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Ma Y, Zhang X, Liu W, Wei Y, Fu Z, Li J, Zhang X, Peng J, Yan Y. Stoichiometry Dependence of Physical and Electrochemical Properties of the SnO x Film Anodes Deposited by Pulse DC Magnetron Sputtering. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14071803. [PMID: 33917375 PMCID: PMC8038721 DOI: 10.3390/ma14071803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A batch of Sn oxides was fabricated by pulse direct current reactive magnetron sputtering (pDC-RMS) using different Ar/O2 flow ratios at 0.3 Pa; the influence of stoichiometry on the physical and electrochemical properties of the films was evaluated by the characterization of scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray reflection (XRR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and more. The results were as follows. First, the film surface transitioned from a particle morphology (roughness of 50.0 nm) to a smooth state (roughness of 3.7 nm) when Ar/O2 flow ratios changed from 30/0 to 23/7; second, all SnOx films were in an amorphous state, some samples deposited with low O2 flow ratios (≤2 sccm) still included metallic Sn grains. Therefore, the stoichiometry of SnOx calculated by XPS spectra increased linearly from SnO0.0.08 to SnO1.71 as the O2 flow ratios increased, and the oxidation degree was further calibrated by the average valence method and SnO2 standard material. Finally, the electrochemical performance was confirmed to be improved with the increase in oxidation degree (x) in SnOx, and the SnO1.71 film deposited with Ar/O2 = 23/7 possessed the best cycle performance, reversible capacity of 396.1 mAh/g and a capacity retention ratio of 75.4% after 50 cycles at a constant current density of 44 μA/cm2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yue Yan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-(010)-6249-6499
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Chakraborty D, Chattaraj PK. Conceptual density functional theory based electronic structure principles. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6264-6279. [PMID: 34084424 PMCID: PMC8115084 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc07017c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review article, we intend to highlight the basic electronic structure principles and various reactivity descriptors as defined within the premise of conceptual density functional theory (CDFT). Over the past several decades, CDFT has proven its worth in providing valuable insights into various static as well as time-dependent physicochemical problems. Herein, having briefly outlined the basics of CDFT, we describe various situations where CDFT based reactivity theory could be employed in order to gain insights into the underlying mechanism of several chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debdutta Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F-2404 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Pratim Kumar Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur 721302 West Bengal India +91 3222 255303 +91 3222 283304
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
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Abstract
The chemical reactivity of a molecule as a whole or of an atom in a molecule varies during a chemical reaction. A variation of global and local reactivity descriptors in the course of a physicochemical process was studied within a quantum fluid density functional theory framework. Effects of a physical confinement and the electronic excitation therein were studied. In this Perspective, we also highlight the direction of a spontaneous chemical reaction in the light of the dynamical variants of the conceptual density functional theory-based electronic structure principles. An exhaustive state-of-the-art dynamical study is warranted in order to understand a chemical reaction from a reactivity perspective augmenting the associated molecular reaction dynamics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utpal Sarkar
- Department of Physics, Assam University, Silchar 788011, India
| | - Pratim Kumar Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India.,Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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Geerlings P, Chamorro E, Chattaraj PK, De Proft F, Gázquez JL, Liu S, Morell C, Toro-Labbé A, Vela A, Ayers P. Conceptual density functional theory: status, prospects, issues. Theor Chem Acc 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-020-2546-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Vigneresse JL, Truche L. Chemical descriptors for describing physico-chemical properties with applications to geosciences. J Mol Model 2018; 24:231. [PMID: 30097724 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-018-3770-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Chemical descriptors using DFT concepts characterize elements reactivity. Such descriptors, namely hardness and electrophilicity, are components of the derivative of the chemical potential. Their values form a new coordinates system, on which a third parameter can be mapped. The simplest mapping is the chemical potential itself, but other mapping may involve totally different chemical or physical parameters. Examples use rock analyses generated within the continental or oceanic crust of the Earth. They are usually described in an 11D system of major oxides. The new system of coordinates reduces the description to a more easily tractable 2D diagram. It also represents a base for plotting other chemical information, such as the normative component composition or a combination of them. Physically, other properties, such as the polymerization state or viscosity values, can be used to produce a 3D topography. Other topographic surfaces similar to the chemical potential of elements can be mapped, allowing quantification of partition coefficient values when elements fractionate in both liquid or viscous states. The reduction of an 11D diagram to a 2D one is suggested in other scientific descriptions of complex combinations. Graphical abstract [ω-η] diagrams showing the chemical potential and the different continental and oceanic rock typesthen ading some chemical (Aluminium Saturation Index) parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Vigneresse
- Université de Lorraine, GéoRessources, UMR CNRS 7539, BP 23, F-54501, Vandoeuvre Cédex, France.
| | - Laurent Truche
- ISTerre, Université de Grenoble-Alpes, 38400, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France
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Chakraborty D, Kar S, Chattaraj PK. Orbital free DFT versus single density equation: a perspective through quantum domain behavior of a classically chaotic system. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:31516-29. [PMID: 26033095 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00995b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regular to chaotic transition takes place in a driven van der Pol oscillator in both classical and quantum domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debdutta Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Theoretical Studies
- Indian Institute of Technology
- West Bengal
- India
| | - Susmita Kar
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Theoretical Studies
- Indian Institute of Technology
- West Bengal
- India
| | - Pratim Kumar Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Theoretical Studies
- Indian Institute of Technology
- West Bengal
- India
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Khatua M, Chattaraj PK. Molecular reactivity dynamics in a confined environment. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:5588-614. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp43511c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratim Kumar Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Theoretical Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
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Morell C, Ayers PW, Grand A, Chermette H. Application of the electron density force to chemical reactivity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:9601-8. [PMID: 21503299 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02083d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper the concept of force experienced by the electron density is applied to chemical reactivity. The force is based upon the gradient of a local chemical potential. Closely related concepts such as force field lines and local electron flux are defined to provide insight in chemical reactivity. The time evolution of a molecular site density is also proposed. From the divergence of the force, the nucleophilic and electrophilic behaviour of atomic sites are characterized. Finally, the relations between the force and local conceptual DFT descriptors are also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Morell
- CEA Grenoble -INAC/SCIB/LAN (UMR-E n°3 CEA-UJF), CEA-Grenoble, 17, rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
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Cárdenas C, Echegaray E, Chakraborty D, Anderson JSM, Ayers PW. Relationships between the third-order reactivity indicators in chemical density-functional theory. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:244105. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3151599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Chattaraj PK, Giri S. Electrophilicity index within a conceptual DFT framework. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b802832j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratim Kumar Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, IndiaThis is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in 2006 (Chattaraj, P. K.; Sarkar, U.; Roy, D. R. Chem. Rev. 2006, 106, 2065). Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - Debesh Ranjan Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, IndiaThis is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in 2006 (Chattaraj, P. K.; Sarkar, U.; Roy, D. R. Chem. Rev. 2006, 106, 2065). Updates to the text appear in red type
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Chapter 13 Chemical reactivity dynamics in ground and excited electronic states. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1380-7323(07)80014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
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Dynamic behavior of chemical reactivity indices in density functional theory: A Bohn-Oppenheimer quantum molecular dynamics study. J CHEM SCI 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02708352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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