1
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Pinilla C, Salamanca V, Lledós A, Albéniz AC. Palladium-Catalyzed Ortho C-H Arylation of Unprotected Anilines: Chemo- and Regioselectivity Enabled by the Cooperating Ligand [2,2'-Bipyridin]-6(1 H)-one. ACS Catal 2022; 12:14527-14532. [PMID: 36504914 PMCID: PMC9724229 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Metal-catalyzed C-H functionalizations on the aryl ring of anilines usually need cumbersome N-protection-deprotection strategies to ensure chemoselectivity. We describe here the Pd-catalyzed direct C-H arylation of unprotected anilines with no competition of the N-arylation product. The ligand [2,2'-bipyridin]-6(1H)-one drives the chemoselectivity by kinetic differentiation in the product-forming step, while playing a cooperating role in the C-H cleavage step. The latter is favored in an anionic intermediate where the NH moiety is deprotonated, driving the regioselectivity of the reaction toward ortho substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintya Pinilla
- IU
CINQUIMA/Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47071 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Salamanca
- IU
CINQUIMA/Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47071 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Agustí Lledós
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain,Email for A.L.:
| | - Ana C. Albéniz
- IU
CINQUIMA/Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47071 Valladolid, Spain,Email
for A.C.A.:
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2
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Takishima R, Nishii Y, Miura M. Synthesis and Optical Properties of Axially Chiral Bibenzo[ b]carbazole Derivatives. Org Lett 2021; 23:1349-1354. [PMID: 33533627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pure organic materials with the circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) property have attracted significant research interest over the past few decades. In this study, a series of axially chiral bibenzo[b]carbazole derivatives were synthesized by adopting palladium- and iridium-catalyzed direct C-H functionalization reactions as the key steps. These compounds exhibited CPL characteristics with considerably large dissymmetry factors up to 2.81 × 10-2 in the solid state, indicating the formation of well-ordered aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Takishima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuji Nishii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Miura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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3
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Peng X, Sun Z, Kuang P, Li L, Chen J, Chen J. Copper-Catalyzed Selective Arylation of Nitriles with Cyclic Diaryl Iodonium Salts: Direct Access to Structurally Diversified Diarylmethane Amides with Potential Neuroprotective and Anticancer Activities. Org Lett 2020; 22:5789-5795. [PMID: 32677838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel, simple, and high-yielding approach for the preparation of diarylmethane amide derivatives has been developed by reacting cyclic diaryl iodonium salts with nitriles using CuCl as a catalyst. The procedure is efficient with high atom economy and a wide substrate range. Importantly, selective arylation of nitriles was obtained without affecting the phenyl amino/hydroxyl groups. Furthermore, two of the diarylmethane amides (3k, 3s) displayed excellent neuroprotective and anticancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Peng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Peihua Kuang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Ling Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Jingxuan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
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4
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Chatupheeraphat A, Rueping M, Magre M. Chemo- and Regioselective Magnesium-Catalyzed ortho-Alkenylation of Anilines. Org Lett 2019; 21:9153-9157. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adisak Chatupheeraphat
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Magnus Rueping
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marc Magre
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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5
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Chang H, Xu Y, Lv L, Liu H, Wang Q, Huang X. Computational study on C1- versus C3-regioselectivity in Pd(II)-catalyzed olefination/dearomatization of 2-naphthyl ureas. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2019.110540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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6
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Biaryl axially chiral derivatizing agent for simultaneous separation and sensitive detection of proteinogenic amino acid enantiomers using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1593:91-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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7
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Mei C, Lu W. Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Oxidative Homo- and Cross-Coupling of Aryl ortho-sp2 C–H Bonds of Anilides at Room Temperature. J Org Chem 2018; 83:4812-4823. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenjun Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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8
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Hartmann E, Denmark SE. Structural, Mechanistic, Spectroscopic, and Preparative Studies on the Lewis Base Catalyzed, Enantioselective Sulfenofunctionalization of Alkenes. Helv Chim Acta 2017; 100. [PMID: 29311750 DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201700158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The full details of mechanistic investigation on enantioselective sulfenofunctionalization of alkenes under Lewis base catalysis are described. Solution spectroscopic identification of the catalytically active sulfenylating agent has been accomplished along with the spectroscopic identification of putative thiiranium ion intermediates generated in the enantiodetermining step. The structural insights gleaned from these studies informed the design of new catalyst architectures to improve enantioselectivity. In addition, structural modification of the sulfenylating agents had a significant and salutary effect on the enantioselectivity of sulfenofunctionalization which was demonstrated to be general for trans disubstituted alkenes. Whereas electronic modulation had little effect on the rate and selectivity, steric bulk on arylsulfenylphthalimides was very beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Hartmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 S. Mathews Ave. Urbana, IL, 61801
| | - Scott E Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 S. Mathews Ave. Urbana, IL, 61801
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9
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Zhang X, Yu X, Feng X, Yamamoto Y, Almansour AI, Arumugam N, Kumar RS, Bao M. Rhodium-Catalyzed Oxidative Benzannulation ofN-Pivaloylanilines with Internal Alkynes through Dual C−H Bond Activation: Synthesis of Highly Substituted Naphthalenes. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:3241-3250. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116023 China E
| | - Xiaoqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116023 China E
| | - Xiujuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116023 China E
| | - Yoshinori Yamamoto
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116023 China E
- WPI-AIMR (WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research); Tohoku University; Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - Abdulrahman I. Almansour
- Department of Chemistry; College of Sciences; King Saud University; P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Natarajan Arumugam
- Department of Chemistry; College of Sciences; King Saud University; P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Raju Suresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry; College of Sciences; King Saud University; P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ming Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals; Dalian University of Technology; Dalian 116023 China E
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10
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Nishikata T, Abela AR, Huang S, Lipshutz BH. Cationic Pd(II)-catalyzed C-H activation/cross-coupling reactions at room temperature: synthetic and mechanistic studies. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:1040-64. [PMID: 27340491 PMCID: PMC4902085 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic palladium(II) complexes have been found to be highly reactive towards aromatic C-H activation of arylureas at room temperature. A commercially available catalyst [Pd(MeCN)4](BF4)2 or a nitrile-free cationic palladium(II) complex generated in situ from the reaction of Pd(OAc)2 and HBF4, effectively catalyzes C-H activation/cross-coupling reactions between aryl iodides, arylboronic acids and acrylates under milder conditions than those previously reported. The nature of the directing group was found to be critical for achieving room temperature conditions, with the urea moiety the most effective in promoting facile coupling reactions at an ortho C-H position. This methodology has been utilized in a streamlined and efficient synthesis of boscalid, an agent produced on the kiloton scale annually and used to control a range of plant pathogens in broadacre and horticultural crops. Mechanistic investigations led to a proposed catalytic cycle involving three steps: (1) C-H activation to generate a cationic palladacycle; (2) reaction of the cationic palladacycle with an aryl iodide, arylboronic acid or acrylate, and (3) regeneration of the active cationic palladium catalyst. The reaction between a cationic palladium(II) complex and arylurea allowed the formation and isolation of the corresponding palladacycle intermediate, characterized by X-ray analysis. Roles of various additives in the stepwise process have also been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nishikata
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Alexander R Abela
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Shenlin Huang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Bruce H Lipshutz
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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11
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Tsukamoto H, Ikeda T, Doi T. Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Annulation of Alkynes with 2-(Cyanomethyl)phenylboronates Leading to 3,4-Disubstituted 2-Naphthalenamines. J Org Chem 2015; 81:1733-45. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Tsukamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki-aza aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Taishi Ikeda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki-aza aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takayuki Doi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki-aza aoba 6-3, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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12
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Yonson N, Yim JCH, Schafer LL. Alkene hydroamination with a chiral zirconium catalyst. Connecting ligand design, precatalyst structure and reactivity trends. Inorganica Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2014.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfa Shi
- The Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China, Fax: (+86)‐21‐6598‐9295; phone: (+86)‐21‐6598‐9295
| | - Yanghui Zhang
- The Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China, Fax: (+86)‐21‐6598‐9295; phone: (+86)‐21‐6598‐9295
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
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14
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Poveda A, Alonso I, Fernández-Ibáñez MÁ. Experimental and computational studies on the mechanism of the Pd-catalyzed C(sp3)–H γ-arylation of amino acid derivatives assisted by the 2-pyridylsulfonyl group. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc00848k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental and computational studies on the mechanism of the Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed C(sp3)–H γ-arylation of amino acid derivatives are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Poveda
- Servicio Interdepartamental de Investigación (SIdI)
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Cantoblanco 28049, Spain
| | - Inés Alonso
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- Cantoblanco 28049, Spain
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15
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Abstract
A method for direct, transition-metal-free ortho-arylation of anilines by aryl chlorides, bromides, fluorides, and triflates has been developed. This methodology provides the most direct approach to 2-arylanilines since no protecting or directing groups on nitrogen are required. The arylation is functional-group tolerant, with alkene, ether, trifluoromethyl, dimethylamino, carbonyl, chloro, and cyano functionalities tolerated. Phenylation of enantiopure binaphthyldiamine affords a product with >99% ee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Truong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, USA
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16
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Catalytic C–H bond arylation of aryl imines and oxazolines in water with ruthenium(II)-acetate catalyst. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.03.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Lipshutz BH, Ghorai S. "Designer"-Surfactant-Enabled Cross-Couplings in Water at Room Temperature. ALDRICHIMICA ACTA 2012; 45:3-16. [PMID: 23807816 PMCID: PMC3691853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
New methodologies are discussed that allow for several commonly used transition-metal-catalyzed coupling reactions to be conducted within aqueous micellar nanoparticles at ambient temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce H. Lipshutz
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Subir Ghorai
- Catalysis R&D Sigma-Aldrich Co. 5485 County Road V Sheboygan Falls, WI 53085, USA
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18
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Grande L, Serrano E, Cuesta L, Urriolabeitia EP. Regioselective CH Bond Activation on Stabilized Nitrogen Ylides Promoted by Pd(II) Complexes: Scope and Limitations. Organometallics 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/om201001c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Loreto Grande
- Instituto
de Síntesis Química y Catálisis
Homogénea, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Serrano
- Instituto
de Síntesis Química y Catálisis
Homogénea, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luciano Cuesta
- Instituto
de Síntesis Química y Catálisis
Homogénea, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Esteban P. Urriolabeitia
- Instituto
de Síntesis Química y Catálisis
Homogénea, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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19
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Abstract
A general method for a highly regioselective copper-catalyzed cross-coupling of two aromatic compounds using iodine as an oxidant has been developed. The reactions involve an initial iodination of one arene followed by arylation of the most acidic C-H bond of the other coupling component. Cross-coupling of electron-rich arenes, electron-poor arenes, and five- and six-membered heterocycles is possible in many combinations. Typically, a 1/1.5 to 1/3 ratio of coupling components is used, in contrast to existing methodology that often employs a large excess of one of the arenes. Common functionalities such as ester, ketone, aldehyde, ether, nitrile, nitro, and amine are well-tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien-Quang Do
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003
| | - Olafs Daugulis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003
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20
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Koutentis PA, Loizou G, Lo Re D. Synthesis of Triazafluoranthenones via Silver(I)-Mediated Nonoxidative and Oxidative Intramolecular Palladium-Catalyzed Cyclizations. J Org Chem 2011; 76:5793-802. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200966k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgia Loizou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Daniele Lo Re
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
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21
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Pluempanupat W, Abraham M, Brecker L, Wolschann P, Karpfen A, Arion VB, Widhalm M. Synthesis and Conformation of Chiral Biheteroaryls. J Org Chem 2011; 76:3222-30. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200089p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanchai Pluempanupat
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Michael Abraham
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Lothar Brecker
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Peter Wolschann
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 17, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Alfred Karpfen
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 17, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Vladimir B. Arion
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Michael Widhalm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Wien, Austria
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22
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Palladium catalyzed allylic C-H alkylation: a mechanistic perspective. Molecules 2011; 16:951-69. [PMID: 21258300 PMCID: PMC6264533 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16010951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The atom-efficiency of one of the most widely used catalytic reactions for forging C-C bonds, the Tsuji-Trost reaction, is limited by the need of preoxidized reagents. This limitation can be overcome by utilization of the recently discovered palladium-catalyzed C-H activation, the allylic C-H alkylation reaction which is the topic of the current review. Particular emphasis is put on current mechanistic proposals for the three reaction types comprising the overall transformation: C-H activation, nucleophillic addition, and re-oxidation of the active catalyst. Recent advances in C-H bond activation are highlighted with emphasis on those leading to C-C bond formation, but where it was deemed necessary for the general understanding of the process closely related C-H oxidations and aminations are also included. It is found that C-H cleavage is most likely achieved by ligand participation which could involve an acetate ion coordinated to Pd. Several of the reported systems rely on benzoquinone for re-oxidation of the active catalyst. The scope for nucleophilic addition in allylic C-H alkylation is currently limited, due to demands on pKa of the nucleophile. This limitation could be due to the pH dependence of the benzoquinone/hydroquinone redox couple. Alternative methods for re-oxidation that does not rely on benzoquinone could be able to alleviate this limitation.
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23
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Aguilar D, Navarro R, Soler T, Urriolabeitia EP. Regioselective functionalization of iminophosphoranes through Pd-mediated C-H bond activation: C-C and C-X bond formation. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:10422-31. [PMID: 20927428 DOI: 10.1039/c003241g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The orthopalladation of iminophosphoranes [R(3)P=N-C(10)H(7)-1] (R(3) = Ph(3) 1, p-Tol(3) 2, PhMe(2) 3, Ph(2)Me 4, N-C(10)H(7)-1 = 1-naphthyl) has been studied. It occurs regioselectively at the aryl ring bonded to the P atom in 1 and 2, giving endo-[Pd(μ-Cl)(C(6)H(4)-(PPh(2=N-1-C(10)H(7))-2)-κ-C,N](2) (5) or endo-[Pd(μ-Cl)(C(6)H(3)-(P(p-Tol)(2)=N-C(10)H(7)-1)-2-Me-5)-κ-C,N](2) (6), while in 3 the 1-naphthyl group is metallated instead, giving exo-[Pd(μ-Cl)(C(10)H(6)-(N=PPhMe(2))-8)-κ-C,N](2) (7). In the case of 4, orthopalladation at room temperature affords the kinetic exo isomer [Pd(μ-Cl)(C(10)H(6)-(N=PPh(2)Me)-8)-κ-C,N](2) (11exo), while a mixture of 11exo and the thermodynamic endo isomer [Pd(μ-Cl)(C(6)H(4)-(PPhMe=N-C(10)H(7)-1)-2)-κ-C,N](2) (11endo) is obtained in refluxing toluene. The heating in toluene of the acetate bridge dimer [Pd(μ-OAc)(C(10)H(6)-(N=PPh(2)Me)-8)-κ-C,N](2) (13exo) promotes the facile transformation of the exo isomer into the endo isomer [Pd(μ-OAc)(C(6)H(4)-(PPhMe=N-C(10)H(7)-1)-2)-κ-C,N](2) (13endo), confirming that the exo isomers are formed under kinetic control. Reactions of the orthometallated complexes have led to functionalized molecules. The stoichiometric reactions of the orthometallated complexes [Pd(μ-Cl)(C(10)H(6)-(N=PPhMe(2))-8)-κ-C,N](2) (7), [Pd(μ-Cl)(C(6)H(4)-(PPh(2)[=NPh)-2)](2) (17) and [Pd(μ-Cl)(C(6)H(3)-(C(O)N=PPh(3))-2-OMe-4)](2) (18) with I(2) or with CO results in the synthesis of the ortho-halogenated compounds [PhMe(2)P=N-C(10)H(6)-I-8] (19), [I-C(6)H(4)-(PPh(2)=NPh)-2] (21) and [Ph(3)P=NC(O)C(6)H(3)-I-2-OMe-5] (23) or the heterocycles [C(10)H(6)-(N=PPhMe(2))-1-(C(O))-8]Cl (20), [C(6)H(5)-(N=PPh(2)-C(6)H(4)-C(O)-2]ClO(4) (22) and [C(6)H(3)-(C(O)-1,2-N-PPh(3))-OMe-4]Cl (24).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Aguilar
- Departamento de Compuestos Organometálicos, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
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24
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Yoshimura M, Muraoka T, Nakatsuka H, Huang H, Kitamura M. Synthesis of 3,3′-Diaryl-Substituted 2,2′-Diamino-1,1′-binaphthyl and Its Derivatives. J Org Chem 2010; 75:4315-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo100638j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yoshimura
- Contribution from the Research Center for Materials Science and the Department of Chemistry, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Muraoka
- Contribution from the Research Center for Materials Science and the Department of Chemistry, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakatsuka
- Contribution from the Research Center for Materials Science and the Department of Chemistry, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hanmin Huang
- Contribution from the Research Center for Materials Science and the Department of Chemistry, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Masato Kitamura
- Contribution from the Research Center for Materials Science and the Department of Chemistry, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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25
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Ackermann L, Vicente R, Kapdi AR. Transition-metal-catalyzed direct arylation of (hetero)arenes by C-H bond cleavage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 48:9792-826. [PMID: 19998294 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200902996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2439] [Impact Index Per Article: 174.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The area of transition-metal-catalyzed direct arylation through cleavage of C-H bonds has undergone rapid development in recent years, and is becoming an increasingly viable alternative to traditional cross-coupling reactions with organometallic reagents. In particular, palladium and ruthenium catalysts have been described that enable the direct arylation of (hetero)arenes with challenging coupling partners--including electrophilic aryl chlorides and tosylates as well as simple arenes in cross-dehydrogenative arylations. Furthermore, less expensive copper, iron, and nickel complexes were recently shown to be effective for economically attractive direct arylations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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26
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Roiban GD, Serrano E, Soler T, Contel M, Grosu I, Cativiela C, Urriolabeitia EP. Ortho-Palladation of (Z)-2-Aryl-4-Arylidene-5(4H)-Oxazolones. Structure and Functionalization. Organometallics 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/om901068f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gheorghe-Doru Roiban
- Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babes-Bolyai University, Arany Janos 11, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Serrano
- Departamento de Compuestos Organometálicos, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, c/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tatiana Soler
- Servicios Técnicos de Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias Fase II, 03690 San Vicente de Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - Maria Contel
- Chemistry Department, Brooklyn College and The Graduate Center (CUNY), 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11210
| | - Ion Grosu
- Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babes-Bolyai University, Arany Janos 11, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Carlos Cativiela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Esteban P. Urriolabeitia
- Departamento de Compuestos Organometálicos, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, c/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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27
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Nishikata T, Abela AR, Lipshutz BH. Room temperature C-H activation and cross-coupling of aryl ureas in water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:781-4. [PMID: 20025011 PMCID: PMC3352769 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200905967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nishikata
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 (USA)
| | - Alexander R. Abela
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 (USA)
| | - Bruce H. Lipshutz
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 (USA)
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28
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Nishikata T, Abela A, Lipshutz B. Room Temperature CH Activation and Cross-Coupling of Aryl Ureas in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200905967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Nieto S, Arnau P, Serrano E, Navarro R, Soler T, Cativiela C, Urriolabeitia EP. Functionalization of Methyl (R)-Phenylglycinate Through Orthopalladation: C−Hal, C−O, C−N, and C−C Bond Coupling. Inorg Chem 2009; 48:11963-75. [DOI: 10.1021/ic901941s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Nieto
- Departamento de Compuestos Organometálicos, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Palmira Arnau
- Departamento de Compuestos Organometálicos, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Serrano
- Departamento de Compuestos Organometálicos, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rafael Navarro
- Departamento de Compuestos Organometálicos, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tatiana Soler
- Servicios Técnicos de Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias Fase II, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente de Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - Carlos Cativiela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Esteban P. Urriolabeitia
- Departamento de Compuestos Organometálicos, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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30
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Scarborough CC, Bergant A, Sazama GT, Guzei IA, Spencer LC, Stahl SS. Synthesis of Pd Complexes Bearing an Enantiomerically-Resolved Seven-Membered N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands and Initial Studies of their Use in Asymmetric Wacker-Type Oxidative Cyclization Reactions. Tetrahedron 2009; 65:5084-5092. [PMID: 20161255 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of enantiomerically-resolved, axially-chiral seven-membered N-heterocyclic carbene ((7)NHC) ligands for palladium is described. These (7)NHC ligands are derived from enatiomerically pure 2,2'-diamino-6,6'-dimethylbiphenyl, which is transformed via a synthetic sequence consisting of ortho-arylation, N-alkylation, and cyclization to afford seven-membered-ring amidinium salts. Synthesis of the 7-membered amidinium salts benefits from microwave irradiation, and in-situ metalation of the amidinium salts yields (7)NHC-Pd(II) complexes. The chiral (7)NHC-Pd complexes were examined as chiral catalysts under aerobic conditions in two intramolecular oxidative amination reactions of alkenes. In one case, enantioselectivities up to 63% e.e. were obtained, while the other substrate underwent cyclization to afford essentially racemic products. The catalytic data compare favorably to results obtained with a Pd(II) catalyst bearing a chiral five-membered-ring NHC ligand and, thereby, highlight the potential significance of this new class of chiral NHC ligands.
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