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Tang S, Wang X. Spin Frustration in Organic Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202310147. [PMID: 37767854 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Spin frustration, which results from geometric frustration and a systematical inability to satisfy all antiferromagnetic (AF) interactions between unpaired spins simultaneously, is under the spotlight for its importance in physics and materials science. Spin frustration is treated as the structural basis of quantum spin liquids (QSLs). Featuring flexible chemical structures, organic radical species exhibit great potential in building spin-frustrated molecules and lattices. So far, the reported examples of spin-frustrated organic radical compounds include triradicals, tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) radicals and derivatives, [Pd(dmit)2 ] compounds (dmit=1,3-dithiol-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate), nitronyl nitroxides, fullerenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and other heterocyclic compounds where the spin frustration is generated intra- or intermolecularly. In this Minireview, we provide a brief summary of the reported radical compounds that possess spin frustration. The related data, including magnetic exchange coupling parameters, spin models, frustration parameters, and crystal lattices, are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxuan Tang
- Sinopec (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Sinopec Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing, 100013, P. R. China
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
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Miyashiro S, Ishii T, Miura Y, Yoshioka N. Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Stable Radical Derivatives Carrying a Phenylacetylene Unit. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020371. [PMID: 29425165 PMCID: PMC6017151 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A nitronyl nitroxide derivative, 2-phenylethynyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-oxyl-3-oxide (1), and two verdazyl derivatives carrying a phenylacetylene unit, 1,5-diphenyl-3-phenylethynyl-6-oxo-1,2,4,5-tetrazin-2-yl (2) and 1,5-diisopropyl-3-phenylethynyl-6-oxo-1,2,4,5-tetrazin-2-yl (3), were synthesized and their packing structures were studied by X-ray crystallographic analysis and magnetically characterized in the solid state. While 1 and 3 had an isolated doublet spin state, 2 formed an antiferromagnetically coupled pair (2J/kB = −118 K). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the spin density polarized in the phenyl group decreases as the dihedral angle between the phenyl ring and radical plane increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Miyashiro
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Tomoaki Ishii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Youhei Miura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Naoki Yoshioka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
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Eusterwiemann S, Dresselhaus T, Doerenkamp C, Janka O, Niehaus O, Massolle A, Daniliuc CG, Eckert H, Pöttgen R, Neugebauer J, Studer A. Cooperative Magnetism in Crystalline N-Aryl-Substituted Verdazyl Radicals: First-Principles Predictions and Experimental Results. Chemistry 2017; 23:6069-6082. [PMID: 28317202 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We report on a series of eight diaryl-6-oxo-verdazyl radicals containing a tert-butyl group at the C(3) position with regard to their crystal structure and magnetic properties by means of magnetic susceptibility measurements in combination with quantum chemical calculations using a first-principles bottom-up approach. The latter method allows for a qualitative prediction and detailed analysis of the correlation between the solid-state architecture and magnetic properties. Although the perturbation in the molecular structure by varying the substituent on the N-aryl ring may appear small, the effects upon the structural parameters controlling intermolecular magnetic coupling interactions are strong, resulting in a wide spectrum of cooperative magnetic behavior. The non-substituted 1,5-diphenyl-tert-butyl-6-oxo-verdazyl radical features a ferromagnetic one-dimensional spin ladder type magnetic network-an extremely rarely observed phenomenon for verdazyl radicals. By varying substituents at the phenyl group, different non-isostructural compounds were obtained with widely different magnetic motifs ranging from linear and zigzag one-dimensional chains to potentially two-dimensional networks, from which we predict magnetic susceptibility data that are in qualitative agreement with experiments and reveal a large sensitivity to packing effects of the molecules. The present study advances the fundamental understanding between solid-state structure and magnetism in organically based radical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Eusterwiemann
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Dresselhaus
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Carsten Doerenkamp
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Oliver Janka
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Oliver Niehaus
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Anja Massolle
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hellmut Eckert
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Present address: Instituto de Física em Sao Carlos, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador Saocarlense 400, Sao Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Rainer Pöttgen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Neugebauer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Constantinides CP, Koutentis PA. Stable N- and N/S-Rich Heterocyclic Radicals. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Lipunova GN, Fedorchenko TG, Chupakhin ON. Verdazyls: synthesis, properties, application. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2013. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2013v082n08abeh004341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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McKinnon SDJ, Gilroy JB, McDonald R, Patrick BO, Hicks RG. Magnetostructural studies of palladium(ii) and platinum(ii) complexes of verdazyl radicals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm02560g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Yakovenko AV, Kolotilov SV, Cador O, Golhen S, Ouahab L, Pavlishchuk VV. Structure, Spectral and Magnetic Properties of 3‐(
p
‐Pyridyl)‐1,5‐diphenylverdazyl (
p
‐PyV) and the Binuclear Copper(II) Radical Complex [Cu
2
(OCOCH
3
)
4
(
p
‐PyV)
2
]. Eur J Inorg Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200900004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya V. Yakovenko
- L. V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, Prospekt Nauki 31, Kiev 03028, Ukraine, Fax: +380‐44‐525‐62‐16
| | - Sergey V. Kolotilov
- L. V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, Prospekt Nauki 31, Kiev 03028, Ukraine, Fax: +380‐44‐525‐62‐16
| | - Olivier Cador
- Equipe Organométalliques et Matériaux Moléculaires, Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR UR1‐CNRS 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France, Fax: +33‐2‐23236840
| | - Stéphane Golhen
- Equipe Organométalliques et Matériaux Moléculaires, Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR UR1‐CNRS 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France, Fax: +33‐2‐23236840
| | - Lahcène Ouahab
- Equipe Organométalliques et Matériaux Moléculaires, Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR UR1‐CNRS 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France, Fax: +33‐2‐23236840
| | - Vitaly V. Pavlishchuk
- L. V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine, Prospekt Nauki 31, Kiev 03028, Ukraine, Fax: +380‐44‐525‐62‐16
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Conductive Materials Based on M(dmit)2 Complexes and Their Combination with Magnetic Complexes. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-00408-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Rosokha SV, Zhang J, Lu J, Kochi JK. Intermolecularπ-dimer of oxoverdazyl radicals with long-distance multicenter (2e/8c) bonding via nitrogen atoms. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Frolova NA, Vatsadze SZ, Stash AI, Rakhimov RD, Zyk NV. Oxidation of 3-(3-or 4-pyridyl)-1,5-diphenylformazans in tetrazolium trichlorometallates: Structural and electrochemical investigation. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-006-0261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Plater MJ, Kemp S, Coronado E, Gómez-García CJ, Harrington RW, Clegg W. A stable oxoverdazyl free radical: Structural and magnetic characterization. Polyhedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2006.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Mukai K, Shiba D, Yoshida K, Mukai K, Hisatou H, Ohara K, Hosokoshi Y, Azuma N. Paramagnetic Semiconductors: Hybrid Molecular Materials Based on Ethyl- and Methyl-pyridinium-Substituted Verdazyl Radical Cations and the Ni(dmit)2Anion (dmit = 1,3-Dithiol-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate). BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2005. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.78.2114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Magnetic semiconductors: Molecular materials based on alkyl-pyridinium-substituted verdazyl radical cations and Ni(dmit)2 anion. Polyhedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2005.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mukai K, Senba N, Hatanaka T, Minakuchi H, Ohara K, Taniguchi M, Misaki Y, Hosokoshi Y, Inoue K, Azuma N. Molecular Paramagnetic Semiconductor: Crystal Structures and Magnetic and Conducting Properties of the Ni(dmit)2 Salts of 6-Oxoverdazyl Radical Cations (dmit = 1,3-Dithiol-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate). Inorg Chem 2003; 43:566-76. [PMID: 14731018 DOI: 10.1021/ic030068q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Four kinds of 1:1 and 1:3 salts of 3-[4-(trimethylammonio)phenyl]-1,5-diphenyl-6-oxoverdazyl radical cation ([1](+)) and its mono- and dimethyl derivatives ([2](+) and [3](+)) with Ni(dmit)(2) anions (dmit = 1,3-dithiol-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate) ([1](+)[Ni(dmit)(2)](-) (4), [2](+)[Ni(dmit)(2)](-) (5), [3](+)[Ni(dmit)(2)](-) (6), and [1](+)[Ni(dmit)(2)](3)(-) (7)) have been prepared, and the magnetic susceptibilities (chi(M)) have been measured between 1.8 and 300 K. The chi(M) values of salts 5 and 7 can be well reproduced by the sum of the contributions from (i). a Curie-Weiss system with a Curie constant of 0.376 (K emu)/mol and negative Weiss constants (THETAV;) of -0.4 and -1.7 K and (ii). a dimer system with strong negative exchange interactions of 2J/k(B) = -354 and -258 K, respectively. The dimer formations in Ni(dmit)(2) anions have been ascertained by the crystal structure analyses of salts 4-6. In salts 4 and 6, Ni(dmit)(2) dimer molecules are sandwiched between two verdazyl cations, indicating the formation of a linear tetramer in 4 and 6. The magnetic susceptibility data for salts 4 and 6 have been fitted to a linear tetramer model using an end exchange interaction of 2J(1)/k(B) = -600 K and a central interaction of 2J(2)/k(B) = -280 K for 4 and 2J(1)/k(B) = -30 K and 2J(2)/k(B) = -580 K for 6, respectively. The results of the temperature dependence of the g(T) value in salts 4-6 obtained by ESR measurement also support the above analyses. The 1:1 salts 4-6 are insulators. On the other hand, the conductivity of the 1:3 salt 7 at 20 degrees C was sigma = 0.10 S cm(-)(1) with an activation energy E(A) = 0.099 eV, showing the semiconductor property. Salt 7 is a new molecular paramagnetic semiconductor.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mukai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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