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Abida O, Osthoff HD. Parahalogenated Phenols Accelerate the Photochemical Release of Nitrogen Oxides from Frozen Solutions Containing Nitrate. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:5923-31. [DOI: 10.1021/jp210249t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Otman Abida
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest,
Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hans D. Osthoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest,
Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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2
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Richards NK, Wingen LM, Callahan KM, Nishino N, Kleinman MT, Tobias DJ, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Nitrate Ion Photolysis in Thin Water Films in the Presence of Bromide Ions. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:5810-21. [DOI: 10.1021/jp109560j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K. Richards
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Lisa M. Wingen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Karen M. Callahan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Noriko Nishino
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Michael T. Kleinman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1825, United States
| | - Douglas J. Tobias
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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3
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Bock J, Jacobi HW. Development of a Mechanism for Nitrate Photochemistry in Snow. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:1790-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jp909205e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Josué Bock
- Université Joseph Fourier — Grenoble 1/CNRS, Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l’Environnement, Grenoble, 54 Rue Molière, 38402 St. Martin d’Hères, France
| | - Hans-Werner Jacobi
- Université Joseph Fourier — Grenoble 1/CNRS, Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l’Environnement, Grenoble, 54 Rue Molière, 38402 St. Martin d’Hères, France
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4
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Karagulian F, Dilbeck CW, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Nitrite-induced oxidation of organic coatings on models for airborne particles. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:7205-12. [PMID: 19140716 DOI: 10.1021/jp808419g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The UV photolysis at lambda > or = 290 nm in air of a mixture of NaNO(2)/NaCl coated with 1-oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (OPPC) was followed in real time in the absence and presence of water vapor by using diffuse reflection infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) at 23 degrees C. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) was used to confirm the identification of the products. Photolysis of NO(2)(-) is known to generate O(-), which in the presence of water forms OH + OH(-). Irradiation of the OPPC/NaNO(2)/NaCl mixture led to a loss of nitrite and the formation of organic nitrates and carbonyl compounds. In the absence of added water vapor, carboxylate ions were also formed. These products are due to oxidation of OPPC by O(-) and OH radicals. The organic products formed per calculated O(-)/OH generated by photolysis increased with relative humidity, consistent with a competition between OPPC and NO(2)(-) for OH. This suggests a new mechanism of oxidation of organics on particles and on surfaces in air that have nitrite ions available for photolysis. Similar chemistry is likely to occur for nitrate ions, which also photolyze to generate O(-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Karagulian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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5
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Miller Y, Thomas JL, Kemp DD, Finlayson-Pitts BJ, Gordon MS, Tobias DJ, Gerber RB. Structure of Large Nitrate−Water Clusters at Ambient Temperatures: Simulations with Effective Fragment Potentials and Force Fields with Implications for Atmospheric Chemistry. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:12805-14. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9070339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifat Miller
- Department of Physical Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Research Center for Molecular Dynamics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, Department of Chemistry and AirUCI, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Jennie L. Thomas
- Department of Physical Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Research Center for Molecular Dynamics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, Department of Chemistry and AirUCI, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Daniel D. Kemp
- Department of Physical Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Research Center for Molecular Dynamics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, Department of Chemistry and AirUCI, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Barbara J. Finlayson-Pitts
- Department of Physical Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Research Center for Molecular Dynamics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, Department of Chemistry and AirUCI, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Mark S. Gordon
- Department of Physical Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Research Center for Molecular Dynamics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, Department of Chemistry and AirUCI, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Douglas J. Tobias
- Department of Physical Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Research Center for Molecular Dynamics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, Department of Chemistry and AirUCI, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - R. Benny Gerber
- Department of Physical Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Research Center for Molecular Dynamics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, Department of Chemistry and AirUCI, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
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6
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Sato K, Takenaka N, Bandow H, Maeda Y. Evaporation Loss of Dissolved Volatile Substances from Ice Surfaces. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:7600-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp075551r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Sato
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai-City, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Norimichi Takenaka
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai-City, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Bandow
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai-City, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Maeda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai-City, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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7
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Yu Y, Ezell MJ, Zelenyuk A, Imre D, Alexander L, Ortega J, Thomas JL, Gogna K, Tobias DJ, D'Anna B, Harmon CW, Johnson SN, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Nitrate ion photochemistry at interfaces: a new mechanism for oxidation of α-pinene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:3063-71. [DOI: 10.1039/b719495a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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8
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Takenaka N, Bandow H. Chemical Kinetics of Reactions in the Unfrozen Solution of Ice. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:8780-6. [PMID: 17705357 DOI: 10.1021/jp0738356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Some reactions are accelerated in ice compared to aqueous solution at higher temperatures. Accelerated reactions in ice take place mainly due to the freeze-concentration effect of solutes in an unfrozen solution at temperatures higher than the eutectic point of the solution. Pincock was the first to report an acceleration model for reactions in ice,1 which successfully simulated experimental results. We propose here a modified version of the model for reactions in ice. The new model includes the total molar change involved in reactions in ice. Furthermore, we explain why many reactions are not accelerated in ice. The acceleration of reactions can be observed in the cases of (i) second- or higher-order reactions, (ii) low concentrations, and (iii) reactions with a small activation energy. Reactions with a buffer solution or additives in order to adjust ion strength, zero- or first-order reactions, or reactions containing high reactant concentrations are not accelerated by freezing. We conclude that the acceleration of reactions in the unfrozen solution of ice is not an abnormal phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norimichi Takenaka
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho 1-1, Sakai-shi, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
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9
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Guzmán MI, Hoffmann MR, Colussi AJ. Photolysis of pyruvic acid in ice: Possible relevance to CO and CO2
ice core record anomalies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. I. Guzmán
- Environmental Science & Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - M. R. Hoffmann
- Environmental Science & Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - A. J. Colussi
- Environmental Science & Engineering; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
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10
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Thomas JL, Roeselová M, Dang LX, Tobias DJ. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Solution−Air Interface of Aqueous Sodium Nitrate. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:3091-8. [PMID: 17402716 DOI: 10.1021/jp0683972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations have been used to investigate the behavior of aqueous sodium nitrate in interfacial environments. Polarizable potentials for the water molecules and the nitrate ion in solution were employed. Calculated surface tension data at several concentrations are in good agreement with measured surface tension data. The surface potential of NaNO3 solutions at two concentrations also compare favorably with experimental measurements. Density profiles suggest that NO3- resides primarily below the surface of the solutions over a wide range of concentrations. When the nitrate anions approach the surface of the solution, they are significantly undercoordinated compared to in the bulk, and this may be important for reactions where solvent cage effects play a role such as photochemical processes. Surface water orientation is perturbed by the presence of nitrate ions, and this has implications for experimental studies that probe interfacial water orientation. Nitrate ions near the surface also have a preferred orientation that places the oxygen atoms in the plane of the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie L Thomas
- Environmental Molecular Science Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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11
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Matykiewiczová N, Kurková R, Klánová J, Klán P. Photochemically induced nitration and hydroxylation of organic aromatic compounds in the presence of nitrate or nitrite in ice. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Jacobi HW, Hilker B. A mechanism for the photochemical transformation of nitrate in snow. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2006.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Guzmán MI, Hildebrandt L, Colussi AJ, Hoffmann MR. Cooperative Hydration of Pyruvic Acid in Ice. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:10621-4. [PMID: 16895430 DOI: 10.1021/ja062039v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
About 3.5 +/- 0.3 water molecules are still involved in the exothermic hydration of 2-oxopropanoic acid (PA) into its monohydrate (2,2-dihydroxypropanoic acid, PAH) in ice at 230 K. This is borne out by thermodynamic analysis of the fact that QH(T) = [PAH]/[PA] becomes temperature independent below approximately 250 K (in chemically and thermally equilibrated frozen 0.1 < or = [PA]/M < or = 4.6 solutions in D2O), which requires that the enthalpy of PA hydration (DeltaHH approximately -22 kJ mol(-1)) be balanced by a multiple of the enthalpy of ice melting (DeltaHM = 6.3 kJ mol(-1)). Considering that: (1) thermograms of frozen PA solutions display a single endotherm, at the onset of ice melting, (2) the sum of the integral intensities of the 1deltaPAH and 1deltaPA methyl proton NMR resonances is nearly constant while, (3) line widths increase exponentially with decreasing temperature before diverging below approximately 230 K, we infer that PA in ice remains cooperatively hydrated within interstitial microfluids until they vitrify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo I Guzmán
- W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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14
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Robinson C, Boxe CS, Guzman MI, Colussi AJ, Hoffmann MR. Acidity of Frozen Electrolyte Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:7613-6. [PMID: 16610849 DOI: 10.1021/jp061169n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ice is selectively intolerant to impurities. A preponderance of implanted anions or cations generates electrical imbalances in ice grown from electrolyte solutions. Since the excess charges are ultimately neutralized via interfacial (H(+)/HO(-)) transport, the acidity of the unfrozen portion can change significantly and permanently. This insufficiently recognized phenomenon should critically affect rates and equilibria in frozen media. Here we report the effective (19)F NMR chemical shift of 3-fluorobenzoic acid as in situ probe of the acidity of extensively frozen electrolyte solutions. The sign and magnitude of the acidity changes associated with freezing are largely determined by specific ion combinations, but depend also on solute concentration and/or the extent of supercooling. NaCl solutions become more basic, those of (NH(4))(2)SO(4) or Na(2)SO(4) become more acidic, while solutions of the 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid zwitterion barely change their acidity upon freezing. We discuss how acidity scales based on solid-state NMR measurements could be used to assess the degree of ionization of weak acids and bases in frozen media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Robinson
- W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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15
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Boxe CS, Colussi AJ, Hoffmann MR, Perez IM, Murphy JG, Cohen RC. Kinetics of NO and NO2 Evolution from Illuminated Frozen Nitrate Solutions. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:3578-83. [PMID: 16526638 DOI: 10.1021/jp055037q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The release of NO and NO2 from frozen aqueous NaNO3 irradiated at 313 nm was studied using time-resolved spectroscopic techniques. The kinetic behavior of NO and NO2 signals during on-and-off illumination cycles confirms that NO2 is a primary photoproduct evolving from the outermost ice layers and reveals that NO is a secondary species generated deeper in the ice, whence it eventually emerges due to its inertness and larger diffusivity. NO is shown to be more weakly held than NO2 by ice in thermal desorption experiments on preirradiated samples. The partial control of gaseous emissions by mass transfer, and hence by the morphology and metamorphisms of polycrystalline ice, is established by (1) the nonmonotonic temperature dependence of NO and NO2 signals upon stepwise warming under continuous illumination, (2) the fact that the NO, NO2 or NOx (NOx identical with NO + NO2) amounts released in bright thermograms performed under various heating ramps fail to scale with photon dose, due to irreversible losses in the adsorbed state. Because present NO/NO2 ratios are up to 10-fold smaller than those determined over sunlit snowpacks, we infer that the immediate precursors to NO mostly absorb at lambda > lambda(max) (NO3-) approximately 302 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Boxe
- W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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16
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Guzmán MI, Colussi AJ, Hoffmann MR. Photogeneration of Distant Radical Pairs in Aqueous Pyruvic Acid Glasses. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:931-5. [PMID: 16419992 DOI: 10.1021/jp053449t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The lambda > 300 nm photolysis of h4- or d4-pyruvic acid aqueous glasses at 77 K yields identical electron magnetic resonance (EMR) spectra arising from distant (r greater or similar 0.5 nm) triplet radical pairs. Spectra comprise: (1) well-resolved quartets, X, at g approximately ge, that closely match the powder spectra of spin pairs interacting across r approximately 1.0 nm with D approximately 3.0 mT, E approximately 0 mT zero field splittings (ZFS), and (2) broad signals, Y, centered at g approximately 2.07 that display marked g-anisotropy and g-strain, exclude D greater or similar 20.0 mT values (i.e., r less or similar 0.5 spin nm separations), and track the temperature dependence of related g approximately 4 features. These results imply that the n-pi excitation of pyruvic acid, PA, induces long-range electron transfer from the promoted carbonyl chromophore into neighboring carbonyl acceptors, rather than homolysis into contact radical pairs or concerted decarboxylation into a carbene. Since PA is associated into hydrogen-bonded dimers prior to vitrification, X signals arise from radical pairs ensuing intradimer electron transfer to a locked acceptor, while Y signals involve carbonyl groups attached to randomly arranged, disjoint monomers. The ultrafast decarboxylation of primary radical ion pairs, 3[PA+* PA-*], accounts for the release of CO2 under cryogenic conditions, the lack of thermal hysteresis displayed by magnetic signals between 10 and 160 K, and averted charge retrotransfer. All EMR signals disappear irreversibly above the onset of ice diffusivity at approximately 190 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo I Guzmán
- W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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Boxe CS, Colussi AJ, Hoffmann MR, Murphy JG, Wooldridge PJ, Bertram TH, Cohen RC. Photochemical Production and Release of Gaseous NO2from Nitrate-Doped Water Ice. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:8520-5. [PMID: 16834249 DOI: 10.1021/jp0518815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Temperature-programmed NO2 emissions from frozen aqueous NaNO3 solutions irradiated at 313 nm were monitored as function of nitrate concentration and heating rate, H, above -30 degrees C. Emissions increase nonmonotonically with temperature, displaying transitions suggestive of underlying metamorphic transformations. Thus, NO2 emissions surge at ca. -8 degrees C in frozen [NO3-] > 200 microM samples warmed at H = 0.70 degrees C min(-1) under continuous irradiation, and also in the dark from samples that had been photolyzed at -30 degrees C. The amounts of NO2 released in individual thermograms, SigmaN, increase less than linearly with [NO3-] or the duration of experiments, revealing the significant loss of photogenerated NO2. The actual SigmaN proportional, variant [NO3-]1/2 dependence (at constant H) is consistent with NO2 hydrolysis: 2NO2 + H2O --> NO3- + NO2- + 2H+, overtaking NO2 desorption, even below the eutectic point (-18 degrees C for aqueous NaNO3). The increasingly larger NO2 losses detected in longer experiments (at constant [NO3-]) are ascribed to secondary photolysis of trapped NO2. The relevance of present results to the interpretation of polar NO2 measurements is briefly analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Boxe
- W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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18
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McCabe JR. Oxygen isotopic fractionation in the photochemistry of nitrate in water and ice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Fisher FN, King MD, Lee-Taylor J. Extinction of UV-visible radiation in wet midlatitude (maritime) snow: Implications for increased NOxemission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd005963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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