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Electronic Structure Calculations on Endohedral Complexes of Fullerenes: Reminiscences and Prospects. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031384. [PMID: 36771050 PMCID: PMC9920411 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The history of electronic structure calculations on the endohedral complexes of fullerenes is reviewed. First, the long road to the isolation of new allotropes of carbon that commenced with the seminal organic syntheses involving simple inorganic substrates is discussed. Next, the focus is switched to author's involvement with fullerene research that has led to the in silico discovery of endohedral complexes. The predictions of these pioneering theoretical studies are juxtaposed against the data afforded by subsequent experimental developments. The successes and failures of the old and modern quantum-chemical calculations on endohedral complexes are summarized and their remaining deficiencies requiring further attention are identified.
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Bloodworth S, Whitby RJ. Synthesis of endohedral fullerenes by molecular surgery. Commun Chem 2022; 5:121. [PMID: 36697689 PMCID: PMC9814919 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00738-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Encapsulation of atoms or small molecules inside fullerenes provides a unique opportunity for study of the confined species in the isolated cavity, and the synthesis of closed C60 or C70 fullerenes with enclosed atoms or molecules has recently developed using the method of 'molecular surgery'; in which an open-cage intermediate fullerene is the host for encapsulation of a guest species, before repair of the cage opening. In this work we review the main methods for cage-opening and closure, and the achievements of molecular surgery to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Bloodworth
- grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Richard J. Whitby
- grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
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Hoffman G, Bacanu GR, Marsden ES, Walkey MC, Sabba M, Bloodworth S, Tizzard GJ, Levitt MH, Whitby RJ. Synthesis and 83Kr NMR spectroscopy of Kr@C 60. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:11284-11287. [PMID: 36124877 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03398d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of Kr@C60 is achieved by quantitative high-pressure encapsulation of the noble gas into an open-fullerene, and subsequent cage closure. Krypton is the largest noble gas entrapped in C60 using 'molecular surgery' and Kr@C60 is prepared with >99.4% incorporation of the endohedral atom, in ca. 4% yield from C60. Encapsulation in C60 causes a shift of the 83Kr resonance by -39.5 ppm with respect to free 83Kr in solution. The 83Kr spin-lattice relaxation time T1 is approximately 36 times longer for Kr encapsulated in C60 than for free Kr in solution. This is the first characterisation of a stable Kr compound by 83Kr NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Hoffman
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - George R Bacanu
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Elizabeth S Marsden
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Mark C Walkey
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Mohamed Sabba
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Sally Bloodworth
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Graham J Tizzard
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Malcolm H Levitt
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Richard J Whitby
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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Bloodworth S, Hoffman G, Walkey MC, Bacanu GR, Herniman JM, Levitt MH, Whitby RJ. Synthesis of Ar@C 60 using molecular surgery. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 56:10521-10524. [PMID: 32779650 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04201c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of Ar@C60 is described, using a route in which high-pressure argon filling of an open-fullerene and photochemical desulfinylation are the key steps for >95% encapsulation of the noble gas. Enrichment by recycling HPLC leads to quantitative incorporation of argon in the product endofullerene, with a mass recovery of tens of milligrams, allowing the first characterisation of fine structure in the solution 13C NMR spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Bloodworth
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Gabriela Hoffman
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Mark C Walkey
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - George R Bacanu
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Julie M Herniman
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Malcolm H Levitt
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Richard J Whitby
- Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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Semenov SG, Bedrina ME, Klemeshev VA, Titov AV. Quantum Chemical Study of X@BikPbm, BikPbm∙X, X@SbkSnm, and SbkSnm∙X Clusters. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363221020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Jalife S, Arcudia J, Pan S, Merino G. Noble gas endohedral fullerenes. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6642-6652. [PMID: 33033593 PMCID: PMC7500087 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02507k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the available experimental and theoretical investigations on noble gas (Ng) endohedral fullerenes, addressing essential questions related to the mutual effects that confinement of one or more Ng atoms induces on the electronic structure, bonding, and different properties of fullerenes. It also summarizes the different contributions to the mechanisms of formation and decomplexation, the reactivity towards Diels-Alder cycloaddition reactions, the chemical bonding situation of Ng endohedral fullerenes, and the interactions that dominate within these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Jalife
- Departamento de Física Aplicada , Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados , Antigua carretera a Progreso Km 6, Cordemex, Loma Bonita Xcumpich , 97310 Mérida , Yucatán , Mexico . ; ;
| | - Jessica Arcudia
- Departamento de Física Aplicada , Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados , Antigua carretera a Progreso Km 6, Cordemex, Loma Bonita Xcumpich , 97310 Mérida , Yucatán , Mexico . ; ;
| | - Sudip Pan
- Fachbereich Chemie , Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Straße , 35032 Marburg , Germany .
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Física Aplicada , Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados , Antigua carretera a Progreso Km 6, Cordemex, Loma Bonita Xcumpich , 97310 Mérida , Yucatán , Mexico . ; ;
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Dolgonos GA, Peslherbe GH. Encapsulation of diatomic molecules in fullerene C60: implications for their main properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:26294-305. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04069d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Popov
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden , D-01171 Dresden, Germany
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Cimpoesu F, Ito S, Shimotani H, Takagi H, Dragoe N. Vibrational properties of noble gas endohedral fullerenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:9609-15. [PMID: 21503295 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20279k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of IR and Raman spectra of Ar@C(60) and Kr@C(60) shows that the incorporation of noble gas atoms causes a blue shift of low energy vibrations, which have radial character, and a red shift of higher energy ones which have a tangential character movement. The mechanism of these phenomena is explained on the basis of ab initio numerical experiments with DFT and MP2 procedures. Methodological discussions are advanced, altogether with a scheme for the estimation of the van der Waals interaction between fullerene and noble gas, based on the frequency shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanica Cimpoesu
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Splaiul Independentei 202, Bucharest 060021, Romania.
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Yan H, Yu S, Wang X, He Y, Huang W, Yang M. Dipole polarizabilities of noble gas endohedral fullerenes. Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Tilton P, Suchy B, Balasubramanya MK, Roth MW. Simulated dynamics of Ne@C60aggregates beyond dissociation. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/08927020701435803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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