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Abbas MA, van Dijk L, Jahromi KE, Nematollahi M, Harren FJM, Khodabakhsh A. Broadband Time-Resolved Absorption and Dispersion Spectroscopy of Methane and Ethane in a Plasma Using a Mid-Infrared Dual-Comb Spectrometer. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E6831. [PMID: 33260402 PMCID: PMC7730292 DOI: 10.3390/s20236831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Conventional mechanical Fourier Transform Spectrometers (FTS) can simultaneously measure absorption and dispersion spectra of gas-phase samples. However, they usually need very long measurement times to achieve time-resolved spectra with a good spectral and temporal resolution. Here, we present a mid-infrared dual-comb-based FTS in an asymmetric configuration, providing broadband absorption and dispersion spectra with a spectral resolution of 5 GHz (0.18 nm at a wavelength of 3333 nm), a temporal resolution of 20 μs, a total wavelength coverage over 300 cm-1 and a total measurement time of ~70 s. We used the dual-comb spectrometer to monitor the reaction dynamics of methane and ethane in an electrical plasma discharge. We observed ethane/methane formation as a recombination reaction of hydrocarbon radicals in the discharge in various static and dynamic conditions. The results demonstrate a new analytical approach for measuring fast molecular absorption and dispersion changes and monitoring the fast dynamics of chemical reactions over a broad wavelength range, which can be interesting for chemical kinetic research, particularly for the combustion and plasma analysis community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Abbas
- Trace Gas Research Group, Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (L.v.D.); (K.E.J.); (M.N.); (F.J.M.H.); (A.K.)
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Ashfold MNR, Mahoney EJD, Mushtaq S, Truscott BS, Mankelevich YA. What [plasma used for growing] diamond can shine like flame? Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:10482-10495. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc05568d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The gas-phase chemistry underpinning the chemical vapour deposition of diamond from microwave-activated methane/hydrogen plasmas is surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yuri A. Mankelevich
- Skobel’tsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- Moscow
- Russia
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Nave ASC, Baudrillart B, Hamann S, Bénédic F, Lombardi G, Gicquel A, van Helden JH, Röpcke J. Spectroscopic study of low pressure, low temperature H2–CH4–CO2microwave plasmas used for large area deposition of nanocrystalline diamond films. Part I: on temperature determination and energetic aspects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/0963-0252/25/6/065002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Duxbury G, Wilson D, Hay K, Langford N. Study of the Q branch structure of the 14N and 15N isotopologues of the ν4 band of ammonia using frequency chirped quantum cascade lasers. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:9738-45. [PMID: 23581971 DOI: 10.1021/jp3123665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intrapulse quantum cascade (QC) laser spectrometers are able to produce both saturation and molecular alignment of a gas sample owing to the rapid sweep of the radiation through the absorption features. In the QC lasers used to study the (14)N and (15)N isotopologues of the ν4 band of ammonia centered near 1625 cm(-1), the variation of the chirp rate during the scan is very large, from ca. 85 to ca. 15 MHz ns(-1). In the rapid chirp zone the collisional interaction time of the laser radiation with the gas molecules is short, and large rapid passage effects are seen, whereas at the slow chirp end the line shape resembles that of a Doppler broadened line. The total scan range of the QC laser of ca. 10 cm(-1) is sufficient to allow the spectra of both isotopologues to be recorded and the rapid and slow interactions with the laser radiation to be seen. The rapid passage effects are enhanced by the use of an off axis Herriott cell with an effective path length of 62 m, which allows a buildup of polarization to occur. The effective resolution of the chirped QC laser is ca. 0.012 cm(-1) full width at half-maximum in the 1625 cm(-1) region. The results of these experiments are compared with those of other studies of the ν4 band of ammonia carried out using Fourier transform and Laser Stark spectroscopy. They also demonstrate the versatility of the down chirped QC laser for investigating collisional effects in low pressure gases using long absorbing path lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Duxbury
- Department of Physics, SUPA, The University of Strathclyde , John Anderson Building, 107 Rottenrow E, Glasgow G4 0NG, Scotland, U.K
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Ma J, Richley JC, Davies DRW, Ashfold MNR, Mankelevich YA. Spectroscopic and Modeling Investigations of the Gas Phase Chemistry and Composition in Microwave Plasma Activated B2H6/CH4/Ar/H2 Mixtures. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:10076-89. [DOI: 10.1021/jp104532y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, BS8 1TS
| | - James C. Richley
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, BS8 1TS
| | - David R. W. Davies
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, BS8 1TS
| | | | - Yuri A. Mankelevich
- Skobel’tsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, Moscow, 119991 Russia
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Welzel S, Hempel F, Hübner M, Lang N, Davies PB, Röpcke J. Quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy as a plasma diagnostic tool: an overview. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2010; 10:6861-900. [PMID: 22163581 PMCID: PMC3231133 DOI: 10.3390/s100706861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The recent availability of thermoelectrically cooled pulsed and continuous wave quantum and inter-band cascade lasers in the mid-infrared spectral region has led to significant improvements and new developments in chemical sensing techniques using in-situ laser absorption spectroscopy for plasma diagnostic purposes. The aim of this article is therefore two-fold: (i) to summarize the challenges which arise in the application of quantum cascade lasers in such environments, and, (ii) to provide an overview of recent spectroscopic results (encompassing cavity enhanced methods) obtained in different kinds of plasma used in both research and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Welzel
- INP Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; E-Mails: (F.H.); (M.H.); (N.L.); (J.R.)
- Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Hempel
- INP Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; E-Mails: (F.H.); (M.H.); (N.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Marko Hübner
- INP Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; E-Mails: (F.H.); (M.H.); (N.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Norbert Lang
- INP Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; E-Mails: (F.H.); (M.H.); (N.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Paul B. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Jürgen Röpcke
- INP Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; E-Mails: (F.H.); (M.H.); (N.L.); (J.R.)
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Ma J, Richley JC, Davies DRW, Cheesman A, Ashfold MNR, Mankelevich YA. Spectroscopic and Modeling Investigations of the Gas-Phase Chemistry and Composition in Microwave Plasma Activated B2H6/Ar/H2 Mixtures. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:2447-63. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9094694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, BS8 1TS and
| | - James C. Richley
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, BS8 1TS and
| | - David R. W. Davies
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, BS8 1TS and
| | - Andrew Cheesman
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, BS8 1TS and
| | | | - Yuri A. Mankelevich
- Skobel’tsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991 Russia
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Balmer RS, Brandon JR, Clewes SL, Dhillon HK, Dodson JM, Friel I, Inglis PN, Madgwick TD, Markham ML, Mollart TP, Perkins N, Scarsbrook GA, Twitchen DJ, Whitehead AJ, Wilman JJ, Woollard SM. Chemical vapour deposition synthetic diamond: materials, technology and applications. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2009; 21:364221. [PMID: 21832327 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/36/364221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Substantial developments have been achieved in the synthesis of chemical vapour deposition (CVD) diamond in recent years, providing engineers and designers with access to a large range of new diamond materials. CVD diamond has a number of outstanding material properties that can enable exceptional performance in applications as diverse as medical diagnostics, water treatment, radiation detection, high power electronics, consumer audio, magnetometry and novel lasers. Often the material is synthesized in planar form; however, non-planar geometries are also possible and enable a number of key applications. This paper reviews the material properties and characteristics of single crystal and polycrystalline CVD diamond, and how these can be utilized, focusing particularly on optics, electronics and electrochemistry. It also summarizes how CVD diamond can be tailored for specific applications, on the basis of the ability to synthesize a consistent and engineered high performance product.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Balmer
- Element Six Ltd, Kings Ride Park, Ascot SL5 8BP, UK
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Butler JE, Mankelevich YA, Cheesman A, Ma J, Ashfold MNR. Understanding the chemical vapor deposition of diamond: recent progress. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2009; 21:364201. [PMID: 21832307 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/36/364201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we review and provide an overview to the understanding of the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of diamond materials with a particular focus on the commonly used microwave plasma-activated chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD). The major topics covered are experimental measurements in situ to diamond CVD reactors, and MPCVD in particular, coupled with models of the gas phase chemical and plasma kinetics to provide insight into the distribution of critical chemical species throughout the reactor, followed by a discussion of the surface chemical process involved in diamond growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Butler
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
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Thibault F, Corretja B, Viel A, Bermejo D, Martínez RZ, Bussery-Honvault B. Linewidths of C2H2 perturbed by H2: experiments and calculations from an ab initio potential. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:5419-28. [DOI: 10.1039/b804306j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Welzel S, Rousseau A, Davies PB, Röpcke J. Kinetic and Diagnostic Studies of Molecular Plasmas Using Laser Absorption Techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/86/1/012012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Gordillo-Vázquez F, Herrero V, Tanarro I. From Carbon Nanostructures to New Photoluminescence Sources: An Overview of New Perspectives and Emerging Applications of Low-Pressure PECVD. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/cvde.200604034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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