1
|
Electrophilic activation of CO2 in cycloaddition reactions towards a nucleophilic carbenoid intermediate: new defying insights from the Molecular Electron Density Theory. Theor Chem Acc 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-016-2022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
2
|
Chamorro E, Ruiz P, Quijano J, Luna D, Restrepo L, Zuluaga S, Duque-Noreña M. Understanding the thermal [1s,5s] hydrogen shift isomerization of ocimene. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2390. [PMID: 25096812 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
α-Ocimene, β-ocimenes and alloocimenes are isomeric monoterpenes occurring naturally as oils within several plants and fruits. These thermally unstable compounds are employed in the pharmaceutical and fine-chemicals industries due to their natural plant defense properties and pleasant odors. In this work, and in the context of a recent revival in attention on the subject, we provide new theoretical insights concerning the nature of the electronic reorganization driving the decomposition of cis-β-ocimene to alloocimene. Our findings support the experimental proposal of a rearrangement via a six-membered cyclic transition state in a one-step concerted and highly synchronic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Chamorro
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida Republica 275, 8370146, Santiago, Chile,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vegas Á, Notario R, Chamorro E, Pérez P, Liebman JF. Isoelectronic and isolobal O, CH 2, CH 3+and BH 3as electron pairs; similarities between molecular and solid-state chemistry. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B STRUCTURAL SCIENCE CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2013. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108768113001043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
4
|
Young BS, Herges R, Haley MM. Coarctate cyclization reactions: a primer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:9441-55. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc34026g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
5
|
Chamorro E, Duque-Noreña M, Pérez P. Further relationships between theoretical and experimental models of electrophilicity and nucleophilicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2009.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
6
|
Chamorro E, Duque-Noreña M, Pérez P. A comparison between theoretical and experimental models of electrophilicity and nucleophilicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
7
|
McClintock SP, Shirtcliff LD, Herges R, Haley MM. Computational Analysis on the Dual Reactivity of Conjugated “Ene-Ene-Yne” Systems. J Org Chem 2008; 73:8755-62. [PMID: 18928321 DOI: 10.1021/jo801390x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean P. McClintock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, and Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Laura D. Shirtcliff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, and Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, and Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael M. Haley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, and Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Calvo-Losada S, Quirante Sánchez JJ. Pericyclic versus Pseudopericyclic Reactions. What the Laplacian of the Charge Density, ∇2ρ(r), Has To Say about It? The Case of Cycloaddition Reactions. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:8164-78. [DOI: 10.1021/jp711565g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saturnino Calvo-Losada
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos, s/n, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - J. J. Quirante Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos, s/n, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Domingo LR, Chamorro E, Pérez P. Understanding the reactivity of captodative ethylenes in polar cycloaddition reactions. A theoretical study. J Org Chem 2008; 73:4615-24. [PMID: 18484771 DOI: 10.1021/jo800572a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 695] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The electrophilic/nucleophilic character of a series of captodative (CD) ethylenes involved in polar cycloaddition reactions has been studied using DFT methods at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory. The transition state structures for the electrophilic/nucleophilic interactions of two CD ethylenes toward a nucleophilically activated ethylene, 2-methylene-1,3-dioxolane, and an electrophilically activated ethylene, 1,1-dicyanoethyelene, have been studied, and their electronic structures have been characterized using both NBO and ELF methods. Analysis of the reactivity indexes of the CD ethylenes explains the reactivity of these species. While the electrophilicity of the molecules accounts for the reactivity toward nucleophiles, it is shown that a simple index chosen for the nucleophilicity, Nu, based on the HOMO energy is useful explaining the reactivity of these CD ethylenes toward electrophiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Domingo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Domingo LR, Chamorro E, Pérez P. An understanding of the electrophilic/nucleophilic behavior of electro-deficient 2,3-disubstituted 1,3-butadienes in polar diels-alder reactions. A density functional theory study. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:4046-53. [PMID: 18370427 DOI: 10.1021/jp711704m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The electrophilic/nucleophilic behavior of dimethyl 2,3-dimethylenesuccinate 1, an electron-deficient 2,3-disubstituted 1,3-butadiene, in polar Diels-Alder reactions has been studied using DFT methods at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory. The electronic nature of bonding of the transition structures involved in the cycloaddition reactions of the diene 1 toward the nucleophilically activated dienophile 6 and the strong electrophilically activated dienophile 7 has been carefully examined within the natural bond orbital (NBO) and the topological analysis of the electron localization function (ELF) frameworks. Additionally, a study of the global electrophilicity pattern of the reagents at the ground state was performed. This evidence allows us to rationalize the participation of electron-deficient 2-susbtituted and 2,3-disubstituted 1,3-butadienes as nucleophiles in polar Diels-Alder reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Domingo
- Departamento de Química OrgAnica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Preat J, Michaux C, Lewalle A, Perpète EA, Jacquemin D. Delocalisation in conjugated triazene chromophores: Insights from theory. Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2007.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
12
|
Islas R, Chamorro E, Robles J, Heine T, Santos JC, Merino G. Borazine: to be or not to be aromatic. Struct Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-007-9229-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
13
|
Chamorro E, Notario R, Santos J, Pérez P. A theoretical scale for pericyclic and pseudopericyclic reactions. Chem Phys Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2007.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
14
|
Fourré I, Silvi B. What can we learn from two-center three-electron bonding with the topological analysis of ELF? HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.20325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
15
|
Alajarín M, Ortín MM, Sanchez-Andrada P, Vidal A. Tandem Pseudopericyclic Reactions: [1,5]-X Sigmatropic Shift/6π-Electrocyclic Ring Closure Converting N-(2-X-Carbonyl)phenyl Ketenimines into 2-X-Quinolin-4(3H)-ones. J Org Chem 2006; 71:8126-39. [PMID: 17025302 DOI: 10.1021/jo061286e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
N-(2-X-Carbonyl)phenyl ketenimines undergo, under mild thermal conditions, [1,5]-migration of the X group from the carbonyl carbon to the electron-deficient central carbon atom of the ketenimine fragment, followed by a 6pi-electrocyclic ring closure of the resulting ketene to provide 2-X-substituted quinolin-4(3H)-ones in a sequential one-pot manner. The X groups tested are electron-donor groups, such as alkylthio, arylthio, arylseleno, aryloxy, and amino. When involving alkylthio, arylthio, and arylseleno groups, the complete transformation takes place in refluxing toluene, whereas for aryloxy and amino groups the starting ketenimines must be heated at 230 degrees C in a sealed tube in the absence of solvent. The mechanism for the conversion of these ketenimines into quinolin-4(3H)-ones has been studied by ab initio and DFT calculations, using as model compounds N-(2-X-carbonyl)vinyl ketenimines bearing different X groups (X = F, Cl, OH, SH, NH(2), and PH(2)) converting into 4(3H)-pyridones. This computational study afforded two general reaction pathways for the first step of the sequence, the [1,5]-X shift, depending on the nature of X. When X is F, Cl, OH, or SH, the migration occurs in a concerted mode, whereas when X is NH(2) or PH(2), it involves a two-step sequence. The order of migratory aptitudes of the X substituents at the acyl group is predicted to be PH(2) > Cl > SH > NH(2) > F> OH. The second step of the full transformation, the 6pi-electrocyclic ring closure, is calculated to be concerted and with low energy barriers in all the cases. We have included in the calculations an alternative mode of cyclization of the N-(2-X-carbonyl)vinyl ketenimines, the 6pi-electrocyclic ring closure leading to 1,3-oxazines that involves its 1-oxo-5-aza-1,3,5-hexatrienic system. Additionally, the pseudopericyclic topology of the transition states for some of the [1,5]-X migrations (X = F, Cl, OH, SH), for the 6pi-electrocyclization of the ketene intermediates to the 4(3H)-pyridones, and for the 6pi-electrocyclization of the starting ketenimines into 1,3-oxazines could be established on the basis of their geometries, natural bond orbital analyses, and magnetic properties. The calculations predict that the 4(3H)-pyridones are the thermodynamically controlled products and that the 1,3-oxazines should be the kinetically controlled ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateo Alajarín
- Departamento de Química Organica, Facultad de Química, Campus de Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nikitina AF, Sheridan RS. Geometry and aromaticity in highly strained heterocyclic allenes: characterization of a 2,3-didehydro-2H-thiopyran. Org Lett 2006; 7:4467-70. [PMID: 16178560 DOI: 10.1021/ol051733x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The highly strained cyclic allene 2,3-didehydro-2H-thiopyran was generated by irradiation of matrix-isolated 2-benzothienylchlorocarbene and characterized by IR and UV/vis spectroscopy, in situ trapping, and DFT modeling. Calculations indicate that the allenic moiety in this system, although less aromatic in character, is relatively more stable than in the corresponding oxa system. It is suggested that the thio ring system can more readily accommodate the allenic geometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asya F Nikitina
- Department of Chemistry, Mail Stop 216, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Domingo LR, Picher MT, Arroyo P. Towards an Understanding of the Polar Diels–Alder Reactions of Nitrosoalkenes with Enamines: A Theoretical Study. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
18
|
|
19
|
Polo V, Domingo LR, Andrés J. Better Understanding of the Ring-Cleavage Process of Cyanocyclopropyl Anionic Derivatives. A Theoretical Study Based on the Electron Localization Function. J Org Chem 2005; 71:754-62. [PMID: 16408990 DOI: 10.1021/jo052117h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Theoretical calculations at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d), MP2/6-31+G(d), and G3(MP2) levels have been carried out to understand the alternative reaction pathways (the cyclopropyl ring cleavage (RC) and the retrocycloaddition reaction (rCA)) of a constrained tricyanocyclopropyl anionic derivative. The more energetically favorable path is found to be the RC process, a formally "forbidden" rearrangement (Leiviers, M.; Tam, I.; Groves, K.; Leung, D.; Xie, Y.; Breslow, R. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 19, 3407) yielding an allylic anion system via a concerted transition structure, in agreement with experimental outcomes. rCA is more energetically favorable along a two-stage mechanism, via an intermediate, than a synchronous concerted process. By using isodesmic reactions, we have found that B3LYP presents limitations when it calculates carbon-carbon bond-breaking processes along the present rCA reaction. A detailed analysis of the nature of the topology of the reactive potential energy surface for the RC process points out the presence of a valley-ridge inflection point in the uphill part. An explanation for the low-energy barrier associated with RC is furnished on the analysis of the evolution of the twisting (dis-/conrotatory) motions of cyano substituents in the cyclopropyl ring as well as on the number and type of electron pairs provided by the electron localization function (ELF).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Polo
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Apartat 224, 12080, Castelló, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|