished. Inspired by the recent progress, the concept of Möbius topology has gained further momentum in synthesis as well as theory. We present a topological description of Möbius molecules, and strategies for the design and synthesis of these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaston R Schaller
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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Abstract
We suggest four new benzene dimers, (C(6)H(6))(2), all featuring one or more cyclohexadiene rings trans-fused to 4- or 6-membered rings. These hypothetical dimers are 50-99 kcal/mol less stable than two benzenes, but have computed activation energies to fragmentation ≥27 kcal/mol. A thorough search of potential escape routes was undertaken, through cyclobutane ring cleavage to 12-annulenes, sigmatropic 1,5-H-shifts, electrocyclic ring-openings of the 6-membered rings, and Diels-Alder dimerizations. Some channels for reaction emerge, but there is a reasonable chance that some of these new benzene dimers can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Yu Rogachev
- Baker Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
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Castro C, Karney WL. Mechanisms and Möbius strips: understanding dynamic processes in annulenes. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.2904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Castro
- Department of Chemistry; University of San Francisco; San Francisco CA 94117 USA
| | - William L. Karney
- Department of Chemistry; University of San Francisco; San Francisco CA 94117 USA
- Department of Environmental Science; University of San Francisco; San Francisco CA 94117 USA
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Abstract
Aromaticity is a key concept in chemistry, dating back to Faraday's discovery of benzene in 1825 and Kekulé's famous alternating-double-bond structure of 1865. In 1858, the Möbius strip was discovered by Möbius and Listing. The Hückel rules for predicting aromaticity, stating that [4n + 2] π electrons result in an aromatic system, work for planar molecules. Although molecules with Möbius geometry are not found in nature, chemists have tried to synthesize such molecules since the first theoretical prediction by Heilbronner in 1964 and the prediction of Möbius aromaticity for suitable compounds with [4n] π electrons. However, Möbius-aromatic molecules have proved difficult to synthesize, and sometimes even to identify. Here we summarize recent contributions of several research groups that have succeeded in synthesizing Möbius-type molecules. The results of this survey lead us to suggest that the generation of Möbius topologies in expanded porphyrins is easier than hitherto appreciated.
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Structures of Annulenes and Model Annulene Systems in the Ground and Lowest Excited States. Symmetry (Basel) 2010. [DOI: 10.3390/sym2041846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Vianello R, Maksić ZB. Polycyano Derivatives of some Organic Tri- and Hexacyclic Molecules Are Powerful Super- and Hyperacids in the Gas Phase and DMSO: Computational Study by DFT Approach. J Org Chem 2010; 75:7670-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jo101581a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Vianello
- Quantum Organic Chemistry Group, Ruđer, Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Laboratory for Biocomputing and Bioinformatics, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zvonimir B. Maksić
- Quantum Organic Chemistry Group, Ruđer, Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Mucke EK, Schönborn B, Köhler F, Herges R. Stability and Aromaticity of Charged Möbius[4n]Annulenes. J Org Chem 2010; 76:35-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jo100798e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Mauksch M, Tsogoeva SB. Neutral Möbius Aromatics: Derivatives of the Pyrrole Congener Aza[11]annulene as Promising Synthetic Targets. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Braten MN, Gutierrez MG, Castro C, Karney WL. [12]Annulene Radical Anions Revisited: Evaluation of Structure Assignments Based on Computed Energetic and Electron Spin Resonance Data. J Org Chem 2008; 73:8745-54. [DOI: 10.1021/jo801249t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miles N. Braten
- Departments of Chemistry and Environmental Science, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, California 94117
| | - M. Gertrude Gutierrez
- Departments of Chemistry and Environmental Science, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, California 94117
| | - Claire Castro
- Departments of Chemistry and Environmental Science, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, California 94117
| | - William L. Karney
- Departments of Chemistry and Environmental Science, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, California 94117
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