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Felpin FX, Sengupta S. Biaryl synthesis with arenediazonium salts: cross-coupling, CH-arylation and annulation reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:1150-1193. [PMID: 30608075 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00453f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The rich legacy of arenediazonium salts in the synthesis of unsymmetrical biaryls, built around the seminal works of Pschorr, Gomberg and Bachmann more than a century ago, continues to make important contributions at various evolutionary stages of modern biaryl synthesis. Based on in-depth mechanistic analysis and design of novel pathways and reaction conditions, the scope of biaryl synthesis with arenediazonium salts has enormously expanded in recent years through applications of transition metal/photoredox-catalysed cross-coupling, thermal/photosensitized radical chain CH-arylation of (hetero)arenes and arylative radical annulation reactions with alkynes. These recent developments have provided facile synthetic access to a wide variety of unsymmetrical biaryls of pharmaceutical, agrochemical and optoelectronic importance with green scale-up options and created opportunities for late-stage modification of peptides, nucleosides, carbon nanotubes and electrodes, the details of which are captured in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-Xavier Felpin
- Université de Nantes, UFR des Sciences et des Techniques, CNRS UMR 6230, CEISAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France. and Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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2
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Fernández I, Bickelhaupt FM, Cossío FP. Ene-ene-yne reactions: activation strain analysis and the role of aromaticity. Chemistry 2014; 20:10791-801. [PMID: 24616206 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The trend in reactivity of the thermal cycloisomerization reactions of 1,3-hexadien-5-ynes, A=B-C=D-E≡F, were explored and analyzed by using density functional theory at the M06-2X/def2-TZVPP level. These reactions proceed through formally aromatic transition states to form a bent-allene intermediate with relatively high activation barriers. Activation-strain analyses show that the major factor controlling this Hopf cyclization is the geometrical strain energy associated with the rotation of the terminal [A] group. This rotation is necessary for achieving a favorable HOMO-LUMO overlap with the yne-moiety [F] associated with the formation of the new A-F single bond. In addition, the relationship between the aromaticity of the corresponding cyclic transition states (all six-membered rings) and the computed activation barriers were analyzed. The calculations also indicate that the aromatization of the bent-allene structures takes place through two consecutive 1,2-hydrogen shifts, the second one exhibiting negligible energy barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid (Spain).
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Bucher G, Heitmann G, Herges R. Thermochemistry and photochemistry of spiroketals derived from indan-2-one: Stepwise processes versus coarctate fragmentations. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1668-76. [PMID: 24062827 PMCID: PMC3778380 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Coarctate reactions are defined as reactions that include atoms at which two bonds are made and two bonds are broken simultaneously. In the pursuit of the discovery of new coarctate reactions we investigate the fragmentation reactions of cyclic ketals. Three ketals with different ring sizes derived from indan-2-one were decomposed by photolysis and pyrolysis. Particularly clean is the photolysis of the indan-2-one ketal 1, which gives o-quinodimethane, carbon dioxide and ethylene. The mechanism formally corresponds to a photochemically allowed coarctate fragmentation. Pyrolysis of the five-ring ketal yields a number of products. This is in agreement with the fact that coarctate fragmentation observed upon irradiation would be thermochemically forbidden, although this exclusion principle does not hold for chelotropic reactions. In contrast, fragmentation of the seven-ring ketal 3 is thermochemically allowed and photochemically forbidden. Upon pyrolysis of 3 several products were isolated that could be explained by a coarctate fragmentation. However, the reaction is less clean and stepwise mechanisms may compete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Götz Bucher
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph-Black-Building, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Gernot Heitmann
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 4, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Sheridan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
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Mohamed RK, Peterson PW, Alabugin IV. Concerted Reactions That Produce Diradicals and Zwitterions: Electronic, Steric, Conformational, and Kinetic Control of Cycloaromatization Processes. Chem Rev 2013; 113:7089-129. [DOI: 10.1021/cr4000682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rana K. Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390,
United States
| | - Paul W. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390,
United States
| | - Igor V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390,
United States
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Pharr CR, Kopff LA, Bennett B, Reid SA, McMahon RJ. Photochemistry of furyl- and thienyldiazomethanes: spectroscopic characterization of triplet 3-thienylcarbene. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:6443-54. [PMID: 22463599 DOI: 10.1021/ja300927d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photolysis (λ > 543 nm) of 3-thienyldiazomethane (1), matrix isolated in Ar or N(2) at 10 K, yields triplet 3-thienylcarbene (13) and α-thial-methylenecyclopropene (9). Carbene 13 was characterized by IR, UV/vis, and EPR spectroscopy. The conformational isomers of 3-thienylcarbene (s-E and s-Z) exhibit an unusually large difference in zero-field splitting parameters in the triplet EPR spectrum (|D/hc| = 0.508 cm(-1), |E/hc| = 0.0554 cm(-1); |D/hc| = 0.579 cm(-1), |E/hc| = 0.0315 cm(-1)). Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) calculations reveal substantially differing spin densities in the 3-thienyl ring at the positions adjacent to the carbene center, which is one factor contributing to the large difference in D values. NBO calculations also reveal a stabilizing interaction between the sp orbital of the carbene carbon in the s-Z rotamer of 13 and the antibonding σ orbital between sulfur and the neighboring carbon-an interaction that is not observed in the s-E rotamer of 13. In contrast to the EPR spectra, the electronic absorption spectra of the rotamers of triplet 3-thienylcarbene (13) are indistinguishable under our experimental conditions. The carbene exhibits a weak electronic absorption in the visible spectrum (λ(max) = 467 nm) that is characteristic of triplet arylcarbenes. Although studies of 2-thienyldiazomethane (2), 3-furyldiazomethane (3), or 2-furyldiazomethane (4) provided further insight into the photochemical interconversions among C(5)H(4)S or C(5)H(4)O isomers, these studies did not lead to the spectroscopic detection of the corresponding triplet carbenes (2-thienylcarbene (11), 3-furylcarbene (23), or 2-furylcarbene (22), respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline R Pharr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, USA
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Young BS, Herges R, Haley MM. Coarctate cyclization reactions: a primer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:9441-55. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc34026g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Young BS, Marshall JL, MacDonald E, Vonnegut CL, Haley MM. Diazaheterocycle analogues of tetracene: synthesis and properties of a naphtho-fused cinnoline and a naphtho-fused isoindazole. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:5166-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc31613g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Young BS, Köhler F, Herges R, Haley MM. Phenanthrene-fused azo-ene-ynes: synthesis of dibenzo[f,h]cinnoline and dibenzo[e,g]isoindazole derivatives. J Org Chem 2011; 76:8483-7. [PMID: 21939200 DOI: 10.1021/jo201378t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cyclization reactions of a phenanthreno-fused azo-ene-yne compound have been studied both experimentally and computationally. Experimental results show that this system is prone to dimerization, more so than previously studied naphthalene- and benzene-based analogues. Calculations reveal that pyrazoles and arene-fused pyrazoles strongly stabilize carbenes in the 5-position through "coarctate conjugation", suggesting a stationary concentration of the carbenes/carbenoids during cyclization that is high enough for dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Young
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
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11
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McClintock SP, Zakharov LN, Herges R, Haley MM. Coarctate versus Pericyclic Reactivity in Naphthalene-Fused Azo-Ene-Ynes: Synthesis of Benzocinnolines and Benzoisoindazoles. Chemistry 2011; 17:6798-806. [PMID: 21542030 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean P McClintock
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, USA
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12
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The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2008. Coord Chem Rev 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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McClintock SP, Forster N, Herges R, Haley MM. Synthesis of alpha-ketoester- and alpha-hydroxyester-substituted isoindazoles via the thermodynamic coarctate cyclization of ester-terminated azo-ene-yne systems. J Org Chem 2009; 74:6631-6. [PMID: 19642649 DOI: 10.1021/jo9011283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of isoindazoles bearing alpha-ketoester and alpha-hydroxyester groups via the coarctate cyclization of ester-terminated azo-ene-yne precursors is described. Whereas previous studies on isoindazole formation have shown the reaction to proceed through a kinetic coarctate pathway, functionalization of the terminal acetylene with a methyl ester sufficiently stabilizes the carbene intermediate to make the coarctate cyclization the thermodynamic pathway. Density functional theory (DFT) computations reveal ca. 8-9 kcal mol(-1) lower energy transition states for the coarctate pathway compared to the parent system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P McClintock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, USA
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