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Lucena V, Quindt MI, Crespi S, Bonesi SM. Photochemistry of para substituted benzanilides in solution: Preparative and mechanistic studies. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:739-753. [PMID: 35066862 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Preparative and mechanistic studies on the photochemical reaction of a series of p-substituted benzanilides in polar and nonpolar solvents have been carried out. The aim of this work is mainly focused to show whether the reaction solvent and the electronic effects of the substituents affect the product distribution, the chemical yields and the rate of formation of the 5-substituted-2-aminobenzophenone derivatives. Application of the Hammett linear free energy relationship (LFER) on the rate of formation of 2-aminobenzophenone derivatives, on the lower energy band of the UV-visible absorption spectra of the benzanilides and 5-substituted-2-aminobenzophenone derivatives allows a satisfactory quantification of the substituent effects. Furthermore, the solvent effect was also analyzed on the photoreaction by means of the Reichardt's solvent parameter (ET(30). Finally, (TD-) DFT calculations have been carried out to support the trends observed experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentín Lucena
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matías I Quindt
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sergio M Bonesi
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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2
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Sturala J, Etherington MK, Bismillah AN, Higginbotham HF, Trewby W, Aguilar JA, Bromley EHC, Avestro AJ, Monkman AP, McGonigal PR. Excited-State Aromatic Interactions in the Aggregation-Induced Emission of Molecular Rotors. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17882-17889. [PMID: 29151342 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Small, apolar aromatic groups, such as phenyl rings, are commonly included in the structures of fluorophores to impart hindered intramolecular rotations, leading to desirable solid-state luminescence properties. However, they are not normally considered to take part in through-space interactions that influence the fluorescent output. Here, we report on the photoluminescence properties of a series of phenyl-ring molecular rotors bearing three, five, six, and seven phenyl groups. The fluorescent emissions from two of the rotors are found to originate, not from the localized excited state as one might expect, but from unanticipated through-space aromatic-dimer states. We demonstrate that these relaxed dimer states can form as a result of intra- or intermolecular interactions across a range of environments in solution and solid samples, including conditions that promote aggregation-induced emission. Computational modeling also suggests that the formation of aromatic-dimer excited states may account for the photophysical properties of a previously reported luminogen. These results imply, therefore, that this is a general phenomenon that should be taken into account when designing and interpreting the fluorescent outputs of luminescent probes and optoelectronic devices based on fluorescent molecular rotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Sturala
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Durham University , Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Marc K Etherington
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Durham University , Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Aisha N Bismillah
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Durham University , Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Heather F Higginbotham
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Durham University , Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - William Trewby
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Durham University , Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Juan A Aguilar
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Durham University , Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth H C Bromley
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Durham University , Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Alyssa-Jennifer Avestro
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Durham University , Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P Monkman
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Durham University , Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R McGonigal
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Durham University , Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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Larina AG, Nosova VE, Filatov AS, Molchanov AP, Starova GL, Zolotarev AA, Boitsov VM, Stepakov AV. The first example of the reactions of cyclopropenes with N-acyliminium cations generated from hydroxylactams. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Panini P, Chopra D. Experimental and computational insights into the nature of weak intermolecular interactions in trifluoromethyl-substituted isomeric crystalline N-methyl-N-phenylbenzamides. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj01670c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The nature and role of weak interactions, involving fluorine in crystallineN-methyl-N-phenylbenzamides, have been studied in the absence of strong H-bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Panini
- Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal
- 462066 India
| | - Deepak Chopra
- Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal
- 462066 India
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Jia T, Zhang WL, Chen Y, Cai SL, Yi HB. Synthesis, structure, optical properties, antifungal and antibacterial activities of 2-(1-oxo-1H-2,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)-3-imidazolyl-L-lactamic acid. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Qi Q, Liu Y, Fang X, Zhang Y, Chen P, Wang Y, Yang B, Xu B, Tian W, Zhang SXA. AIE (AIEE) and mechanofluorochromic performances of TPE-methoxylates: effects of single molecular conformations. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40734a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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7
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Bergen A, Bohne C, Fuentealba D, Ihmels H, Bats JW, Deiseroth HJ, Neumann E. Studies of the solvatochromic emission properties of N-aroylurea derivatives II: influence of hydrogen-bonding interactions. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:1914-28. [PMID: 22945663 DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25167a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The solvatochromic emission properties of five naphthoylurea derivatives with different substitution patterns at the naphthoylurea functionality were investigated, with a particular focus on the influence of inter- and intramolecular H-bonding interactions. The bathochromic shifts of the emission maxima correlate well with the acceptor number or Catalán's acidity of the solvent (Δλ = 47-86 nm), indicating an excited species with a pronounced negative charge that is stabilized by H-bond donating (HBD) solvents. In media with restricted free volume the formation of the charged species is not favored, because the required conformational change to establish an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) between the fluorophore and the acylurea substituent is hindered, and the emission mainly originates from the locally excited state. This relationship between the alignment of the naphthoyl carbonyl functionality relative to the naphthyl ring and the spectroscopic shift was confirmed by the comparison of the ground state conformation and the emission spectra of the naphthoylurea derivatives in the solid state. Time-resolved experiments revealed different excited entities, whose lifetimes are significantly influenced by the HBD properties and the temperature of the environment. With few exceptions the naphthoylurea derivatives exhibit only two emissive species in the nanosecond range. All experimental data point to conformational relaxation and solvent reorganization leading to the cis and trans isomers of one preferential conformer with respect to the acylurea unit. The structure of the preferred conformation is mainly determined by the possible inter- or intramolecular H-bonds and is therefore also strongly influenced by the HBD and H-bond accepting (HBA) properties of the polar solvents. As the NH groups of the acylurea functionality contribute mainly to the entire inter- and intramolecular H-bond arrangement the variation of the substitution pattern of the urea unit, specifically the presence and position of the NH groups, leads to derivatives with significantly different steady-state and time-resolved emission properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bergen
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
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Zhang X, Jiang YB. Solvent-dependent intramolecular charge transfer dual fluorescence of p-dimethylaminobenzanilide bearing steric ortho,ortho-dimethyl substituents at amido aniline. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1791-6. [PMID: 21912804 DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05208j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) dual fluorescence was observed in various organic solvents with p-dimethylaminobenzanilide (DMBA) derivatives bearing ortho-methyl (DMOMBA) and ortho,ortho-dimethyl (DMDMBA) substituents at amido aniline moiety. Ab initio calculation and absorption spectral data indicated that high steric hindrance was introduced by the ortho,ortho-dimethyl substitutions. It was found that, with DMDMBA, the CT emission initially shifted to the red with increasing solvent polarity from cyclohexane (CHX, 480 nm) to diethyl ether (DEE, 520 nm), similar to those of DMBA derivatives with the ortho-, meta- or para-methyl substitutions at amido aniline moiety. However, there is a characteristic blue-shift of the long wavelength emission between DEE and tetrahydrofuran (THF, 424 nm) then a bathochromic shift again in highly polar solvent acetonitrile (ACN, 484 nm). The unusual solvent-dependent CT emission was ascribed to two competitive CT channels. One is benzanilide (BA)-like CT, whose CT reaction occurs from amido aniline to benzoyl moiety in nonpolar solvent CHX and DEE; the other one is p-dimethylaminobenzamide (DMABA)-like, whose CT reaction occurs from dimethylamino to benzanilide moiety in highly polar solvent THF and ACN. These findings revealed the steric effect plays an important role in the ICT process, which may alter the properties of the electron donor and/or acceptor, but also change the reaction potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, China.
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Functional organogel based on a hydroxyl naphthanilide derivative and aggregation induced enhanced fluorescence emission. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2010.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Chabaud L, Clayden J, Helliwell M, Page A, Raftery J, Vallverdú L. Conformational studies of tertiary oligo-m-benzanilides and oligo-p-benzanilides in solution. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Nayak M, Kim BH, Kwon J, Park S, Seo J, Chung J, Park S. Gelation-Induced Enhanced Fluorescence Emission from Organogels of Salicylanilide-Containing Compounds Exhibiting Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer: Synthesis and Self-Assembly. Chemistry 2010; 16:7437-47. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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A meso-one-dimensional coordination polymer based on racemic 2-(1-oxo-1H-2,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)benzoic acid: Synthesis, structure and properties. J Mol Struct 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2009.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Li-Hong L, Lin G, Chun-Hua L, Xuan Z, Yun-Bao J. Intramolecular Charge Transfer with 1-Naphthanilides and 2-Naphthanilides. CHINESE J CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200590857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lhiaubet-Vallet V, Trzcionka J, Encinas S, Miranda MA, Chouini-Lalanne N. The Triplet State of a N-Phenylphthalimidine with High Intersystem Crossing Efficiency: Characterization by Transient Absorption Spectroscopy and DNA Sensitization Properties. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0498926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Lhiaubet-Vallet
- Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain and Laboratoire des Interactions Moléculaires et Réactivité Chimique et Photochimique, UMR 5623 au CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Jérôme Trzcionka
- Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain and Laboratoire des Interactions Moléculaires et Réactivité Chimique et Photochimique, UMR 5623 au CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Susana Encinas
- Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain and Laboratoire des Interactions Moléculaires et Réactivité Chimique et Photochimique, UMR 5623 au CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Miguel A. Miranda
- Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain and Laboratoire des Interactions Moléculaires et Réactivité Chimique et Photochimique, UMR 5623 au CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Nadia Chouini-Lalanne
- Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain and Laboratoire des Interactions Moléculaires et Réactivité Chimique et Photochimique, UMR 5623 au CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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Grabowski ZR, Rotkiewicz K, Rettig W. Structural Changes Accompanying Intramolecular Electron Transfer: Focus on Twisted Intramolecular Charge-Transfer States and Structures. Chem Rev 2003; 103:3899-4032. [PMID: 14531716 DOI: 10.1021/cr940745l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2228] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Zhang X, Wang CJ, Liu LH, Jiang YB. Reversal of the Intramolecular Charge Transfer in p-Dimethylaminobenzanilides by Amido Anilino Substitution. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp026369n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Analytical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China, and Department of Chemistry and the State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chao-Jie Wang
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Analytical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China, and Department of Chemistry and the State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Li-Hong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Analytical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China, and Department of Chemistry and the State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yun-Bao Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Analytical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China, and Department of Chemistry and the State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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