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Salzburger M, Saragi RT, Wensink FJ, Cunningham EM, Beyer MK, Bakker JM, Ončák M, van der Linde C. Carbon Dioxide and Water Activation by Niobium Trioxide Anions in the Gas Phase. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:3402-3411. [PMID: 37040467 PMCID: PMC10123662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Transition metals are important in various industrial applications including catalysis. Due to the current concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, various ways for its capture and utilization are investigated. Here, we study the activation of CO2 and H2O at [NbO3]- in the gas phase using a combination of infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. In the experiments, Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry is combined with tunable IR laser light provided by the intracavity free-electron laser FELICE or optical parametric oscillator-based table-top laser systems. We present spectra of [NbO3]-, [NbO2(OH)2]-, [NbO2(OH)2]-(H2O) and [NbO(OH)2(CO3)]- in the 240-4000 cm-1 range. The measured spectra and observed dissociation channels together with quantum chemical calculations confirm that upon interaction with a water molecule, [NbO3]- is transformed to [NbO2(OH)2]- via a barrierless reaction. Reaction of this product with CO2 leads to [NbO(OH)2(CO3)]- with the formation of a [CO3] moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Salzburger
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rizalina T Saragi
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Frank J Wensink
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ethan M Cunningham
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Huang B, Yang M, Lei X, Gan W, Luo Z. A comparative study on the reactivity of cationic niobium clusters with nitrogen and oxygen. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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3
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Lei X, Zhang H, Jia Y, Luo Z. Gas-phase preparation and the stability of superatomic Nb 11O 15. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:15766-15773. [PMID: 34286767 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02128a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a study of the reactions of pure metal clusters Nbn- with dioxygen in the gas phase. It is found that the presence of low-concentration dioxygen reactants results in oxygen-addition products, whereas sufficient high-concentration dioxygen enables oxygen-etching reactions giving rise to molecular niobium oxides. Interestingly, in the presence of a suitable gas flow rate of an intermediate dioxygen concentration, a highly selective product Nb11O15- shows up in the mass spectra. Utilizing density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we have discussed the reactivities of Nbn- (3 ≤ n ≤ 14) clusters with oxygen, and unveiled the reasonable stability of Nb11O15- pertaining to its unique geometric structure with a D5h Nb@Nb10 core fully protected by 15 bridge-oxygen atoms. The oxygen-passivated Nb@Nb10O15- cluster exhibits a large HOMO-LUMO gap (1.46 eV) and effective multicenter bonds with remarkable superatom orbitals for all the 26 valence electrons of the Nb@Nb10 core corresponding to well-staggered energy levels. We illustrate the superatomic features in the Nb@Nb10 metallic core for which the adaptive natural density partitioning (AdNDP) analysis unveils thirteen 11c-2e bonds. Among them, one of the 11c-2e bonds accounts for the superatomic S orbital, three bonds correspond to superatomic P orbitals, another five display vivid D orbital characteristics, and the remaining four 11c-2e bonds are assigned to F orbital features. In addition, the net atomic charge of the center Nb atom is as high as -0.804 |e| rendering core-shell electrostatic interactions and the shielding effect of the Nb10O15 shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Yuhan Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Sun W, Sun J, Du L, Du C, Gao Y, Yin G. Synthesis of Nitrogen-doped Niobium Dioxide and its co-catalytic effect towards the electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction on platinum. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.02.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tranca DC, Wojtaszek-Gurdak A, Ziolek M, Tielens F. Supported and inserted monomeric niobium oxide species on/in silica: a molecular picture. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:22402-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03450g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The geometry, energetic, and spectroscopic properties of molecular structures of silica-supported niobium oxide catalysts are studied using periodic density functional calculations (DFT) and compared with experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C. Tranca
- Technische Universität Hamburg
- Harburg
- Chemische Reaktionstechnik
- 21073 Hamburg
- Germany
| | | | | | - Frederik Tielens
- Sorbonne Universités
- UPMC Univ Paris 06
- UMR 7574
- Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée
- Collège de France
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González-Navarrete P, Sensato FR, Andrés J, Longo E. Oxygen atom transfer reactions from Mimoun complexes to sulfides and sulfoxides. A bonding evolution theory analysis. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:6092-103. [PMID: 25010751 DOI: 10.1021/jp504172g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this research, a comprehensive theoretical investigation has been conducted on oxygen atom transfer (OAT) reactions from Mimoun complexes to sulfides and sulfoxides. The joint use of the electron localization function (ELF) and Thom's catastrophe theory (CT) provides a powerful tool to analyze the evolution of chemical events along a reaction pathway. The progress of the reaction has been monitored by structural stability domains from ELF topology while the changes between them are controlled by turning points derived from CT which reveal that the reaction mechanism can be separated in several steps: first, a rupture of the peroxo O1-O2 bond, then a rearrangement of lone pairs of the sulfur atom occurs and subsequently the formation of S-O1 bond. The OAT process involving the oxidation of sulfides and sulfoxides is found to be an asynchronous process where O1-O2 bond breaking and S-O1 bond formation processes do not occur simultaneously. Nucleophilic/electrophilic characters of both dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl sulfoxide, respectively, are sufficiently described by our results, which hold the key to unprecedented insight into the mapping of electrons that compose the bonds while the bonds change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio González-Navarrete
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Electrochemistry and Ceramics , Francisco Degni 55, Araraquara 14800-900, Brazil
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Cormanich RA, Santiago RT, La Porta FA, Freitas MP, Rittner R, da Cunha EF, Andres J, Longo E, Ramalho TC. Quantum chemical topological analysis of hydrogen bonding in HX…HX and CH3X…HX dimers (X = Br, Cl, F). MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2014.904514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Li RZ, Xu HG, Cao GJ, Xu XL, Zheng WJ. Interaction of TiO2(-) with water: photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional calculations. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:184303. [PMID: 24320270 DOI: 10.1063/1.4828815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions of titania with water molecules were studied via photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional calculations of TiO(OH)2(-) and Ti(OH)4(H2O)n(-) (n = 0-5) clusters which are corresponding to the TiO2(H2O)(-) and TiO2(H2O)n+2(-) (n = 0-5) systems, respectively. Experimental observation and theoretical calculations confirmed that TiO(OH)2(-) was produced when TiO2(-) interacts with one water molecule, and Ti(OH)4(H2O)n(-) (n = 0-5) were produced successively when TiO2(-) interacts with two or more water molecules. The structures of Ti(OH)4(H2O)n(-) with n = 4, 5 are slightly different from those of n = 1-3. The structures of Ti(OH)4(H2O)1-3(-) can be viewed as the water molecules interacting with the Ti(OH)4(-) core through hydrogen bonds; however, in Ti(OH)4(H2O)4,5(-), one of the water molecules interacts directly with the Ti atom via its oxygen atom instead of a hydrogen bond and distorted the Ti(OH)4(-) core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Zhong Li
- College of Electronics and Information, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710048, China
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Xu HG, Li XN, Kong XY, He SG, Zheng WJ. Interaction of TiO+ with water: infrared photodissociation spectroscopy and density functional calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:17126-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp52823e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Li RZ, Xu HG, Cao GJ, Zhao YC, Zheng WJ. Interaction of ComO− (m = 1–3) with water: Anion photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional calculations. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:134307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3644897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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12
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Wu XN, Ma JB, Xu B, Zhao YX, Ding XL, He SG. Collision-Induced Dissociation and Density Functional Theory Studies of CO Adsorption over Zirconium Oxide Cluster Ions: Oxidative and Nonoxidative Adsorption. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:5238-46. [DOI: 10.1021/jp200984r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Nan Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Bi Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Bo Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Xia Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Xun-Lei Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Gui He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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Berski S, Sensato FR, Polo V, Andrés J, Safont VS. Olefin Epoxidation by Molybdenum Peroxo Compound: Molecular Mechanism Characterized by the Electron Localization Function and Catastrophe Theory. J Phys Chem A 2010; 115:514-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jp108440f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Berski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, R. Artur Riedel 275, 09972-270, Diadema, Brazil; Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Zaragoza, c/Pedro Cerbuna s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de los Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Edificio Cervantes, Corona de Aragón 42, Zaragoza 50009, Spain; and Departament de Ciències Experimentals,
| | - Fabrício R. Sensato
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, R. Artur Riedel 275, 09972-270, Diadema, Brazil; Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Zaragoza, c/Pedro Cerbuna s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de los Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Edificio Cervantes, Corona de Aragón 42, Zaragoza 50009, Spain; and Departament de Ciències Experimentals,
| | - Victor Polo
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, R. Artur Riedel 275, 09972-270, Diadema, Brazil; Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Zaragoza, c/Pedro Cerbuna s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de los Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Edificio Cervantes, Corona de Aragón 42, Zaragoza 50009, Spain; and Departament de Ciències Experimentals,
| | - Juan Andrés
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, R. Artur Riedel 275, 09972-270, Diadema, Brazil; Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Zaragoza, c/Pedro Cerbuna s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de los Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Edificio Cervantes, Corona de Aragón 42, Zaragoza 50009, Spain; and Departament de Ciències Experimentals,
| | - V. S. Safont
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, R. Artur Riedel 275, 09972-270, Diadema, Brazil; Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Zaragoza, c/Pedro Cerbuna s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de los Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Edificio Cervantes, Corona de Aragón 42, Zaragoza 50009, Spain; and Departament de Ciències Experimentals,
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14
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Moles P, Oliva M, Sánchez-González A, Safont VS. A topological study of the decomposition of 6,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane induced by Fe(II): modeling the artemisinin reaction with heme. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:1163-73. [PMID: 20028005 DOI: 10.1021/jp910207z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a theoretical study on the electronic and topological aspects of the reaction of dihydrated Fe(OH)(2) with 6,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane, as a model for the reaction of heme with artemisinin. A comparison is made with the reaction of dihydrated ferrous hydroxide with O(2), as a model for the heme interaction with oxygen. We found that dihydrated Fe(OH)(2) reacts more efficiently with the artemisinin model than with O(2). This result suggests that artemisinin instead of molecular oxygen would interact with heme, disrupting its detoxification process by avoiding the initial heme to hemin oxidation, and killing in this way the malaria parasite. The ELF and AIM theories provide support for such a conclusion, which further clarifies our understanding on how artemisinin acts as an antimalarial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Moles
- Departament de Química Física i Analítica, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castelló, Spain
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Aubriet F, Gaumet JJ, de Jong WA, Groenewold GS, Gianotto AK, McIlwain ME, Van Stipdonk MJ, Leavitt CM. Cerium Oxyhydroxide Clusters: Formation, Structure, and Reactivity. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:6239-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9015432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wibe A. de Jong
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352
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Kim SJ, Kraus F, Fässler TF. Na6ZnSn2, Na4.24K1.76(1)ZnSn2, and Na20Zn8Sn11: Three Intermetallic Structures Containing the Linear {Sn−Zn−Sn}6− Unit. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:1469-78. [DOI: 10.1021/ja806737k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Florian Kraus
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Fässler
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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The protocovalent NO bond: Quantum chemical topology (QCT of ELF and ELI-D) study on the bonding in the nitrous acid HONO and its relevancy to the experiment. Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Reed ZD, Duncan MA. Photodissociation of Yttrium and Lanthanum Oxide Cluster Cations. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:5354-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jp800588r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. D. Reed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556
| | - M. A. Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556
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Molek KS, Anfuso-Cleary C, Duncan MA. Photodissociation of Iron Oxide Cluster Cations. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:9238-47. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8009436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. S. Molek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556
| | - C. Anfuso-Cleary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556
| | - M. A. Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556
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Molek KS, Reed ZD, Ricks AM, Duncan MA. Photodissociation of Chromium Oxide Cluster Cations. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:8080-9. [PMID: 17665887 DOI: 10.1021/jp073789+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chromium oxide cluster cations, Cr(n)O(m)+, are produced by laser vaporization in a pulsed nozzle cluster source and detected with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The mass spectrum exhibits a limited number of stoichiometries for each value of n, where m > n. The cluster cations are mass selected and photodissociated using the second (532 nm) or third (355 nm) harmonic output of a Nd:YAG laser. At either wavelength, multiphoton absorption is required to dissociate these clusters, which is consistent with their expected strong bonding. Cluster dissociation occurs via elimination of molecular oxygen, or by fission processes producing stable cation species and/or eliminating stable neutrals such as CrO3, Cr(2)O(5), or Cr(4)O(10). Specific cation clusters identified to be stable because they are produced repeatedly in the decomposition of larger clusters include Cr(2)O(4)+, Cr(3)O(6)+, Cr(3)O(7)+, Cr(4)O(9)+, and Cr(4)O(10)+.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Molek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, USA
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Chapter 5 Understanding and using the electron localization function. THEORETICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1380-7323(07)80006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Polo V, Domingo LR, Andrés J. Better Understanding of the Ring-Cleavage Process of Cyanocyclopropyl Anionic Derivatives. A Theoretical Study Based on the Electron Localization Function. J Org Chem 2005; 71:754-62. [PMID: 16408990 DOI: 10.1021/jo052117h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Theoretical calculations at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d), MP2/6-31+G(d), and G3(MP2) levels have been carried out to understand the alternative reaction pathways (the cyclopropyl ring cleavage (RC) and the retrocycloaddition reaction (rCA)) of a constrained tricyanocyclopropyl anionic derivative. The more energetically favorable path is found to be the RC process, a formally "forbidden" rearrangement (Leiviers, M.; Tam, I.; Groves, K.; Leung, D.; Xie, Y.; Breslow, R. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 19, 3407) yielding an allylic anion system via a concerted transition structure, in agreement with experimental outcomes. rCA is more energetically favorable along a two-stage mechanism, via an intermediate, than a synchronous concerted process. By using isodesmic reactions, we have found that B3LYP presents limitations when it calculates carbon-carbon bond-breaking processes along the present rCA reaction. A detailed analysis of the nature of the topology of the reactive potential energy surface for the RC process points out the presence of a valley-ridge inflection point in the uphill part. An explanation for the low-energy barrier associated with RC is furnished on the analysis of the evolution of the twisting (dis-/conrotatory) motions of cyano substituents in the cyclopropyl ring as well as on the number and type of electron pairs provided by the electron localization function (ELF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Polo
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Apartat 224, 12080, Castelló, Spain
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Pérez P, Andrés J, Safont VS, Contreras R, Tapia O. Exploring Two-State Reactivity Pathways in the Cycloaddition Reactions of Triplet Methylene. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:4178-84. [PMID: 16833743 DOI: 10.1021/jp044701k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Spin forbidden 1,2-cycloadditions of triplet methylene to alkenes have been theoretically studied as an example of the two-state reactivity paradigm in organic chemistry. The cycloadditions of triplet methylene to ethylene and the (E)- and (Z)-2-butene isomers show spin inversion after the transition state and therefore with no effect on the reaction rate. A local analysis shows that while triplet methylene addition to alkenes leading to the formation of a biradical intermediate is driven by spin polarization, the ring closure step to yield cyclopropane is a pericyclic process. We have found that at the regions in the potential energy surface where the spin crossover is likely to occur, the spin potential in the direction of increasing spin multiplicity, mu(+)(s), tends to equalize the one in the direction of decreasing spin multiplicity, mu(-)(s). This equalization facilitates the spin transfer process driven by changes in the spin density of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 275, Santiago, Chile
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